Effects of Processing Conditions on Qualities of Rice Fries

ABSTRACT Two rice flour mixtures, 2 extruding temperatures, and 2 insert sizes were used to develop rice fries. The extruded material was cut into pieces 7 to 8‐cm long, prefried in rice oil at 180°C for 20 s, and kept frozen until final frying for another 70 s. The rice fries were evaluated 5 min and 10 min after final frying for their lipid, moisture, and instrumental texture characteristics. Extruding temperature, rice cultivar, and insert size were significantly related to fat content, moisture, hardness, and fracturability values. A mixture consisting of 80:20 (waxy:long‐grain), and extruded at 70 °C using a 6 mm insert, 5 min after frying, gave a texture profile analysis value for hardness, cohesive‐ness, and gumminess values comparable to commercial potato French fries. The rice fries made by the process also had less than 50% fat than potato fries.     

预处理-低温挤压对留胚米粉理化性质的影响

以留胚米为原料,焙炒预糊化粉碎后,在挤压机螺杆转速100 r/min,水分含量30%,挤压温度50～90℃的条件下对留胚米粉进行挤压。研究在预糊化-低温挤压过程中不同的挤压温度对留胚米粉理化性质的影响。结果表明：随着挤压温度的升高,留胚米粉的糊化度逐步提高;淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量均有所下降,而当温度超过70℃后,可溶性膳食纤维含量显著(P<0.05)升高;留胚米粉的吸水性指数显著下降(P<0.05),水溶性指数、膨胀势有所上升;总色差?E增大;粒径显著增大(P<0.05);差示扫描量热仪分析发现留胚米粉的起始温度(T₀)、峰值温度(T_P)和终止温度(T_C)逐渐升高,吸热焓由1.14 J/g下降至0.82 J/g,糊化程度逐步增加;傅里叶红外光谱分析表明,在所有挤压温度下留胚米粉的淀粉结构中并未产生新的基团或化学键。上述结果显示,预糊化-低温挤压对留胚米粉的理化特征具有显著影响,适宜的挤压温度减少了营养成分的损失。     

Influence of extrusion condition and hemp addition on wheat dough and bread properties

This study was to evaluate the influence of hemp addition and extrusion conditions on properties of dough and bread. The extruded and non-extruded hemp/ rice flours with different hemp/rice ratio were mixed with wheat flour at 15% ratio. In those flour assays, extrusion greatly decreased the paste viscosities, while the addition of hemp inhibited the decrease of peak viscosity on the extrusion condition. The onset gelatinization temperature was extended due to the hemp addition. The test on dough properties showed that extrusion increased water absorption, arrival time, weakness, extensibility, and the volume after 105 min fermentation, and decreased the stability time and elasticity of dough, while hemp addition mainly increased the weakness and extensibility. For bread properties, extrusion decreased the specific volume, crust and crumb L value, and uniformed air cells, when the hemp addition increased the bread specific volume and decreased the hardness during storage time.     

Effect of extrusion conditions on the physicochemical properties of a snack made from purple rice (Hom Nil) and soybean flour blend

Soy flour was added at levels of 5%, 10%, and 15% of Hom Nil rice flour for extrusion at 190 °C barrel temperature and 350 rpm screw speed. The extruded snack qualities decreased inversely with soy flour. However, product qualities were considered to be optimised when soy flour at 5% was added. The effect of feed moisture content (15, 17, 19 g (100 g)^?1 wb), barrel temperature (150, 170, 190 °C) and screw speed (350, 400, 450 rpm) on physicochemical properties of the snack were then investigated. The physicochemical properties of the product including expansion ratio, density, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) and hardness were evaluated. All properties were related, as linear equations, in terms of feed moisture content, barrel temperature, screw speed with relative correlation (R²) at 0.83–0.94. The snack properties along with consumer acceptance were all highest when the extruded condition were 15 g (100 g)^?1 wb feed moisture content, 170 °C of barrel temperature and 450 rpm of screw speed.     

