图像分维对腐蚀坑分布特征的表征

采用图像分维探讨了腐蚀图像特征与表面腐蚀坑分布特征的关系.统计碳钢土壤腐蚀试片表面测量数据表明,蚀坑直径和深度分布在一定尺度范围内遵循幂函数方程,即蚀坑直径或深度与相应出现概率(个数)在双对数坐标存在线性区,其线性区斜率代表坑直径或深度的分布分维,反映腐蚀表面的粗糙程度.同时,根据盒计数法原理提出计算图像二维和三维分维的方法.大量实验数据证实,腐蚀图像二维和三维分维分别与坑直径和坑深度分布分维线性相关,并在数值上近似相等.这为根据腐蚀图像特征确定腐蚀表面坑分布规律提供了简便快捷的方法.     

镁合金在万宁标准试验场的大气腐蚀行为

采用大气暴露试验、扫描电镜、能谱及失重法对AZ31,AZ61和AZ80三种镁合金在万宁标准试验场的大气腐蚀行为进行了研究。结果表明,镁合金耐大气腐蚀的性能随铝含量的增加而提高,且发生的腐蚀以点蚀为主,局部形成爪形腐蚀坑。在这三种材料中,AZ31镁合金表面出现的爪形腐蚀坑最多,腐蚀坑面积最大。三种镁合金经2个月环境试验后背光面的腐蚀程度较正面的严重,形成的腐蚀产物主要以碳酸盐为主,并含有少量的氯化物。     

金属传热面上的化学腐蚀和表面微尺度的研究

为获得金属传热表面的多尺度效应,以提高传热表面积,以铝片为研究对象,对其进行了化学腐蚀处理。通过正交试验得到了腐蚀剂的最佳配比和最佳腐蚀条件;对采用最佳工艺得到的铝片作进一步分析,通过对腐蚀表面的初步表征,采用分形几何中的方盒计数方法,得到了腐蚀表面的分形维数,并利用表面粗糙度相关系数与分形维数的关系式求得了腐蚀表面粗糙度的相关系数;利用光学电子显微镜对腐蚀表面进行观察,测出了腐蚀坑的深度和宽度,并推导出了腐蚀坑宽度与深度的函数关系。     

A537钢腐蚀疲劳过程中表面状态的分形分析

本文应用分形几何,通过对一种海洋用结构钢在3.5％NaCl盐雾条件下腐蚀疲劳过程的研究,发现分形几何可以很好地描述腐蚀疲劳过程中材料表面状态的变化。在一定循环应力幅下,随循环周次的增加(或剩余寿命的减少),表面点蚀坑分形维数增加,可以认为分形在描述材料科学中的复杂过程或现象上是很有效的。     

AZ91D在模拟体液中的腐蚀机理与矿化分析

为在镁合金表面仿生矿化制备钙磷沉积层,探宛矿化过程中镁合金的腐蚀机理,试验采用压铸镁合金AZ91D为基体,经过HF/乙二醇和高浓度NaOH预处理,在人工模拟体液中浸泡4天、6天、10天及16天,并对沉积层进行SEM和EDS分析.结果表明:AZ91D表面能够通过仿生矿化生成钙磷沉积层;浸泡早期沉积层表面分布蚀坑和网状裂纹,浸泡早期主要以点蚀为主,浸泡后期以全面腐蚀为主;含Cl针状团簇的局部富集和溶解是形成点蚀坑的重要原因;Clˉ的穿透作用使晶界薄弱处形成裂纹开端,析氢引发更多的裂纹生成和扩展;Al元素的溶出和碳酸盐沉积一定程度提高了耐全面腐蚀性能.     

超高强度钢应力腐蚀断口的分形维数研究

用垂直剖面法测定了30CrMnSiNi2钢在去离子水中应力腐蚀开裂断口的分形维数。结果表明,在裂纹扩展过程中裂纹尖端塑性区保持很小的条件下,应力腐蚀开裂形成的断裂表面的分形维数与断面的有效表面能密度γ_p之间有正的变化关系。在本工作试验条件下,应力腐蚀开裂过程是使断裂表面增维的过程。文中分析了失稳扩展区断裂表面的分维比紧邻的亚稳扩展区表面的分维低的原因。     

涂层破损时杂散电流对Q235、16Mn、X70钢腐蚀的影响

通过腐蚀速率测定、腐蚀形貌观察、腐蚀坑深度测量及分形维数计算等方法,研究了杂散电流作用下涂层破损率对Q235、16Mn和X70钢腐蚀的影响.结果表明,杂散电流作用下,Q235钢腐蚀程度最严重,16Mn次之,X70最小;随杂散电流增大和涂层破损率减小,腐蚀速率和腐蚀坑深度均相应增大,腐蚀程度加剧;根据"盒子"维法测定杂散电流腐蚀形貌的分形维数,反映的腐蚀规律与实测腐蚀速率吻合,分形维数可定量表征杂散电流腐蚀形貌.     

