Erratum to Reid and Patterson.

Reports an error in the comment, "Follow-up Analyses of a Behavioral Treatment Program for Boys with Conduct Problems: A Reply to Kent" by John B. Reid and Gerald R. Patterson (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1976, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 299-302). The numbers in Table 1 on page 301 were presented incorrectly. The corrected table is provided. (The following abstract originally appeared in the article, see record 1976-30343-001) Replies to R. Kent (see PA, Vol 56:Issue 6) who criticized G. R. Patterson's (see record 1974-32972-001) findings in a study of 27 conduct problem boys. It is argued that Kent's point that only 59% of the original group was available for follow-up evaluation is inaccurate: substantial follow-up data were available for 20 Ss, or 74% of the sample. It is also pointed out that Kent failed to test for a differential response to treatment as a function of initial levels of total deviant behavior. Further, since Kent argued that Patterson's persistence effects were inflated by the inclusion of Ss who were "normal" before treatment, he should have also discarded those Ss and reanalyzed the data for persistence. For the 9 Ss left for this analysis, it is noted that a highly significant persistence effect can be obtained. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erratum to Rodin and Langer.

Reports an error in "Long-term effects of a control-relevant intervention with the institutionalized aged" by Judith Rodin and Ellen J. Langer (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1977[Dec], Vol 35[12], pp. 897-902). On page 900, the z score should be changed. The outcome is therefore only marginally significant, and a more cautious interpretation of the mortality findings than originally given is necessary. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1979-29338-001.) Reevaluated 26 elderly nursing home residents who were tested by the present authors (see record 1976-28515-001) as part of an intervention designed to increase feelings of choice and personal responsibility over daily events. Nurses' ratings and health and mortality indicators suggest that the experimental treatment and/or the processes that it set in motion had sustained beneficial effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Multiple pathways to compliance: Mothers' willingness to cooperate and knowledge of their children's reactions to discipline.

Mothers of 59 children with ages from 6 to 9 years were assessed for their general willingness to cooperate with their children's desires and their accurate predictions of their children's evaluations of different discipline strategies. Mothers asked their children to clean up a playroom in their absence, with some children protesting and others not protesting. Results showed that maternal willing cooperation predicted children's compliance in the absence but not in the presence of protest. Conversely, maternal accuracy concerning their children's evaluations of discipline facilitated children's compliance in dyads in which children expressed initial resistance but not if children indicated no opposition. Mothers' responsive reactions to protest mediated between maternal accuracy and children's ultimate compliance. Results indicate that specific features of parenting facilitate compliance in specific situations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Parental alcohol involvement and adolescent alcohol expectancies predict alcohol involvement in male adolescents.

Current models of adolescent drinking behavior hypothesize that alcohol expectancies mediate the effects of other proximal and distal risk factors. This longitudinal study tested the hypothesis that the effects of parental alcohol involvement on their children's drinking behavior in mid-adolescence are mediated by the children's alcohol expectancies in early adolescence. A sample of 148 initially 9–11 year old boys and their parents from a high-risk population and a contrast group of community families completed measures of drinking behavior and alcohol expectancies over a 6-year interval. We analyzed data from middle childhood (M age = 10.4 years), early adolescence (M age = 13.5 years), and mid-adolescence (M age = 16.5 years). The sample was restricted only to adolescents who had begun to drink by mid-adolescence. Results from zero-inflated Poisson regression analyses showed that 1) maternal drinking during their children's middle childhood predicted number of drinking days in middle adolescence; 2) negative and positive alcohol expectancies in early adolescence predicted odds of any intoxication in middle adolescence; and 3) paternal alcoholism during their children's middle childhood and adolescents' alcohol expectancies in early adolescence predicted frequency of intoxication in middle adolescence. Contrary to predictions, child alcohol expectancies did not mediate the effects of parental alcohol involvement in this high-risk sample. Different aspects of parental alcohol involvement, along with early adolescent alcohol expectancies, independently predicted adolescent drinking behavior in middle adolescence. Alternative pathways for the influence of maternal and paternal alcohol involvement and implications for expectancy models of adolescent drinking behavior were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Combining propensity score matching and group-based trajectory analysis in an observational study.

In a nonrandomized or observational study, propensity scores may be used to balance observed covariates and trajectory groups may be used to control baseline or pretreatment measures of outcome. The trajectory groups also aid in characterizing classes of subjects for whom no good matches are available and to define substantively interesting groups between which treatment effects may vary. These and related methods are illustrated using data from a Montreal-based study. The effects on subsequent violence of gang joining at age 14 are studied while controlling for measured characteristics of boys prior to age 14. The boys are divided into trajectory groups based on violence from ages 11 to 13. Within trajectory group, joiners are optimally matched to a variable number of controls using propensity scores, Mahalanobis distances, and a combinatorial optimization algorithm. Use of variable ratio matching results in greater efficiency than pair matching and also greater bias reduction than matching at a fixed ratio. The possible impact of failing to adjust for an important but unmeasured covariate is examined using sensitivity analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Risk factors for stress in children after parental stroke.