Effect of semolina and absorption level on extrusion of spaghetti containing non‐traditional ingredients

Specific mechanical energy (SME), mechanical energy, extrusion rate and temperature of extruded spaghetti were monitored to determine the effects of semolina, hydration level and non‐traditional ingredients on pasta extrusion using a semi‐commercial pasta press with a fixed screw speed of 25 rpm. SME transferred to the dough during extrusion and the temperature of extruded spaghetti were greater with strong than with weak gluten semolina and at low than at high absorption levels. When compared with semolina hydrated to 300 g kg^?1 absorption, SME transferred to the dough was 13 kJ kg^?1 lower for semolina mixed with buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) bran flour, 47 kJ kg^?1 lower for semolina mixed with flaxseed (Linum usitativissimum L.) flour and 7 kJ kg^?1 lower for semolina mixed with wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum L.) bran. Weak gluten semolina, high absorption levels and non‐traditional ingredients reduced the mechanical energy required for extrusion more than they reduced extrusion rate. The target temperature for extruded spaghetti was 45 °C. The temperature of extruded spaghetti containing flaxseed flour was below 45 °C whereas the temperature of spaghetti containing wheat bran was above 45 °C, regardless of semolina type or absorption level. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

挤压加工对苦荞粉理化性质的影响

为了阐明挤压加工技术对苦荞粉理化性质的影响,分别研究了不同挤压温度、物料水分和螺杆转速对挤压苦荞粉的吸水性指数、水溶性指数、膨胀势、糊化及凝胶特性的影响规律。结果表明:与未挤压苦荞粉相比,经挤压改性后的苦荞粉在30℃水浴时有更好的吸水性和水溶性;在100℃水浴时的水溶性增大,吸水性减小;膨胀势、糊化特征值及凝胶特征值均明显升高。随挤压温度升高,挤压苦荞粉的峰值粘度、衰减值增大,谷值粘度、回生值降低,制成的凝胶品质更好;随物料水分升高,吸水性指数、膨胀势、各糊化特征值显著增大,水溶性指数明显降低,低物料水分形成的凝胶品质较好;随螺杆转速升高,水溶性指数增大,吸水性指数和峰值粘度、谷值粘度、衰减值稍降低,膨胀势先增大后减小,转速越高的苦荞粉的凝胶品质越好。综合而言,物料水分变化对挤压苦荞粉的各理化性质影响最大。吸水性指数和水溶性指数与糊化特性、凝胶特性都有显著相关性(P0.05);膨胀势与糊化特性极显著正相关(P0.01),与凝胶特性没有显著相关性。     

The effect of rice flour on pasting and particle size distribution of green gram (Phaseolus radiata, L. Wilczek) dried batter

The effect on the pasting characteristics of green gram flour of the addition of rice flour was studied. The gelatinization temperature decreased from 75 °C for the control to 72 °C for samples containing different levels of rice flours. Average particle size of dried batter mix increased with the addition of varying percentages of rice (10, 15, 20 and 25%) from a control value of 236 μm to a maximum 310 μm. The addition of rice flour to green gram increased the water absorption in line with the amount of rice flour added. When rice flour was added, the protein content of the mixed sample of green gram batter and rice flour was reduced accordingly and the fat absorption in the samples also decreased. The foaming capacity of native ground flour, measured after 0.5 min, was double (130 mL) that of dried green gram batter (60 mL) which had been prepared by soaking, wet grinding and drying.     

THE USE OF EXTRUDED BARLEY,WHEAT AND MAIZE AS ADJUNCTS IN MASHING

The principles of extrusion cooking are summarised. In small scale trials good extracts were obtained from extruded barley when it was mashed with industrial enzymes, using a programmed temperature cycle. Extruded barley, wheat and maize and wheat flour yielded acceptable levels of extract when mashed with lager malt (70%) using a programme with 1 hour rests at 50°C and 65°C. The extracts obtained from these grists were increased above those obtained from grists of lager malt alone and the viscosities of the worts were reduced when the mashes were supplemented by preparations of bacterial enzymes. Enzyme additions also improved extract recoveries from all-malt mashes and reduced the viscosities of the derived worts. Using a temperature programmed mashing cycle and supplementary enzymes beers were prepared from a lager malt grist and grists in which the lager malt was partly replaced, by 30%, with extruded barley or extruded wheat, or extruded maize or wheat flour pellets. In every case wort was recovered relatively easily, the worts fermented normally and the beers were all fully acceptable, although their flavours did differ. However, in contrast to results of preliminary brewing trials, the head retentions of the beers made with adjuncts were unusually low, possibly because of particular enzyme additions.     