镁合金阳极氧化膜在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

利用盐水浸泡实验研究了AZ91D镁合金阳极氧化膜层在3．5％NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明：AZ91D镁合金阳极氧化膜层不论封闭与否,在中性NaCl溶液中浸泡出现第一个腐蚀点后,膜层表面均很少再出现新的腐蚀点,而是原有的腐蚀点向纵、横两个方向扩展形成腐蚀坑,表面呈“树枝”状腐蚀形貌;浸泡溶液的pH值对阳极氧化膜层的耐蚀性影响很大,酸性溶液中的腐蚀速率明显大于中、碱性溶液的;随浸泡溶液温度的升高阳极氧化膜层的腐蚀速率加快。据此,提出了AZ91D镁合金阳极氧化膜层在NaCl溶液中腐蚀过程的模型。     

海洋大气环境下镁合金腐蚀行为研究进展

本文综合研究了海洋大气环境下镁合金腐蚀行为的研究进展,比较分析了各种因素对腐蚀行为的影响,对当前研究进展进行总结并对未来研究方向进行展望。在海洋大气环境下,表面薄电解质溶液膜的包覆是镁合金发生电化学腐蚀的主要原因,且多发生局部腐蚀。相比于内陆大气环境,海洋大气中含有较多无机盐气溶胶颗粒,导致点蚀成为主要的局部腐蚀形式。相对湿度的升高会导致薄电解质膜厚度增加,进而加速整体腐蚀速率。随气温上升,镁合金的大气腐蚀速率线性增加,而空气中的CO₂可以抑制NaCl对镁合金的侵蚀。该领域未来需更多关注具体使役环境下合金的腐蚀机理,以及各种环境因素对腐蚀行为的协同作用机制,以指导海洋用镁合金材料的设计和制备。     

镁合金大气电偶腐蚀初期规律

研究了AZ91D、AM50、AM60铸造镁合金与A3钢、316L不锈钢、H62黄铜、LY12铝合金组成的电偶对分别在青岛和武汉现场暴晒3个月和6个月后的大气电偶腐蚀行为及规律.结果显示, 镁合金始终是电偶对的阳极; 当其与其它4种材料偶接时, 其腐蚀速率增加.镁合金与A3钢偶合后, 其大气电偶腐蚀效应最大, 而与LY12铝合金组成的电偶对的大气电偶腐蚀效应最小.不同镁合金的大气电偶腐蚀效应存在如下关系: γAZ91D>γAM50>γAM60.暴晒3个月后, 青岛的大气电偶腐蚀效应明显高于武汉的大气电偶腐蚀效应.随着暴晒时间的延长, 青岛和武汉的大气电偶腐蚀效应分别呈降低和升高的趋势.     

Corrosion Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel Exposed to a Simulated Salt Lake Atmosphere

The corrosion behavior of stainless steel exposed to a simulated salt lake atmosphere has been investigated by analyzing the evolution of surface morphologies and corrosion products, the initiation and development of pits, and the electrochemical characteristics. The results indicated that(Mg_6Fe_2(OH)_(16)(CO_3)(H_2O)_(4.5))_(0.25), a layered double hydroxide, has been detected for the first time in the corrosion products formed on stainless steel exposed to a simulated salt lake atmosphere. The specimens exposed to MgCl_2 deposit conditions were corroded more severely than those exposed to NaCl deposit conditions, which was attributed to the differences in the deliquescence relative humidity and efflorescence relative humidity values of MgCl_2 and NaCl. In addition, a special corrosion morphology consisting of a concentric circle of yellowish material was observed on the specimens exposed to MgCl_2 deposit conditions, which was attributed to the formation of Mg(OH)_2, inhibiting the diffusion and migration of OH~- ions to the anode region. The maximum pit depth followed a power function with respect to corrosion time. The corrosion mechanism of stainless steel exposed to a simulated salt lake atmosphere is also discussed.     