Objectives: To assess risk factors for stress in children 3 years after parental stroke. Participants: Questionnaires were filled in by 44 children aged 7–18 years, parents who suffered a stroke and healthy spouses from 29 families recruited in 9 participating rehabilitation centers across the Netherlands. Method: We measured patient functioning (cognitive disorders, communicative disorders and ADL dependency), parental depression and perceived quality of marital relationship at 4 assessments, from the start of rehabilitation until 3 years post-stroke. Children assessed their stress level 3 years after parental stroke. Results: Girls experienced more stress than boys. Spouses' depressive symptoms during the first year after stroke were positively correlated with stress in children. Patients' depressive symptoms 2 months post-rehabilitation (2 months after discharge from the rehabilitation center), 1 year and 3 years post-stroke were also positively correlated with stress in children. The perceived quality of marital relationship decreased over time and at 2 months postrehabilitation, it was related to stress in children. Stress was not related to patient gender and functioning. Conclusions: Early prediction of long-term stress in children after parental stroke may be most accurate on the basis of children's female gender and depressive symptoms of the patient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The antecedents and correlates of agreeableness in adulthood.

Data from a 25-year prospective study of 194 individuals indicated that teacher and peer reports of aggression, compliance, and self-control at age 8 distinguished high-agreeable from low-agreeable adults at age 33. Profile analyses revealed two behavioral types in childhood and two personality types in adulthood, with considerable continuity in the composition of these high- and low-agreeable types over time. High-agreeable childhood types had fewer disobedience and concentration problems than low-agreeable childhood types, and among boys, high-agreeable childhood types had better school grades and fewer behavior problems than their low-agreeable counterparts. High-agreeable adulthood types reported less alcoholism and depression, fewer arrests, and more career stability than did low-agreeable adulthood types. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Influence of Parent Education and Family Income on Child Achievement: The Indirect Role of Parental Expectations and the Home Environment.

This study examined the process of how socioeconomic status, specifically parents' education and income, indirectly relates to children's academic achievement through parents' beliefs and behaviors. Data from a national, cross-sectional study of children were used for this study. The subjects were 868 8-12-year-olds, divided approximately equally across gender (436 females, 433 males). This sample was 49% non-Hispanic European American and 47% African American. Using structural equation modeling techniques, the author found that the socioeconomic factors were related indirectly to children's academic achievement through parents' beliefs and behaviors but that the process of these relations was different by racial group. Parents' years of schooling also was found to be an important socioeconomic factor to take into consideration in both policy and research when looking at school-age children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erratum: "Moral Internalization, Parental Power, and the Nature of Parent-Child Interaction."

Reports an error in the original article by M. L. Hoffman (Developmental Psychology, 1975[Mar], 11[2], 228-239). The sentence beginning on the fifth line in the third paragraph, second column, page 233, should read: "An affectionate, trusting child, for example, may be expected to elicit more inductive and less power-assertive discipline than a less affectionate, less trusting child." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1975-20841-001.) The following arguments are offered for the view that the frequent correlation between discipline and internalization reflects parental influence: (a) Since parental discipline exerts more constraint on the child than the child exerts on the parent, child attributes like internalization that probably derived from behaviors and inner states associated with compliance are more apt to be consequents than antecedents of discipline. (b) Congenital and other factors that may affect discipline do not negate its effects on internalization. It is also hypothesized that discipline is important because it gives children the experience, necessary for internalization, of achieving balance between expressing and controlling desires. The parent-child relation is conceptualized so as to fit the facts of both everyday interaction and long-term effects, especially on the child. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Developmental Dynamics of Math Performance From Preschool to Grade 2.