挤压膨化对紫糙米粉营养品质及理化性质的影响

以紫糙米为原料,采用双螺杆挤压膨化技术制备紫糙米挤压粉,分析其挤压前后营养成分、水合性质、糊化特性、热特性以及流变特性等理化性质的变化。结果表明:与原料粉相比,经挤压处理的紫糙米粉总淀粉、支链淀粉、脂肪含量分别下降了12.45%、16.03%、67.45%;蛋白质、总氨基酸、钙和锌含量变化不显著（P>0.05）;总酚、总黄酮、总花色苷含量分别减少了23.70%、28.34%和29.16%,抗氧化性活性减弱。水溶性指数与吸水性指数分别提高了2.80和1.07倍,颜色加深。同一剪切速率下,挤压粉具有更低的剪切应力,更易搅拌。RVA及DSC结果显示,紫糙米挤压粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、回生值分别下降了3528.50、2038.83、1489.00、3975.33、1937.00 cP,糊化度为93.15%,糊化焓由5.23 J/g下降至0.74 J/g,表明大部分的淀粉已糊化。据此说明,紫糙米挤压粉营养价值保留仍处于较高水平,水合能力显著提升,食用口感佳,具有较好的应用价值。     

低温挤压对粳糙米营养特性及理化性质的影响

为了保留糙米的营养成分,改善糙米的粗糙口感,降低挤压糙米的消化速度,本文将粳糙米粉碎后在较低温度下挤压重组成米粒产品。将粳糙米在65 ℃低温挤压后,分析其营养成分、热特性、糊化特性、水合性质以及晶体结构等理化性质的变化。结果表明:低温挤压处理后粳糙米的脂肪含量从3.30%下降到1.07%,总淀粉、粗蛋白含量变化不显著,总膳食纤维含量从4.27%减少至3.60%,有助于改善糙米的粗糙口感。总酚含量和γ-氨基丁酸含量分别从33.99 mg/100 g、94.79 mg/kg增至36.59 mg/100 g、105.44 mg/kg。挤压后粳糙米粉的峰值黏度、回生值、糊化焓变分别由920.00 cP、869.50 cP、7.00 J/g降至406.00 cP、714.50 cP、2.28 J/g,糊化度为68.43%,挤压后糙米淀粉保持较低的糊化度。晶体结构在挤压后也发生了变化,挤压后粳糙米在2θ角为13 °、20 °存在衍射峰,晶体结构从A型转变成V型,相对结晶度从37.52%降至27.33%。此外,挤压粳糙米的吸水性指数和水溶性指数均升高。     

Optimization of Soaking Duration and Temperature for Two Nigerian Rice Cultivars

Optimization of soaking duration and temperature for two Nigerian rice cultivars were evaluated. Temperatures of 50°C, 70°C and 90°C were used for both long and short grain rice paddy. Each treatment had three replicates of 12, 18 and 24 h of soaking durations. The physical analysis of the long/short rice paddies were 1000 kernel volume 24.3/22.3 cm³, 1000 kernel weight 24.2/24.3 g, density 1.3/1.1 gcm³, length, 9.9/8.2 mm, width, 2.95/3.3 mm, water absorption rate of 34/11% and moisture content of 14/11% respectively. Sensory evaluation of the long/short grain rice yield based on colour and general acceptability showed that significant differences existed among the samples with colour 8.05/7.85, general acceptability 8.10/7.80 respectively. The long/short grain percentage breakages were 2.7/1.2% and total yield 70/67%, respectively. At 70°C long grain rice yield increased as soaking duration increased, and at 90°C, short grain rice yield increased as soaking duration increased. The best quality was achieved by soaking the long grain at 70°C for 24 h and short grain at 90°C for 24 h.     

挤压处理对苦荞粉理化特性及全苦荞挂面品质的影响

为提高全苦荞挂面的加工适应性、蒸煮和质构品质,对苦荞粉进行挤压预处理后与苦荞生粉混合制作全苦荞挂面,探究了挤压处理对苦荞粉的冷糊黏度及凝胶强度的影响,并结合面带、面条的质构品质及面条蒸煮特性探究挤压处理对全苦荞挂面加工性能及食用品质的影响。结果表明,经过挤压后苦荞粉的吸水性指数和水溶性指数分别增加了102.7%和87.5%以上,冷糊黏度显著增加（p<0.05）,挤压后苦荞粉在冷水中可形成凝胶,凝胶强度随挤压加水量的增加或温度的降低而升高;添加挤压苦荞粉促进了面带成型,面带的表面黏附力随苦荞粉冷糊黏度的增加而显著增加（p<0.05）,随挤压苦荞粉凝胶强度的增加,面带的抗拉伸力及面条的硬度和咀嚼性显著增加（p<0.05）,蒸煮损失率及断条率显著下降（p<0.05）。     

