Mechanism of zeolite A nanocrystal growth from colloids at room temperature

The formation and growth of crystal nuclei of zeolite A from clear solutions at room temperature were studied with low-dose, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy in field emission mode and with in situ dynamic light scattering. Single zeolite A crystals nucleated in amorphous gel particles of 40 to 80 nanometers within 3 days at room temperature. The resulting nanoscale single crystals (10 to 30 nanometers) were embedded in the amorphous gel particles. The gel particles were consumed during further crystal growth at room temperature, forming a colloidal suspension of zeolite A nanocrystals of 40 to 80 nanometers. On heating this suspension at 80 degrees C, solution-mediated transport resulted in additional substantial crystal growth.     

Formation of Secondary Containment Systems Using Permeation of Colloidal Silica

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regulations require the capture of spills from liquid tanks containing hazardous chemicals by using a secondary containment system. Compacted clay or geomembrane liners are commonly used in secondary containment systems, but they are cumbersome when used in conjunction with existing liquid tanks because of pipeline networks surrounding the tanks. This study evaluates the formation of hydraulic barriers for secondary containment through the permeation of colloidal silica grout. A simplified infiltration model is presented to predict the downward movement of the colloidal silica grout into a soil layer, considering the time-dependent increase in dynamic viscosity of the colloidal silica for different concentrations of an electrolyte accelerator. Because the simplified infiltration model cannot predict the soil-grout interaction or the permeation of the colloidal silica by fingering, its results were calibrated by using the observations from a large-scale column test involving the permeation of colloidal silica into sand. The predicted position of the wetting front was found to match that of the experiment when the parameter governing the change in viscosity of the colloidal silica was increased by a factor of 30. The infiltration model calibrated with observations from column infiltration experiments provides a simple approach to the design of the secondary containment systems using permeation of colloidal silica.     

Structure of the particles of ultrafine nickel powders produced by the thermolysis of complexes of nickel formate with monoethanolamine

Conclusions The particles of ultrafinely divided nickel produced by the thermal decomposition of complexes of nickel formate with MEA are characterized by several types of structure: faceted stable single crystals (mean size of the order of tens of nanometers) coated with organic films; small agglomerates of such single crystals; large stable globules; and hexa- and trihedral crystals formed as a result of the influence of the glass reactor wall.Deceased.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 5(281), pp. 1–5, May, 1986.     

三维大孔氮化碳材料的制备及其血液相容性

以粒径640nm的单分散二氧化硅胶体晶体为模板,由四氯化碳和乙二胺回流加热制备出氮化碳的前驱物;将其填入模板的缝隙中,在氮气中热处理,形成氮化碳/二氧化硅的复合物;用氢氟酸除去二氧化硅模板,制备出三维大孔氮化碳材料.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、选区电子衍射(SAED)、元素分析、红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS),对其形貌结构、元素组成、键合状态进行了形貌和结构的表征.采用部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)和凝血酶时间(TT)对其体外抗凝血活性作了初步的评价,发现制备的大孔氮化碳对血液不会造成促凝,说明其可能成为一种新的血液相容性材料.     

Colloidal silica-coated tissue culture dishes for primary cell cultures: growth of rabbit renal proximal tubule cells

The use of colloidal silica as a substratum for primary cultures of differentiated cells has significant advantages over classic tissue culture polystyrene. In this report, the growth and the level of expression of differentiated function of primary rabbit renal proximal tubule (RPT) cell cultures on colloidal silica is examined, using hormonally defined serum-free medium. Primary RPT cells grew to confluence more rapidly on colloidal silica than on tissue culture polystyrene (TC+). Moreover, following three passages, the RPT cells increased in number threefold more than parallel cultures on TC+. The morphology of primary RPT cells on colloidal silica were found by means of transmission electron microscopy to possess a polarized morphology with a brush border, and differentiated markers were retained even after passaging, including the Na+/glucose cotransport system and Glut 7.     

