低成本YSZ电解质膜管的制备和性能研究

用真空注浆法制备出膜厚为0.2mm的8mol%YSZ电解质膜管，用排水法、SEM和复阻抗等分析手段研究了YSZ电解质膜管烧结密度、表面形貌及其电导性能，确定了可使YSZ电解质膜管获得最佳烧结性能的烧结温度。研究结果表明，真空注浆法是一种制备高烧结性能YSZ电解质膜管的简单方法。用这一方法已制备出相对密度为98.1%、长度为254mm的致密YSZ电解质膜管，其烧结温度范围比传统注浆法制备YSZ电解质管降低了190～200℃。研究还表明，随烧结温度升高，样品致密度增大，导电性能也逐渐提高。经1600℃烧结2h样品的烧结密度和导电性能均达到最佳值；进一步提高烧结温度，样品的致密度和电学性能均有所下降。     

C/SiC材料表面Si/SiC涂层及其对基底结构的影响

采用泥浆预涂层反应法在C/ SiC 复合材料表面制备Si/ SiC 涂层。通过理论计算和实验确定了制备致密不开裂涂层的泥浆配比; 研究了埋粉烧结和气相硅真空反应烧结2 种不同烧结气氛对Si/ SiC 涂层微观形貌和成分的影响; 比较了单涂层和双涂层2 种不同涂层制备方法对C/ SiC 复合材料基底结构的影响; 用SEM 观察涂层形貌, 用XRD 分析涂层成分与晶体结构。结果表明: 泥浆中C∶Si (质量比) 在1∶1. 25 左右制备的涂层不开裂; 埋粉烧结制备的涂层成粉, 而气相硅真空反应烧结制备的涂层致密且与基底结合好; 单涂层法制备涂层后基底材料致密度高, 而双涂层法制备涂层后基底仍然保持多孔结构。      

电泳沉积制备氧化钇稳定的二氧化锆薄膜

采用恒压电泳沉积方法在Ni-YSZ(氧化钇稳定的氧化锆)阳极基体上制备YSZ电解质膜,研究了悬浮体系YSZ含量、外加电压、沉积时间对电泳过程及YSZ膜层质量的影响,结果表明,YSZ含量为20 g/L,沉积电压为10 V,沉积时间5 min时,恒压电泳一次即可得到均匀致密的YSZ膜:膜层与基体结合紧密,厚度约为10 μm.     

等离子喷涂制造固体氧化物燃料电池三合一电极

采用大气等离子喷涂法在阳极支撑上制备了电解质与阴极.利用X射线衍射分析了阴极与阳极喷涂前后的成分和相结构,用扫描电镜观察了SOFC( solid oxide fuel cell)三合一电极的截面形貌以及阳极、电解质与阴极的表面形貌.结果表明:喷涂前后阴极的化学成份未发生改变,阴极为单斜相、钙钛矿型的(La0.8Sr0.2MnO3)LSM;阳极在喷涂前为Ni/YSZ(Y2O3稳定ZrO2),在喷涂后Ni被氧化成NiO.由阳极、电解质与阴极构成的三合一电极界面不明显,其中电解质致密,阳极与阴极有一定孔隙.     

YSZ-Al2O3多孔复合膜的制备和表征

制备了氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)膜层与氧化铝支撑体之间组分递变的YSZ-Al2O3复合膜层.为提高分离膜层的性能,考虑了组分递变及膜层厚度的控制.结果表明,复合膜层的热膨胀系数和烧结收缩率随着YSZ组分的增加而增加;烧结收缩率是选择复合膜层组分时应该考虑的主要因素.YSZ体积分数分别为20%和80%的YSZ Al2O3双层多孔复合膜,其可几孔径分别为0.72μm和0.36μm.该复合膜既是性能优良的微滤膜,也是制备氧化锆超滤膜和纳滤膜的良好支撑体.     

中温固体氧化物燃料电池阳极基底及负载型电解质薄膜的研制

在用固相反应法合成电解质材料Ｌａ_０．９Ｓｒ_０．１Ｇａ_０．８Ｍｇ_０．２Ｏ_３－δ（ＬＳＧＭ）的基础上,研制出中温固体氧化物燃料电池ＬＳＧＭ＋ＮｉＯ阳极基底;考察了阳极基底孔隙率、孔径分布及电导率随组成变化的规律;研究了阳极基底组成、微观结构、制备工艺等对负载型ＬＳＧＭ电解质薄膜成膜过程及质量的影响和负载型电解质薄膜在还原气氛中的结构稳定性;采用湿化学物理方法及等静压烧结工艺成功地制备出了厚度为２０～５０μｍ的负载型致密ＬＳＧＭ电解质薄膜．研究表明;ＮｉＯ含量为６０％的阳极基底具有适宜的烧结收缩率、孔隙率与孔径分布,且比表面积与比孔容积均较大,适合作为ＳＯＦＣ的阳极．随着ＮｉＯ含量的增加,还原后阳极基底的电导率有所增大．其中低ＮｉＯ含量的阳极基底在还原后的初生态,其电导率在交变信号的诱导下发生弛豫现象而迅速增大,并由离子导电性转变为金属导电性．而高ＮｉＯ含量的阳极基底,其还原后的电导率随测量时间的延长变化很小,并从一开始就表现出金属导电的性质．采用无约束烧结程序制备的负载型ＬＳＧＭ电解质薄膜,表面为粗大的片状晶粒,还原后在晶界处产生裂纹．而采用等静压烧结程序制备的负载型ＬＳＧＭ电解质薄膜,表面为细小、形状规则的晶粒, 晶界结合紧密, 且还原后晶界无裂纹出现.     