Physico‐functional and antioxidant properties of purple‐flesh sweet potato flours as affected by extrusion and drum‐drying treatments

Effects of extrusion and drum‐drying treatments on physico‐functional and antioxidant properties of flours prepared from purple‐flesh sweet potato were evaluated. Extrusion variables were feed moisture contents (MC; 10%, 13%, 16%) and screw speeds (SS; 250, 325, 400 r.p.m.), whereas drum‐drying was done at 120, 130 or 140 °C. Effects of MC were generally greater than SS on flour properties. Extruded flours showed higher water absorption and water solubility indices compared with control nonextruded flours. Regardless of SS, total phenolic content and antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS) of flours processed at 10% MC were significantly higher than those at 13% and 16%. Both extruded and drum‐dried flours exhibited no peak viscosity, indicating complete gelatinisation of starch. Maximum phenolic content and antioxidant activities of drum‐dried flours were obtained at 140 °C. Although drum‐dried flours had higher antioxidant capacity than extruded flours, both flours could potentially be used as food ingredients.     

Extrusion of Maize–Cowpea Blends in a Modified Oil Expeller

A laboratory oil expeller was modified by using a press cylinder without openings for expelling the oil. Central composite rotatable design for k=3 was used to study the effects of process variables, cowpea level (0–25%), feed moisture (10–25%) and barrel temperature (130–200°C) on product indices (moisture, expansion index, bulk density, water absorption, extractable solids, swell volume and the degree of gelatinisation of flour from the extrudate). Regression models developed to predict product indices were significant and showed no significant lack of fit. The model for moisture content of the extrudate had an R² of 0·98. Product moisture was influenced by the amount of cowpea in the feed, the temperature of extrusion and feed moisture. Furthermore, the product moisture measured at each cowpea level was dependent on the temperature of extrusion. The model for product expansion index showed that this index decreased with feed moisture and the cowpea level. Regression models for bulk density, water absorption, extractable solids and the maximum swell volume of flour from the extrudate were influenced by the process variables. The degree of gelatinisation decreased with cowpea level and increased with extrusion temperature. © 1997 SCI.     

Effects of protein–lipid and starch–lipid complexes on textural characteristics of extrudates based on wheat flour with the addition of oleic acid

The knowledge of biopolymer changes by extrusion is very important for a wide range of industrial applications that spreads from extruded food to biodegradable packaging. In this article, the formation of starch–lipid and lipid–protein complexes that occurred during the extrusion cooking of wheat flour with the addition of fatty acids was studied. Results showed that the highest barrel temperature (128.3 °C) promoted the formation of starch–lipid complexes in samples made up of wheat starch and wheat flour with the addition of fatty acids. The maximum formation of protein–lipid complexes (68% fatty acid bound to protein) was observed at the highest barrel temperature and water feed content (<22%). This study is a prerequisite for the optimisation of production of expanded extrudates made up of wheat flour and fatty ingredients and for the study of a biodegradable packaging based on by‐product of milling wheat (and fat).     

挤压膨化对大麦全粉理化特性的影响

本文研究了双螺杆挤压膨化技术对大麦全粉理化特性的影响。结果表明,在优化工艺条件下(螺杆转速45 Hz、喂料速度35 Hz、套筒温度140 ℃、原料水分含量20%),挤压膨化所得的大麦膨化粉与膨化前相比,其水分含量、总淀粉含量、粗脂肪含量、蛋白质的含量分别下降了12.16%、6.89%、1.46%、1.38%;吸水指数和水溶指数分别上升了341%和7.98%,颜色加深;峰值粘度、最低粘度、最终粘度和回生值分别降低了3932.99、3036.93、5244.09和2206.81 cp,糊化温度由69.59 ℃下降至50.21 ℃,且无明显糊化过程。扫描电镜显微照片可见,挤压膨化后的大麦全粉的淀粉颗粒发生明显改变,各种物质都被均匀的聚合到一起,呈现出相互粘连呈片状的结构。     

Freezing and Thawing Conditions Affect the Gel Stability of Different Varieties of Rice Flour