垂直沉积法组装二元聚苯乙烯胶粒晶体

采用垂直沉积法组装了二元聚苯乙烯胶粒晶体,研究了两种聚苯乙烯胶体微球的粒径比、质量比、温度和分散介质中乙二醇含量等因素对二元聚苯乙烯胶粒晶体组装花样的影响.粒径比>4.45、质量比≥74∶26是形成面心立方二元聚苯乙烯胶粒晶体的必要条件.组装温度为60℃,分散介质中乙二醇质量分数为6%时,可得到更高质量的二元聚苯乙烯胶体晶体.胶体微球二元垂直沉积机理研究表明：两种聚苯乙烯胶体微球是同时在基片的表面进行组装的;胶体微球在介质中的布朗运动、沉降速率及其在基片表面的组装速率三者之间匹配越好,所得二元聚苯乙烯胶粒晶体质量越高.     

Diffusion processes in confined materials

The diffusion coefficient for cyclohexane confined within pores of diameter 40 to 500 A has been measured as a function of temperature between 296 and 180 K, and is compared to values obtained for the bulk material. A substantial liquid-like signal is observed in the region of the depressed freezing points and a diffusion coefficient is measurable in all samples to well below these temperatures. The diffusion data appear to be continuous over the freezing region. These observations suggest persisting molten layers at interfaces which exchange with crystals forming within the silica pores. The diffusion coefficient of the molecules in the surface layer is three orders of magnitude larger than in the plastic phase of bulk cyclohexane.     

Full-Scale Field Testing of Colloidal Silica Grouting for Mitigation of Liquefaction Risk

This paper reports results of a full-scale field test to assess the performance of dilute colloidal silica stabilizer in reducing the settlement of liquefiable soil. Slow injection methods were used to treat a 2-m-thick layer of liquefiable sand. Eight injection wells were installed around the perimeter of the 9-m-diameter test area and 8% by weight colloidal silica grout was slowly injected into the upper 2?m of a 10-m-thick layer of liquefiable sand. A central extraction well was used during grout injection to direct the flow of the colloidal silica towards the center of the test area. Details of the field injection are described. Subsequently, the injection wells were used to install explosive charges and liquefaction was induced by blasting. After blasting, approximately 0.3?m of settlement occurred versus 0.5?m of settlement in a nearby untreated area. The mechanism of improvement is thought to be bonding between the colloidal silica and the individual sand particles; the colloidal silica gel encapsulates the soil structure and maintains it during dynamic loading.     

Microstructural and Rheological Characterization of Colloidal Aggregates of Nuclear Waste Slurries

Abstract

Characterization of tank waste suspensions contained at the Hanford Site is predicated on the identification of colloidal, rheological and microstructural parameters, crucial for the planned retrieval, transport and process operations necessary for remediation. The current study demonstrates the first successful characterization of a waste stream, SY-102, and the resultant relationship between rheology and microstructure. To develop the understanding, the waste was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, light scattering, electrophoresis, viscometry and sedimentation. The characterization shows that the microstructure and deformation behavior of SY-102 spans length scales ranging from nanometers to microns. The particle size distribution data, viscometry and sedimentation shows that the system is comprised of deformable aggregates. Finally, consideration of the isoelectric point of SY-102, pH ～3.2, suggested that the rheopexy observed in SY-102 was caused by the presence of amorphous silica.     

