Different human-simulated characteristics of the driver models in the forward simulation of hybrid electric vehicles

Based on the control theories of PID, fuzzy logic and expert PID, the driver models are built and applied in the forward simulation for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). The impact to the vehicle speed tracking and the fuel economy is compared among the different driver models. The different human-simulated characteristics of the driver models are emphatically analyzed. The analysis results indicate that the driver models based on PID, simple fuzzy logic and expert PID are corresponding to the handling characteristics of different drives. The driver models of different human-simulated characteristics bring the handling divergence of drivers with different driving level and habit to the HEV forward simulation, and that is significant to the all-around verification and validation of the control strategy for HEV. System simulation results of different driver models validate the impact of driver models to the dynamic and fuel economy performance of HEV.     

Slow driving control of tracked vehicles with automated mechanical transmission based on fuzzy logic

In order to move tracked vehicles at an extremely slow speed with automated mechanical transmission (AMT), slow driving function was added in the original system. The principle and requirement of slow driving function were analyzed. Based on analysis of slow driving characteristic, identification of slow driving condition and fuzzy control algorithm, a control strategy of the clutch was designed. In order to realize slow driving, the clutch was controlled in a slipping mode as manual driving. The vehicle speed was increased to a required speed and kept in a small range by engaging or disengaging the clutch to the approximate half engagement point. Based on the control strategy, a control software was designed and tested on a tracked vehicle with AMT. The test results show that the control of the clutch with the slow driving function was smoother than that with original system and the vehicle speed was slower and steadier.     

Investigation of the optimum differential gear ratio for real driving cycles by experiment design and genetic algorithm

Experiment statistical method and genetic algorithms based optimization method are used to obtain the optimum differential gear ratio for heavy truck that provides best fuel consumption when changing the working condition that affects its torque and speed range. The aim of the study is to obtain the optimum differential gear ratio with fast and accurate optimization calculation without affecting drivability characteristics of the vehicle according to certain driving cycles that represent the new working conditions of the truck. The study is carried on a mining dump truck YT3621 with 9 forward shift manual transmission. Two loading conditions,no load and 40 t,and four on road real driving cycles have been discussed. The truck powertrain is modeled using GT-drive,and DOE-post processing tool of the GT-suite is used for DOE analysis and genetic algorithm optimization.     

Simulation of VGT control based on charge oxygen concentration

A turbocharged diesel engine model was built with the GT-Power software,and experimentally verified.Then two different control variables for the control of the variable geometry turbocharger（VGT）were described,and their distinct effects on engine performance,i.e.NOxand soot emissions and fuel consumption,were simulated and compared on the basis of this model.The results showed that NOxemissions decreased obviously with the increase of exhaust gas recirculation（EGR）rate at constant boost pressure condition,but soot emissions and fuel consumption considerably increased.It was a good way to reduce NOxemissions without increasing fuel consumption and soot emissions when VGT was controlled to maintain the excess oxygen ratio unchanged as EGR rate increases.     

Energy control strategy for parallel hydrostatic transmission hybrid vehicles

Aimed at the relatively lower energy density and complicated coordinating operation between two power sources,a special energy control strategy is required to maximize the fuel saving potential.Then a new type of configuration for hydrostatic transmission hybrid vehicles(PHHV) and the selection criterion for important components are proposed.Based on the optimization of planet gear transmission ratio and the analysis of optimal energy distribution for the proposed PHHV on a representative urban driving cycle,a fuzzy torque control strategy and a braking energy regeneration strategy are designed and developed to realize the real-time control of energy for the proposed PHHV.Simulation results demonstrate that the energy control strategy effectively improves the fuel economy of PHHV.     

An approach for IC engine coolant energy recovery based on low-temperature organic Rankine cycle

To promote the fuel utilization efficiency of IC engine, an approach was proposed for IC engine coolant energy recovery based on low-temperature organic Rankine cycle(ORC). The ORC system uses IC engine coolant as heat source, and it is coupled to the IC engine cooling system. After various kinds of organic working media were compared, R124 was selected as the ORC working medium. According to IC engine operating conditions and coolant energy characteristics, the major parameters of ORC system were preliminary designed. Then, the effects of various parameters on cycle performance and recovery potential of coolant energy were analyzed via cycle process calculation. The results indicate that cycle efficiency is mainly influenced by the working pressure of ORC, while the maximum working pressure is limited by IC engine coolant temperature. At the same working pressure, cycle efficiency is hardly affected by both the mass flow rate and temperature of working medium. When the bottom cycle working pressure arrives at the maximum allowable value of 1.6 MPa, the fuel utilization efficiency of IC engine could be improved by 12.1%.All these demonstrate that this low-temperature ORC is a useful energy-saving technology for IC engine.     

