气固错流移动颗粒床过滤器除尘效率

研究了气固错流移动颗粒床过滤器除尘效率与表观过滤气速、颗粒层移动速度、过滤气体粉尘含量的关系,并进一步探讨了粉尘在颗粒层内的沉积对除尘效果的影响.结果表明,颗粒层内粉尘沉积量较低时,沉积的粉尘有效地促进了颗粒层除尘效率的提高,但随粉尘沉积量增大,沉积粉尘的二次飞扬变得严重,其促进效应逐渐减小.在考虑了沉积粉尘对除尘效率影响和颗粒层内粉尘沉积不均匀性的基础上,基于捕集单元的收缩管模型,建立了计算移动颗粒层除尘效率和床层内粉尘沉积分布的数学模型.模型计算结果和实验数据比较表明,在操作气速0.1～0.3m•s^-1范围内,计算值与实验结果吻合较好.据此对除尘效率和床层内粉尘沉积的变化趋势进行了模拟分析.     

煤热解中移动床床层阻力的试验研究

为进一步提高计算移动床床层压降的准确性,文章通过分别测试原煤的视密度和堆积密度,计算出固定床的空隙率,在固定床试验的基础上结合Ergun方程确定物料球形度,并在此基础上进一步利用移动床试验测试移动床中床层颗粒表观速度及表观气速与空隙率的关系,最后对其结果进行非线性拟合。结果表明:煤料球形度约为0. 709 7,床层颗粒表观速度与表观气速对空隙率有一定的影响,但表观气速对空隙率影响很小,忽略其影响,对床层颗粒表观速度与空隙率进行拟合,得到拟合公式为ε=0. 019 3 ln u+0. 392 6。利用该拟合公式并结合Ergun方程计算的压降与工业实际运行数据相比,数据误差约为10%。     

逆流式移动床过滤器过滤性能的实验研究

通过大型冷模实验考察了气固逆流式移动床过滤器床层表观气速、再生气速对装备操作的影响。在无尘负荷条件下，装备压降随床层表观气速增大呈抛物线式上升的关系；能够用修正的Ergun公式进行预测。通过加尘实验发现，除尘效率与气体停留时间变化趋势相同，且与再生气速呈正相关。床层压降则表现出与床层气速呈正相关、与再生气速呈负相关的变化趋势。实验结果表明，该装备对于粉尘的捕集效率较高，在入口浓度为8.175 g/m³、表观气速在0.122～0.305 m/s范围内，除尘效率始终大于98.0%，且对13μm以下的细微粉尘有较高的粒级效率，接近99.99%。     

气固并流式轴向移动床过滤器的压降特性

通过冷模实验,改变移动床表观气速、颗粒循环速率、入口气体含尘浓度等操作参数,研究了轴向移动床过滤器的压降特性和合适的操作条件,结合移动床内气固两相运动特点,修正了Ergun公式,在加尘条件下分析了床内滤饼对压降稳定性的影响。结果表明,在无尘负荷条件下(“纯”移动床操作),颗粒的循环速率由0增至2.26 kg/(m2?s)时,设备的压降减小0.03 kPa。表观气速为0.126 m/s、入口气体含尘浓度为89.10 g/m3时,移动床内滤饼形成和破损呈动态平衡,过滤500 s后,压降可稳定在0.88 kPa,此时设备具有较高的除尘性能,粉尘捕集效率可达96%以上。     

气固顺流式移动床过滤器的除尘性能

为了探究气固顺流式移动床过滤器的除尘性能。通过在大型冷模实验中改变表观气速、颗粒循环强度、粉尘在过滤器中的比沉积率σ等操作参数,考察了过滤器的两个重要性能参数——操作压降和捕集效率的变化。实验发现,随着表观气速增大,设备的压降随之增大,设备的除尘效率呈下降趋势。随着粉尘的比沉积率σ增大,稳定后的操作压降也会有所增长,但操作压降的稳定性随着比沉积率的增大呈现"不稳定-趋于稳定-不稳定"的趋势,设备的过滤效率先逐渐增大,而后降低。当表观气速u_g为0.126 m×s~(-1),比沉积率σ为0.000 735时,过滤器的操作压降可以达到相对稳定的状态,此时除尘效果最优,捕集效率可达97%以上。     

移动床贴壁现象的研究

在错流区高度为430 mm,横向宽度分别为400 mm,200 mm,105 mm的三种不同尺寸的矩形二维移动床内对贴壁现象进行了研究.实验结果表明,随着错流气速的增加床层压降也增加,当压降超过一定值时,移动床内近下流面的部分颗粒将停止下移,发生贴壁;贴壁颗粒层的厚度与床层压降呈线性关系,在相同错流气速下宽床层的贴壁厚度大于窄床层,但无因次化贴壁厚度大致相同.通过力平衡分析建立了贴壁现象的数学模型,可计算不同压降下贴壁颗粒层的厚度,并获得贴壁临界压降值的计算式,模型计算值与实验值基本相符.     