The freeze‐thaw stabilities of three different rice flour gels (amylose rice flour with 28% amylose, Jasmine rice flour with 18% amylose and waxy rice flour with 5% amylose) were studied by first freezing at –18 °C for 22 h and subsequent thawing in a water bath at 30 °C, 60 °C and 90 °C, or by boiling in a microwave oven. The freeze‐thaw stability was determined for five cycles. Starch gels thawed at higher temperature exhibited a lower syneresis value (percent of water separation) than those thawed at lower temperature. Amylose rice flour gels gave the highest syneresis values (especially at the first cycle). The Jasmine rice flour gels gave a higher syneresis value than the waxy rice flour gel. Except for freezing by storage at –18 °C and thawing at 30 °C, there was no separation of water at any cycle when waxy rice flour gel was thawed at any temperature, irrespectively of the freezing methods used. Cryogenic Quick Freezing (CQF) followed by storage at –18 °C and then thawing (by boiling or by incubation at any other temperatures) gave lower syneresis values than all comparable samples frozen by storage at –18 °C. The order of syneresis values for the three types of rice flour was waxy rice flour < Jasmine rice flour < amylose rice flour. The syneresis values and the appearance of starch gels, which had gone through the freeze‐ thaw process, suggested that the order of freeze‐thaw stability of gels for the three types of rice flour was waxy > Jasmine > amylose rice flour.     

Extrusion of Hulled Barley Affecting β-Glucan and Properties of Extrudates

Grits from eight different hulled barley cultivars were subjected to extrusion cooking on a twin screw extruder, and the effect of extrusion variables (temperature and moisture) on β-glucan and physicochemical properties was evaluated. The highest bulk density was observed for extrudates extruded at 150 °C and 20% moisture (low temperature high moisture, LTHM) while the highest expansion was observed for the extrudates extruded at 150 °C and 15% moisture (low temperature low moisture). Extrusion reduced the lightness (L*) of the extrudates and the highest decrease observed for LTHM extrudates. Increasing the feed moisture decreased water solubility index (WSI) significantly while increasing the extrusion temperature significantly increased WSI. The high temperature high moisture (HTHM) extrudates exhibited the highest water absorption capacity. The total β-glucan content was not affected by extrusion cooking, but a significant increase in soluble β-glucan was observed with the highest in high temperature low moisture extrudates. The ratio of soluble to insoluble β-glucan varied from 0.7 to 1.5 in the control barley, but after extrusion cooking, the ratio was changed from 1.2 to 3.1. The β-glucan extractability increased by up to 8% after extrusion with extrudates from HTHM showing the highest extractability. The extent of starch gelatinization varied from 80% to 100% upon extrusion, and the highest was observed in HTHM extrudates. A significant decrease in the peak and final viscosity of the extrudates at all the extrusion conditions was observed.     

Physical and nutritional properties of extruded products based on whole grain with the addition of wild legumes (Vicia lutea subsp. lutea var. hirta and Vicia sativa subsp. sativa)

Flour blends based on whole corn and rice with two added wild legumes at 15% level of cereal replacement were extruded to produce whole grain snacks. Extrusion temperature was 175 °C, and the moisture content was adjusted to 14%. The extruded products were evaluated for their physical, chemical and nutritional properties. Results showed that the addition of legumes produces a decrease in expansion in rice‐containing samples and an increase in solubility in corn‐containing samples. With only 15% of legume added to cereal, a significant increase in protein content and quality was obtained. An increase in fibre, polyphenol, iron and zinc content was also obtained. Protein digestibility was in the range of 81.8–85.3%. Mineral availability ranged from 6.4 to 16.3% for iron and 10–16.3% for zinc. The performance of each mixture during extrusion and the physical properties of the extruded products were considered to be similar to those expected for snack‐type products and described in the literature.     

主要几种配料对挤压膨化早餐谷物挤压特性的影响

采用双螺杆连续挤压机生产早餐谷物食品的经典工艺，选用大米为挤压基料，探讨了糖、油脂、蛋白质、膳食纤维及品质改良剂等配料对谷物挤压特性的影响。研究结果表明：1％-5％还原糖即可使产品组织结构变得均匀细密、产品色泽加深、风味加强、膨化度和水溶性指数加大、吸水指数变化不大；加入蔗糖在8％以上时，即可抑制挤压谷物产品的膨化度，提高产品脆度，降低其吸水指数，对产品水溶性指数影响不大。加入少量的油脂、大豆蛋白和膳食纤维可改善产品的感官指标，提高产品营养；大豆磷脂和碳酸钙可作为挤压谷物产品品质改良剂。