图像灰度与腐蚀特征的相关性研究

根据实验数据研究腐蚀图象灰度和实际腐蚀深度的相关性,发现对孤立、规则圆孔的图像,经双向扫描校准后,其局部平均灰度和孔深存在很好线形关系,相关系数达0.95;对实际腐蚀图像,其局部平均灰度和相应位置的深度仍在0.95置信度下线性相关。但复杂深坑可能导致灰度值偏高（亮）,而且,坑深和灰度统计分布相关曲线表现为斜率不同（以坑深0.045cm为转折点）的两段直线,综上所述,基于图像灰度的腐蚀形貌诊断更适合腐蚀发展初期。此外,图像灰度和实际腐蚀参数的相关性研究表明,图像灰度极差是平均腐蚀速度及最大坑深的良好表征,它们在0.95置信度下线性相关。     

Markov chain modelling of pitting corrosion in underground pipelines

A continuous-time, non-homogenous linear growth (pure birth) Markov process has been used to model external pitting corrosion in underground pipelines. The closed form solution of Kolmogorov’s forward equations for this type of Markov process is used to describe the transition probability function in a discrete pit depth space. The identification of the transition probability function can be achieved by correlating the stochastic pit depth mean with the deterministic mean obtained experimentally. Monte-Carlo simulations previously reported have been used to predict the time evolution of the mean value of the pit depth distribution for different soil textural classes. The simulated distributions have been used to create an empirical Markov chain-based stochastic model for predicting the evolution of pitting corrosion depth and rate distributions from the observed properties of the soil. The proposed model has also been applied to pitting corrosion data from pipeline repeated in-line inspections and laboratory immersion experiments.     

土壤中碳钢平均腐蚀速度统计特征的分形研究

碳钢/土壤腐蚀是一种复杂的随机现象,采用概率统计法不能获得很多这类腐蚀的信息.将这种腐蚀看作分形体系,引入分维修正因子来定量描述腐蚀随机性的复杂程度.通过讨论平均腐蚀速度的统计特性,证实无论平行(重复)试验还是区域土壤腐蚀试验,平均腐蚀速度数据均服从正态分布,并具备分形体系的二个基本特征：稳定分维值和变异系数的自相似性.这些特征值表明,区域土壤腐蚀试验数据的复杂程度要高于平行试验.     

Pitting corrosion of aluminium in the tropical climate of Mauritius

Aluminium is a commonly used metal in Mauritius. However, the tropical Mauritian atmosphere is quite corrosive with the highest measured corrosivity, according to ISO 9223, falling in the category C4. Hence, this study was performed to investigate the atmospheric corrosion behaviour of aluminium AA1050 in the island. The aluminium samples were exposed outdoors at three sites, according to ISO 8565. Upon removal after specific time intervals over a 1½ years period, pit depth, pit diameter and pit density of the samples were determined. The maximum pit depth varied with the time of exposure, according to the power law function. Pit diameter increased linearly with the time of exposure. Chart rating, according to ISO 11463, was also performed. It was found that the corrosivity of the Mauritian atmosphere falls in categories A4-B1-C1 and A5-B1-C1. Application of extreme value statistics showed that Gumbel type 1 distribution fits maximum pit depth data at the three sites.     

图像识别技术研究有色金属大气腐蚀早期行为

提出了基于图像识别技术研究有色金属大气腐蚀早期行为的方法，用扫描仪获取试样的大气腐蚀形貌图像，采用连续小波变换对图像进行分解并提取能量值作为特征信息，研究了图像特征值和试样腐蚀失重数据之间的相关性，运用该方法分析了北京郊区纯锌的大气腐蚀试样，结果表明，该方法可以对纯锌的大气腐蚀早期行为进行判断和预测。     

碳钢的不均匀性和土壤中阴离子对腐蚀的影响

对埋藏在土壤中20年以上的碳钢腐蚀进行了分析,扫描电镜、能谱和金相分析结果表明,钢中夹杂物.焊缝区域易产生点蚀,土壤中存在硫酸根和氨离子也是产生点蚀的重要因素.     

Stable pitting corrosion of stainless steel as diffusion-controlled dissolution process with a sharp moving electrode boundary

This paper is devoted to explanation and prediction of pit propagation or stable pit growth, governed by ion transport properties in electrolytic solutions. Therefore, we vigorously derive the (3D) mass conservation law for a body hosting a sharp metal/solution interface separating the solid electrode from liquid electrolyte. The model for stable pitting corrosion is completed by Fick’s law of diffusion, governing the behavior of the dissolved metal ions. There are only three model input values, which are directly accessible from experiments, namely the ion concentration in the solid metal, as well as the diffusion coefficient and the saturation concentration of the dissolved metal ions in the electrolyte. The partial differential equations describing stable pitting corrosion as diffusion-controlled dissolution process are solved for boundary conditions related to 1D pencil electrode tests as well as to 2D foil electrode tests. The mathematical solution functions (model predictions) are related to pit growth in terms of depth and width, and to electric current evolution. Such model predictions reasonably agree with corresponding experiments, which shows the relevance of the proposed approach. In the case of pits with lacy covers, the boundary conditions for the ionic flux probably depend on complex depassivation-repassivation phenomena. However, once the extent of perforation of the lacy cover is known, the entire pit propagation characteristics, in particular the pit shape, can be predicted by the proposed model, relating to a classical Stefan problem.