固定床颗粒层过滤性能分析及预测

使用两种滤料颗粒在一套冷态试验装置上考察了过滤气速和颗粒层厚度对颗粒层过滤性能的影响。结合颗粒层过滤宏观模型,分析了不同操作条件下粉尘比沉积率σ对颗粒层粉尘捕集能力偏离初始值程度F和过滤压降偏离初始值程度G的影响,然后预测了过滤效率和压降。结果表明,试验范围内,随着σ的增大,F呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,而G逐渐增加。结合过滤气速u=0.2~0.6 m·s^-1、颗粒层厚度L=0.11~0.2 m条件下的试验数据拟合得到了F-σ和G-σ函数关系,过滤效率和压降的计算值与试验吻合较好,优于文献中相关公式,可为颗粒床过滤性能的预测提供参考。     

固定床颗粒层过滤性能分析及预测

使用两种滤料颗粒在一套冷态试验装置上考察了过滤气速和颗粒层厚度对颗粒层过滤性能的影响。结合颗粒层过滤宏观模型,分析了不同操作条件下粉尘比沉积率?对颗粒层粉尘捕集能力偏离初始值程度F和过滤压降偏离初始值程度G的影响,然后预测了过滤效率和压降。结果表明,试验范围内,随着?的增大,F呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,而G逐渐增加。结合过滤气速u=0.2~0.6 m·s~(-1)、颗粒层厚度L=0.11~0.2 m条件下的试验数据拟合得到了F-σ和G-σ函数关系,过滤效率和压降的计算值与试验吻合较好,优于文献中相关公式,可为颗粒床过滤性能的预测提供参考。     

涓流床反应器中流区过渡的气相渗透率表征

由于Ergun方程可适用于气液间无相互作用的两相流动压降计算,并且由气相单相和气液两相并流下的气相压降比值可计算气相相对渗透率,因此,Ergun方程可用于涓流床中不同流区过渡和气液相互作用程度的表征。为检验这一方法的有效性,实验测定了空气-水体系在内径140mm有机玻璃塔中不同粒径玻璃珠(1.9、3.6、5.2、9.3mm)组成的床层压降和持液量。由于采用了压力传感器和电容层析成像仪,因此可测定脉冲流状态下的瞬态数据。通过压降的实验值与理论值比较,发现Ergun方程的适用范围有限,在没有进入脉冲流前先已失效,说明此时气液间作用已经相当显著。鉴于此,改用气液两相压降实验值代替理论值进行了气体渗透率的计算,发现不同气液流速和颗粒直径下出现脉冲流时的气体渗透率均低于0.08。     

错流移动床的压降特性

在矩形移动床内考察了颗粒下移速度、颗粒堆积状态及空腔生成和长大发展过程等因素对压降的影响. 在错流气体速度为0.09~1.35 m/s、颗粒下移速度为0.95~9.68 cm/min的较大变化范围内进行了实验研究. 结果表明,颗粒下移速度对压降几乎没有影响;当错流气速足够大时移动床内将出现"空腔"和"贴壁"等现象,空腔的发展过程造成压降随时间出现稳定、微波脉动和大幅波动3种变化;欧根公式适用于低错流气速时的移动床压降;高错流气速下空腔出现了"生成-长大-塌落-流化"的循环变化过程. 在实验基础上建立了有空腔时的移动床压降模型,并对空腔尺寸进行了无因次关联,其床层压降的计算结果与实验值相符.     

Die Abscheidung von Partikeln aus Gasen in Faserfiltern

Particle collection by fibrous filters . Technically employed fibre filters can be classified according to their construction and application in two major groups: deep bed filters and fabric filters. Approaches to the calculation of the collection efficiency for both types of filters start from a clean nondusted filter layer. From this one examines only the initial state, which is especially critical, while the degree of collection as a rule becomes better with increasing dust accumulation. Various models are available for the calculation of the pressure drop. The initial pressure drop for deep bed filters can be calculated with the help of the resistance model. Especially important are those estimates, which for purification filters describe the pressure drop or the gas flow with increasing dust accumulation, because these equations can serve directly for the dimensioning of filter plants. Of courese, characteristic permeability values for filter fabric and dust layer must be determined beforehand. The possibilities and problems of these calculations, as well as open questions, will be discussed.     