This study investigated the developmental dynamics of mathematical performance during children's transition from preschool to Grade 2 and the cognitive antecedents of this development. 194 Finnish children were examined 6 times according to their math performance, twice during each year across a 3-year period. Cognitive antecedents, that is, counting ability, visual attention, metacognitive knowledge, and listening comprehension, were tested at the first measurement point. The results indicated that math performance showed high stability and increasing variance over time. Moreover, the growth of math competence was faster among those who entered preschool with an already high level of mathematical skills. The initial level of math performance, as well as its growth, was best predicted by counting ability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"A General Behavioral Syndrome Associated with Persistent Failure to Mate in the Male Laboratory Rat": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Jessica J. G. Pottier and Dan Baran (Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology) 1973[Jun], 88[3], 499-509). The values given in Table 1 on p. 501 for "Chamber exploration" under "Test 4" and "Test 5" should have been shown as significant at the p 1974-00676-001.) Tested 31 male hooded rats in 7 experiments to determine if those rats which persistently fail to mate (noncopulators) suffer from a specific deficit in sexual behavior or if they show a general behavioral syndrome which distinguishes them from males which mate readily (copulators). Relative to copulators, noncopulators were less active and less responsive to novel stimuli and displayed slower habituation to novelty. Behavioral differences were not correlated with indices of emotionality, state of health, or early rearing conditions. Results are interpreted in terms of a difference in general arousability between copulators and noncopulators. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Genetic and environmental influences on disordered eating: An adoption study.

Twin studies indicate significant genetic, but little shared environmental, influences on eating disorders. However, critics argue that study limitations constrain the conclusions that can be drawn. Adoption studies avoid many of these limitations, but to date, no adoption studies of eating pathology have been conducted. The current study was the first adoption study to examine genetic/environmental effects for disordered eating. Participants included 123 adopted and 56 biological female sibling pairs. Disordered eating (i.e., overall eating pathology, body dissatisfaction, weight preoccupation, binge eating) was assessed with the Minnesota Eating Behaviors Survey (Klump, McGue, & Iacono, 2000; von Ranson, Klump, Iacono, & McGue, 2005). Biometric model fitting indicated significant genetic influences (59%–82%) on all forms of disordered eating, with nonshared environmental factors accounting for the remaining variance. Shared environmental factors did not contribute significantly to any disordered eating symptom. Our findings bolster those from twin studies and provide critical evidence of significant genetic effects on disordered eating symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A genetically informed study of the processes underlying the association between parental marital instability and offspring adjustment.

Parental divorce is associated with problematic offspring adjustment, but the relation may be due to shared genetic or environmental factors. One way to test for these confounds is to study offspring of twins discordant for divorce. The current analyses used this design to separate the mechanisms responsible for the association between parental divorce, experienced either before or after the age of 16, and offspring well-being. The results were consistent with a causal role of divorce in earlier initiation of sexual intercourse and emotional difficulties, in addition to a greater probability of educational problems, depressed mood, and suicidal ideation. In contrast, the increased risk for cohabitation and earlier initiation of drug use was explained by selection factors, including genetic confounds. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Balancing Work and Home: How Job and Home Demands Are Related to Burnout.

The aim of the present study was to make a clear distinction between work and home domains in the explanation of burnout. First, a 3-factor structure of job and home demands was hypothesized, consisting of quantitative demands, emotional demands, and mental demands. Next, a model was tested that delineates how demands in both life domains are related to occupational burnout through work-home interference (WHI) and home-work interference (HWI). In doing so, the partial mediating role of WHI and HWI was examined. Consistent with hypotheses, empirical support was found for the 3-factor structure of both job and home demands as well as for the partial mediating effects of both WHI and HWI. Job demands and home demands appeared to have a direct and indirect effect (through WHI and HWI, respectively) on burnout. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Emotional and cardiovascular sensitization to daily stress following childhood parental loss.

Adverse childhood events can influence the development of emotional and physiological self-regulatory abilities, with significant consequences for vulnerability to psychological and physical illness. This study evaluated stress sensitization and inoculation models of the impact of early parental death on stress exposure and reactivity in late adolescence/young adulthood. Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and diary reports of minor stress were collected every 30 min during waking hours over a 24-hr period from 91 late adolescents/young adults (43 early bereaved, 48 nonbereaved). Across the sample, minor stressors were associated with elevated BP and negative affect. The bereaved group had lower BP than did the nonbereaved group. Within the bereaved group, higher perceived caring from the surviving parent was associated with fewer reports of minor stress and lower stress-related negative affect. Higher perceived parental caring during childhood was associated with lower BP across the sample and more frequent hassles in the nonbereaved group. Findings support both the stress inoculation and sensitization models, suggesting that childhood parental loss and parental caring exert important influences on children's development of stress sensitivity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Relations of Parental Expressivity and Support to Children's Coping With Daily Stress.

The relations of parents' emotional expressivity, mothers' support, and children's daily stress to children's constructive coping were examined in a sample of ninety-four 7- to 12-year-old children. For 2 weeks, children, together with their mothers, completed daily diaries of their stressful events. Mothers and fathers reported on their expression of positive, negative submissive, and negative dominant emotion. Although fathers' expressivity was not related to children's constructive coping, mothers' expression of negative emotion, particularly negative dominant emotion, was negatively related to children's constructive coping. Children's stress was negatively related to their constructive coping, and this relation was stronger for children exposed to low levels of parents' positive emotion and mothers' expression of negative submissive emotion. Children's constructive coping was positively related to mothers' supportive strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erratum to Searleman.