C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料表面Si/SiC涂层制备

采用新的泥浆预涂层-反应烧结工艺在C/SiC复合材料表面制备Si/SiC致密涂层,重点研究了原材料、工艺条件对涂层性能的影响;采用XRD分析涂层的组分及晶体结构,采用SEM分析涂层的断口形貌.结果显示,采用MC为胶粘剂、较低的裂解升温速度制备的预涂层性能最好;无Si气氛存在直接高温烧结制备涂层性能差,而在真空环境下、1450～1600℃温度范围高温烧结能够制备出致密的Si/SiC涂层,Si气氛的大量存在是决定涂层性能的关键.     

YSZ/Ni-YSZ双层中空纤维电解质层厚度控制及其影响

本研究利用相转化共纺丝法一步制备出微管式固体氧化物燃料电池(MT-SOFC)用电解质/阳极(YSZ/NiO-YSZ)双层中空纤维膜, 将制得的YSZ/NiO-YSZ双层中空纤维膜前驱体经1450℃烧结后, 以纯H₂在700℃下还原4 h得到YSZ/Ni-YSZ双层中空纤维膜。电解质YSZ膜层厚度通过改变YSZ铸膜液挤出速率来调节。将La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO_3-δ(LSM)阴极乳浆浸渍涂覆在烧结后的YSZ/NiO-YSZ双层中空纤维膜外, 经1200℃烧结后形成微管式固体氧化物燃料电池。结果表明, 当阳极铸膜液以10?mL/min速率挤出, 而电解质铸膜液挤出速率为0.5、1、1.5、2 mL/min时, 构造的YSZ/Ni-YSZ双层中空纤维膜电解质层厚度分别为6、13、18、28 μm, 其机械强度、气密性均随着电解质层厚度增加而增大, 但电导率与孔隙率受电解质层厚度的影响较小。YSZ膜厚度为28 μm的MT-SOFC, 800℃时以20 mL/min氢气作为燃料, 30 mL/min空气作为氧化剂, 最大开路电压为1.01 V, 最大输出功率只有75 mW/cm²。但同样测试条件下, YSZ膜厚度为6 μm的MT-SOFC, 开路电压为0.92 V, 最大输出功率升至329 mW/cm²。     

TiAl合金表面TiAlCrY/YSZ涂层高温长时间服役性能

TiAl合金具有低密度、高比强度的优异性能,是一种潜在的航空发动机用结构材料。TiAl合金的服役温度范围为700～900℃,在其表面制备高温热防护涂层可以进一步提高服役温度。本研究采用等离子喷涂技术在TiAl合金表面制备了新型TiAlCrY/YSZ涂层,并与传统的NiCrAlY/YSZ热障涂层进行高温长时间服役性能对比研究。结果发现, TiAlCrY/YSZ涂层在1100℃空气环境中服役300 h保持完好,表现出良好的高温性能,而NiCrAlY/YSZ涂层在1100℃的服役寿命不足100 h。显微分析结果表明, TiAlCrY黏结层表面会形成一层连续且致密的TGO,其主要成分为Al2O3,与YSZ涂层的界面兼容性良好。并且TGO在1100℃空气环境中服役300 h后,厚度仍<8μm。以上研究表明,与传统NiCrAlY/YSZ热障涂层相比, TiAlCrY/YSZ更适合作为TiAl合金表面的高温热防护涂层。     

热处理温度对磁控溅射法制备YSZ电解质薄膜性能的影响

采用射频磁控溅射方法在NiO-YSZ阳极基底上制备了致密的YSZ电解质薄膜,主要研究了热处理温度对电解质薄膜性能的影响.试验发现随着热处理温度的提高,所制备的YSZ薄膜中晶粒结合更加致密,气孔率显著降低,薄膜与基底间的结合更加紧密.通过组装单体电池实际考察了薄膜的性能,发现随着热处理温度的提高,电池的开路电压及放电性能均有大幅度的提高.在800℃下,开路电压由0.82V提高到1.023V,已接近SOFC的理论电压;最大功率密度由480mW/cm2提高到760 mW/cm2.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...