添加剂对硅溶胶结合Al2O3- SiC- C铁沟捣打料性能的影响

以特级矾土（粒径8~5、5~3和3~1mm）、棕刚玉（粒径3~1、≤1和≤0.074mm）、碳化硅（粒径≤1和≤0.074mm）和球状沥青为主要原料,金属硅和碳化硼为抗氧化剂和促烧剂,添加超微粉或焦作黏土,以硅溶胶作结合剂,采用手工捣打成型工艺来制备Al2O3- SiC- C铁沟捣打料。研究了硅微粉、α- Al2O3微粉、焦作黏土和有机防爆纤维对硅溶胶结合Al2O3- SiC- C铁沟捣打料性能的影响。结果表明：添加2%质量分数硅微粉、3%质量分数焦作黏土或0.05%质量分数有机防爆纤维对硅溶胶结合Al2O3- SiC- C铁沟捣打料的体积密度影响不大。含9%质量分数 α- Al2O3微粉的试样和含6%质量分数 α- Al2O3微粉、3%质量分数焦作黏土的试样显示出更好的常温强度。合理的颗粒级配可以提高铁沟捣打料试样的抗高炉渣侵蚀性。含6%质量分数 α- Al2O3微粉、3%质量分数焦作黏土的试样的抗渣侵蚀性最好;含7%质量分数 α- Al2O3微粉、2%质量分数硅微粉的试样的抗渣侵蚀性次之;含9%质量分数 α- Al2O3微粉的试样的抗渣侵蚀性最差。有机防爆纤维提高了捣打料的烘后强度,但使抗渣性能有所降低。硅溶胶结合Al2O3- SiC- C铁沟捣打料试样在1450℃煅烧后质量增加,有利于体积稳定性和抗渣性能。     

影响二氧化硅溶胶粒径及粒度分布因素的研究

以氢氧化钾为催化剂,用硅粉溶解法制备硅溶胶,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、激光粒度分析(SL)、pH值和粘度测试对所得硅溶胶进行表征.研究反应温度、硅粉加入量、氢氧化钾加入量和反应时间对胶粒粒径、粒度分布以及形貌的影响,并对粒径增长进行理论分析.结果表明:随着反应温度的升高,平均粒径先增大后减小,粒径分散度先减小后增大:随着...     

Colloidal Silica Transport through Liquefiable Porous Media

Mitigation of liquefaction potential in loose granular soil can theoretically be achieved through permeation and subsequent gelation of dilute colloidal silica stabilizer. However, practical application of this technique requires efficient and adequate delivery of the stabilizer to the liquefiable soil prior to gelation. The purpose of this research was to evaluate colloidal silica transport mechanisms and to determine if an adequate concentration can be delivered to a soil column prior to gelation. The laboratory work consisted of grouting 15 short (0.9 m) columns tests packed with Nevada No. 120, Ottawa 20/30, or graded silty sand to identify the variables that influence stabilizer transport through porous media. It was found that colloidal silica can be successfully delivered through 0.9-m columns packed with loose sand efficiently and in an adequate concentration to mitigate the liquefaction potential. Transport occurs primarily by advection with limited hydrodynamic dispersion, so Darcy’s law can be used to predict flow. The Kozeny-Carmen equation can be used to include the effect of increasing viscosity on transport by incorporating the power law mixing rule of Todd. The primary variables influencing stabilizer transport were found to be the viscosity of the colloidal silica stabilizer, the hydraulic gradient, and the hydraulic conductivity of the liquefiable soil.     

Acute renal insufficiency in renal transplants treated with interferon-alpha for chronic hepatitis C

Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) can provide information on mean size, predominant orientation and typical shape of mineral crystals in bone. In this paper, recent developments of this technique for application in bone research are reviewed. Then the structure of the collagen/mineral composite in bone, as determined by SAXS, is compared for a number of species. The thickness of the mineral crystals was found to increase with age up to a value around 3 to 4 nanometers in adult animals, depending on the species. The SAXS results also suggest the existence of needle-shaped mineral crystals in mouse or rat bone and more plate-shaped crystals in other tissues like adult human bone or mineralized turkey leg tendon.     

Synthesis of Biomimetic Superhydrophobic Surface through Electrochemical Deposition on Porous Alumina

The superhydrophobicity of plant leaves is a benefit of the hierarchical structures of their surfaces. These structures have been imitated in the creation of synthetic surfaces. In this paper, a novel process for fabrication of biomimetic hierarchical structures by electrochemical deposition of a metal on porous alumina is described. An aluminum specimen was anodically oxidized to obtain a porous alumina template, which was used as an electrode to fabricate a surface with micro structures through electrochemical deposition of a metal such as nickel and copper after the enlargement of pores. Astonishingly, a hierarchical structure with nanometer pillars and micrometer clusters was synthesized in the pores of the template. The nanometer pillars were determined by the nanometer pores. The formation of micrometer clusters was related to the thin walls of the pores and the crystallization of the metal on a flat surface. From the as-prepared biomimetic surfaces, lotus-leaf-like superhydrophobic surfaces with nickel and copper deposition were achieved.     