Reports an error in the article "A Review of Right Hemisphere Linguistic Capabilities" by Alan Searleman (Psychological Bulletin, 1977, Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. S03-S28). It is stated that Kohn and Dennis (1974) are convinced of a complete transfer of speech and language to the right hemisphere in left-hemispherectomized infantile hemiplegics. This claim is erroneous in that it overstates the degree of transfer reported by Kohn and Dennis. (The following abstract originally appeared in record 1978-00199-001) Observations made upon clinical populations during the last century have largely been responsible for supplanting the traditional view that the human cerebral hemispheres are structurally and functionally identical. Although today the left hemisphere is viewed as being responsible for most language functioning, in recent years evidence has accumulated that suggests that the right hemisphere also possesses linguistic skills. The present article surveys the available evidence for right hemisphere linguistic capabilities from both clinical and normal populations, including data from handedness, brain damage, hemispherectomy, and commissurotomy studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erratum to Stricker.

Reports an error in the article "The The Renin-Angiotensin System and Thirst: A Reevaluation. II. Drinking Elicited in Rats by Caval Ligation or Isoproterenol" by Edward M. Stricker (Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1977, Vol. 91, No. 6, pp. 1220-1231), one line was printed incorrectly. On page 1228, the third line in the left-hand column reads "protin after 2 U/100 g hog renin"; the entire first sentence should read as follows: Three other nephrectomized rats were anesthetized 50 min after .33 mg/kg isoproterenol, 5 min after 2 U/100 g hog renin had been given. (The following abstract originally appeared in record 2005-09077-001) Ligation of the inferior vena cava and administration of isoproterenol have been shown to stimulate renin secretion and to augment water intake in rats. However, the present experiments suggested that the plasma renin activities produced by these treatments do not account for more than 20% of the observed drinking behavior. Direct measurements of arterial blood pressure further indicated that nephrectomized rats go into hypotensive shock after caval ligation or isoproterenol treatment. Drinking was elicited in these hypotensive animals by systemic injection of hypertonic NaCl solution, renin, or Pitressin, or by intracranial injection of angiotensin, but in each case a rapid increase in blood pressure also was observed. Thus, it appears that nephrectomy reduces water intake in these animals by undermining their general capacity to behave rather than by removing a specific dipsogenic stimulus. These and other results suggested that drinking elicited in rats by caval ligation or isoproterenol is not mediated by the renin-angiotensin system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erratum to Waber.

In the article "Biological Substrates of Field Dependence: Implications of the Sex Difference" by Deborah P. Waber (Psychological Bulletin, 1977, Vol. 84, No. 6, pp. 1076-1087), there is an error in the first paragraph on page 1080. The second sentence reads: "In fact, in both sexes, early maturing individuals showed better spatial ability than did late maturing individuals. . . ." It should read: "In fact, in both sexes, late maturing individuals showed better spatial ability than did early maturing individuals. . . ." (The following abstract originally appeared in record 1978-25328-001) Illustrates how biological issues can figure in the analysis of a specific problem in psychological investigation, describes the reported sex difference in field dependence, and discusses the implications of such an analysis for the psychological theory on which the field dependence construct is based. Males consistently show a more field-independent cognitive style than do females. Studies that have related sex difference to social environmental variables have yielded equivocal results. Evidence that the sex difference in spatial ability reflects a constellation of genetic, endocrinological, and neurological factors is discussed. Since perceptual field dependence is strongly correlated with spatial ability, these biological factors probably figure in that sex difference as well. Data are also reviewed that suggest that (physically) early maturers are field dependent and late maturers are field independent, on the basis of both cognitive and personality measures. Thus, maturational rate may be an important intervening variable in the field dependence construct. Finally, interpretations of field dependence that integrate personality, cognition, and physiology are offered, and the implications for the differentiation hypothesis of H. A. Witken et al (1962) are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erratum to Widom.

In the article "Interpersonal Conflict and Cooperation in Psychopaths" by Cathy Spatz Widom (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1976, Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 330-334; see record 1976-24264-001), a line of type was incorrectly placed. On page 332, in the section Willingness to Resist Temptation, the first paragraph should read: Rapoport and Chammah (1965) proposed a number of conditional probability measures derivable from PD game responses. Among these measures, they defined x as the probability that a player will choose C (cooperative) following a trial on which both players chose C [p(Cn/CCn-1)] and suggested a "willingness to continue tacit collusion...associated with a willingness to resist the temptation to defect, which is always present" (p. 72). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)