倾斜压差移动床中的气固流动

应用散体力学及多相流理论,分析倾斜压差移动床中的气固流动,推导出倾斜压差移动床的力平衡方程和空隙率方程,从而使计算固定床压降及气体流率的Ergun方程、Lewis方程及Kwank方程,可以普遍地适用于垂直和倾斜的移动床压降及气体流率的计算。 选用三种颗料状物料,在四种不同倾斜度的斜管中测定了不同负压差和固体流率条件下的气体流率。计算结果与大量实验数据吻合。     

气体干法净化旋流吸附耦合设备压降特性

气体干法净化旋流吸附耦合设备将旋流分离和移动床吸附/过滤分离有机结合,可适应较宽的温度范围,为高温气体净化提供了一种新思路。在不加尘及不同的移动床循环速率和旋风入口气速下对该设备进出口静压差进行了测量和分析。实验结果表明,设备静压差在整个运行过程中较为稳定,有较强的可预测性,无量纲标准偏差维持在0.4%以内;实验范围内,移动床循环量的大小对设备静压差没有影响;设备压降与旋风入口气速呈现出良好的二次方程（抛物线）关系;将设备实际压降划分为进口管路沿程摩擦损失、入口天圆地方摩擦损失、旋流体摩擦损失、内置移动床摩擦损失和出口管路沿程摩擦损失五个部分;获得了旋流体摩擦损失及设备实际压降与入口速度头的关联方程;该设备的阻力系数与普通旋风分离器相比,没有明显增大;初步加尘实验确认了旋风壳体与移动床之间旋流作用的存在,为进一步结构优化提供了参考。     

循环过程中陶瓷滤材内粉尘沉积规律实验研究

The penetration and deposit of particles within the medium is thought to be one reason that the residual pressure drop of the rigid ceramic filter increase with cycle number. In this study, the change in the microstructure of a single layer ceramic filter candle during filtration-cleaning cycle was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the resistance property of the filter was monitored accordingly. The experimental results show that there exists a serious dust deposit within the filter medium, especially at the surface region. This should be responsible for the decrease of the filter permeability. The deposit law of dust in the filter medium during filtration-cleaning cycle was then studied by measuring the deposit depth, the deposit amount, the particles distribution within the medium, the size distribution of deposited particles, and so on. Particles migration and fine particles penetration were found to be the main reasons, for which dust deposit within the filter medium became aggravated with cycle number. Based on a differential form of Ergun equation, an expression for the pressure drop of a used ceramic filter was developed with a good agreement with experimental results. Then, the effect of dust deposit on the residual pressure drop was studied at the different face velocities and dust sizes. It was found that face velocity and dust size significantly influence dust deposit within filter medium, and then the operation performance of the filter.     

Determining Cyclone Particle Holdup by Pressure Drop for a CFB Boiler

An experimental study was conducted to assess the possibility of determining particle holdup by measuring the pressure drop of a conventional cyclone used in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. It was found that within a wide range of inlet solid concentrations, i.e., 0.54–4.42 kg/kg‐gas, the cyclone pressure drop increased linearly with inlet solid concentration at a given gas velocity, while the pressure drop between the dust exit and the vortex finder of the cyclone remained almost constant. Since particle holdup increases virtually linearly with solid flow rate, the particle holdup in the cyclone can be derived from the cyclone pressure drop, and therefore, an equation set was proposed to calculate the particle holdup from the cyclone pressure drop.     

大差异颗粒分级再生设备的性能研究

通过改变表观气速U、颗粒循环速率W、粉尘/捕集颗粒比R等操作参数,考察了大差异颗粒空气分级设备在设置内构件前后的压降和分级效率的变化。结果表明,自由床时,压降随表观气速的增大而增大,分离效率在U=0.27 m/s时达到最大值87%。捕集颗粒循环量对压降的影响较小,分级效率随W的增大而持续下降。粉尘/捕集颗粒比较低时,压降无变化,但增大至超过约翰逊网的阻塞限度后,操作压降呈指数型增长,分级效率迅速下降。设置内构件后,由于其起到了整流和分布作用,设备压降和分级效率的变化不如自由床时敏感,拓宽了可操作的粉尘/捕集颗粒比范围,但缩小了可操作的表观气速范围。将设备实际压降划分为约翰逊网压降、颗粒摩擦压降、气体出口压降三个部分,基于实验结果,给出了计算压降的模型。     

Experimental study of filter clogging with monodisperse PSL particles

A fibrous filter is a common cleaning device often used to remove particle from industrial gas streams. The main question that often arises concerns the evolution of the pressure drop and the filtration efficiency during the filter clogging. The increase of pressure drop and filter efficiency was measured and was linked to both the clogging degree inside the filter bed and the deposit structure observed thanks to scanning electron micrograph. We have also studied the influence of various parameters such as air velocity, particle size, aerosol concentration and filter main characteristics. An empirical equation for predicting the pressure drop across the filter as a function of inverse particle diameter and Cunningham correction factor was suggested without considering the particle density in the cellulose paper filter. The values of porosity, obtained from the pressure drop responses of loading in the paper filter using Rudnick and First equation, were compared with other researchers.