A method of prolonging the useful life of sintered self-lubricating bearings

Conclusions It is shown that the wear resistance and length of the self-lubrication period of a sintered material can be increased by filling its pores with oil containing polymer additions. The mechanism by which the presence of a polymer enables this improvement to be achieved is discussed.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 2(158), pp. 90–93, February, 1976.     

Crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) confined in pores of active carbon

The kinetics of isothermal crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) confined in pores of active carbon was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation. At equal temperatures the induction period of crystallization in pores differs from that in the bulk polymer. A model was developed that allows estimation of the effect of porous media on the statistical sum of the macromolecule considering the change of the polymer chain conformation in the melt. This model describes the following observed effects: invariability of the induction period temperature dependence in pores, the weak temperature dependence of the ratio of induction period for e bulk, and pore material. The change in the induction period in cylindrical pores was predicted with satisfactory precision.     

电解质渗透对铝电解石墨质阴极材料高温导电性的影响

测试了半石墨质(HC35)和全石墨质(HC100)两种工业阴极碳块在铝电解前后的高温电阻率。结果表明,电解前,由于热膨胀引起的有关孔隙结构参数变化影响阴极材料电阻率;电解时,钠和电解质渗透亦影响阴极电阻率。孔隙平均直径和连通率越大、曲折度越小,越有利于钠和电解质的渗透,电解前后阴极材料电阻率变化也越大。     

电石渣-煤基固废混合胶凝体系制硅酸钙板的试验

为减少制备硅酸钙板对矿物原浆资源的损耗和提高对固体废弃物的协同利用效果, 试验以电石渣-煤基固废胶凝体系为原料来研制高强度的纯固废硅酸钙板, 并通过热重-差示扫描量热法、X射线衍射测试来分析硅酸钙板中生成的主要矿物成分及不同配比对硅酸钙板的强度变化关系.研究表明: 在水灰比为0.3的条件下, 使用电石渣完全替代水泥, 将粉煤灰和硅灰按1:1的质量比互掺调制所得的混合胶凝体系最终制得托贝莫来石型纯固废硅酸钙样板.在硅灰占原料的质量分数为0~10%范围内, 样板抗折强度随硅灰添量增加而升高, 硅灰添量为10%时样板达到最大抗折强度, 不同粒径的原料颗粒相互填充, 板内晶体与水化胶凝体相互咬合, 最终使得样板力学性能得到大幅提升; 样板的抗折强度随着NaOH添量的增加呈现先增后降的趋势, NaOH添加质量分数为4%时样板板面平滑, 强度达到最大值11.8 MPa, 该添量为NaOH的最佳添量, 通过扫描电镜分析发现加入4% NaOH时对该胶凝体系的水化反应起到最佳激发作用, 且样板料坯的微观结构对其最终的力学性能有重要影响, 但不起决定性作用, 其中决定其最终强度的是板坯内水化胶凝体的数量、形态以及其相互间的联结方式.      

高硅锌精矿的处理方法

介绍了处理高硅锌精矿的方法.锌精矿中的二氧化硅在焙烧时反应生成硅酸锌,在浸出时溶于硫酸溶液中,然后缓慢沉淀析出.如果工艺条件控制不当,析出的胶态氧化硅可能形成无法过滤的胶体.根据试验结果认为,应通过加速沉淀析出反应的方法,控制浸出反应槽中二氧化硅浓度≤5g/L(最佳浓度为≤2g/L).本文提出的方法可以使二氧化硅以易于液固分离的形式沉淀,无需添置大型过滤设备,并且通过向浸出反应槽加入经预先调整SiO2含量的混合物,来控制浸出液较低的二氧化硅浓度.