火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法在煤焦油深加工过程中的应用

利用火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法对煤焦油深加工过程中各个单元进行安全评价,分析其危险等级。根据评价结果,找出生产过程中危险等级较大的生产单元,并对其采取工艺控制、物质隔离和防火措施3个方面的安全补偿措施,以降低其危险等级。该评价结果为煤焦油深加工企业火灾事故的防范提供了科学依据。     

硫酸生产企业的安全评价

强调对硫酸生产企业进行安全评价的重要性和必要性。从介绍安全评价的基本概念入手,对硫酸生产企业的危险及有害因素进行分析和辨识。以一套200 kt/a硫磺制酸装置为例,介绍3种安全评价方法。应用“化工厂危险程度分级”方法得出结论:该硫磺制酸装置的固有危险等级属三级,如果工厂安全管理等级为Ⅱ级,则实际危险等级为中度,通过加强工厂安全管理等级可降低工厂实际危险等级。应用“作业条件危险性评价法”得出结论:硫磺制酸装置除转化单元为“稍有危险”单元外,其它单元都是“可能危险”单元。应用“安全检查表”的检查结果可确定工厂安全管理等级并提出相应的改进措施。     

道氏指数法在硫磺回收装置中的应用

以一套硫磺回收装置为例,运用道氏指数法对化工行业关键装置的安全问题进行了评价。首先列出了道氏指数法的评价程序,然后按结构和功能把硫磺回收装置划分成7个评价单元,运用道氏指数法对每一单元危险系数的取值进行了详细分析和计算,最后划分了危险程度等级,认为装置是安全的。通过安全评价,定量认识了该装置的危险性,并针对高危险等级的单元和某些危险环节提出了相应的安全改进措施。     

道化学方法在制备乙烯装置安全评价中的应用

通过制备乙烯装置工艺单元危险物质辨识、选取决定性物质乙烯,采用道化学火灾爆炸危险指数法对其单元裂解炉进行安全评价,可得出决定性物质乙烯爆炸前的火灾爆炸危险指数、危害系数、危险等级、爆炸半径等,通过补偿相关指数,提出生产过程中应采取的安全装置与措施,可有效地降低裂解炉评价单元发生爆炸事故的概率与损害,为企业的安全管理提供合理指导。     

加氢裂化装置火灾爆炸危险性评价

石化企业中加氢裂化装置的重点设备在高温高压条件下运行,介质与产物具有易燃易爆特性,因此应当有针对性的对固有危险等级较高的单元进行安全评价,并提出有效的防范措施。首先对某石化企业60×104 t.a-1加氢裂化装置进行危险性分析并确定重大危险源,其次使用危险度评价表对评价单元固有危险等级进行划分,运用指数法对6个高度危险单元进行评价,最后根据结果提出对安全措施改进的意见。     

乙烯装置基于火灾爆炸指数方法的风险评价研究

乙烯装置是石油化工企业生产的基础,其安全运行水平决定石化企业发展水平,从乙烯装置生产实际出发,将安全评价中的＂火灾爆炸指数方法＂用于乙烯装置评价中,通过对乙烯装置各单元的分析,得出各单元的危险等级和薄弱环节,进而提出措施建议,并制定安全措施确保装置安全平稳运行。     

膜生物反应器封闭循环发酵燃料乙醇生产系统的工艺设计及安全分析

基于最新的试验结果,对该工艺的工业化流程进行了初步设计和分析,将系统分为原料处理、发酵、PDMS膜分离、精馏浓缩、产品贮存和发酵残液处理等6个单元,运用蒙德火灾、爆炸、毒性指数评价法对系统进行了安全分析评价,确定了各个单元的危险等级.分析表明,原料处理和发酵单元危险性属于较缓和等级,应侧重工艺参数控制分析及设备的安全设计;PDMS膜分离、精馏浓缩单元和贮存单元分别属于重和高度灾难性等级,而国内外有关乙醇贮存单元的相关研究已较为成熟,此项研究着重对负压操作的PDMS膜分离和精馏浓缩单元爆炸极限等爆炸参数进行了定量安全分析,并制定了相应的安全措施.最后采用蒸气云爆炸模型贮存单元进行了事故模拟.     

基于道化学法的LNG、L-CNG加气合建站安全评价研究

运用道化学法对某LNG、L-CNG加气合建站进行安全评价,得出了站内LNG储气区、CNG储气区、售气区3个单元安全补偿前后的火灾爆炸指数、暴露区域半径、面积、体积和危险等级。评价结果表明,LNG储气区是整个站内的最大风险,经安全补偿后伤害半径减少了18.08m,为站场安全管理提供了依据。但还需进一步完善各项安全补偿措施,将危险等级降到更低。     

60 kt/a碳酸二甲酯项目单元装置风险分析评价

采用危险度分析评价法对60 kt/a碳酸二甲酯项目生产单元装置的风险进行系统安全分析并划分危险等级。根据分析结果,采取了一系列的安全对策与防范措施,使安全设施达到了国内同类生产装置的先进水平。     

基于道化学法的危化品储存装置火灾爆炸危险性分析

运用美国道化学火灾爆炸危险指数法,对某单位化工产品库区内的危化品储存装置的火灾爆炸危险性进行了定量计算和评价。介绍了火灾爆炸指数评价法的评价程序和计算步骤,根据危化品储存装置的实际条件确定了单元的危险系数和安全措施补偿系数,确定了危化品储存装置固有的及安全补偿后的火灾爆炸风险等级,最后得出了该储存装置的安全评价结果。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。