Understanding taxi driver＇s cruising behavior with ZIP model

The taxi drivers＇ cruising pattern was learned using GPS trajectory data collected in Shenzhen, China. By employing zero-inflated Poisson model, the impacts of land use and previous pick-up experience on cruising decision were measured. The cruising strategies of different types of drivers as well as the top one driver were examined. The results indicate that both land use and previous pick-up experience affect travel behavior with the former＇s influence （7.07 × 10-4 measured by one of the coefficients in zero-inflated Poisson model） being greater than the latter＇s （4.58×10-5） in general, but the comparison also varies across the types of drivers. Besides, taxi drivers＇ day-to-day learning feature is also proved by the results. According to comparison of the cruising behavior of the most efficient and inefficient driver, an efficient cruising strategy was proposed, that is, obeying the distribution of land use in choice of cruising area, while learning from pick-up experience in selection of detailed cruising location. By learning taxi drivers＇ cruising pattern, the development of measures of regulating travel behaviors is facilitated, important factor for traffic organization and planning is identified, and an efficient cruising strategy for taxi drivers is provided.     

Variable Parameter Self-Adaptive Control Strategy Based on Driving Condition Identification for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Bus

A variable parameter self-adaptive control strategy based on driving condition identification is proposed to take full advantage of the fuel saving potential of the plug-in hybrid electric bus (PHEB). Firstly, the principal component analysis (PCA) and the fuzzy c-means clustering(FCM)algorithm is used to construct the comprehensive driving cycle, congestion driving cycle, urban driving cycle and suburban driving cycle of Chinese urban buses.Secondly, an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm is proposed, and is used to optimize the control parameters of PHEB under different driving cycles, respectively. Then, the variable parameter self-adaptive control strategy based on driving condition identification is given.Finally, for an actual running vehicle, the driving condition is identified by relevance vector machine (RVM), and the corresponding control parameters are selected to control the vehicle. The simulation results show that the fuel consumption of using the variable parameter self-adaptive control strategy is reduced by 4.2% compared with that of the fixed parameter control strategy, and the feasibility of the variable parameter self-adaptive control strategy is verified.     

Investigation and Simulation of CNG Bus Emissions Based on Real-World Emission Measurement

The regulated gaseous emissions from 2 China-V compressed natural gas (CNG) buses and 2 China-V diesel buses were investigated using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) under real road driving conditions. Compared to diesel buses, CNG buses emit less NOx pollutants, but more HC and CO pollutants based on the test results obtained in this paper. In order to evaluate the pollutant emission status of CNG buses in Beijing, an instantaneous emission model as a function of vehicle speed and vehicle specific power (VSP) was developed and validated based on emission data taken from one CNG bus. The input of the instantaneous emission model consists of driving cycle, vehicle parameters, road conditions, ambient conditions and accessory use, all of which were used to calculate the instantaneous vehicle specific power (VSP). For the core model, a group of pollutant emission maps represented as functions of vehicle speed and VSP were used to calculate the second by second emission rates. Finally, the instantaneous emission rates, emission factors and fuel consumption over the selected driving cycle could be obtained as the model outputs. The predicted results for the emissions and fuel consumption of the CNG bus were very close to the tested emission data. The prediction errors for emission factors and fuel consumption varied in the range of -1.62% to -5.8%.     

Design and Strategy of Series-Parallel Hybrid System Based on BSFC

In this paper, a drive control strategy is developed based on the characteristics of series-parallel plug-in hybrid system. Energy management strategies in various modes are established with the basis on the minimum brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) curve of engine. The control strategy, which is based on rules and system efficiency, is adopted to determine the entry/exit mechanisms of various modes according to battery state of charge (SOC), required power and required speed. The vehicle test results verify that the proposed control strategy can improve vehicle economy efficiently and makes a good effect on engine control.     

Finite element analysis of contact fatigue and bending fatigue of a theoretical assembling straight bevel gear pair

The aim of this work is to propose a 3D FE model of a theoretical assembling straight bevel gear pair to analyze the contact fatigue on the tooth surface and the bending fatigue in the tooth root. Based on the cumulative fatigue criterion and the stress-life equation, the key meshing states of the gear pair were investigated for the contact fatigue and the bending fatigue. Then, the reliability of the proposed model was proved by comparing the calculation result with the simulation result. Further study was performed to analyze the variation of the contact fatigue stress and the bending fatigue stress under different loads. Furthermore, the roles of the driving pinion and the driven gear pair were evaluated in the fatigue life of the straight bevel gear pair and the main fatigue failure mode was determined for the significant gear. The results show that the fatigue failure of the driving pinion is the main fatigue failure for the straight bevel gear pair and the bending fatigue failure is the main fatigue failure for the driving pinion.     

Suppression of super-knock in TC-GDI engine using two-stage injection in intake stroke (TSII)

Turbocharging and direct injection are main technologies used for energy-saving gasoline engines.But the biggest challenge is super-knock,whose mechanism is unclear and has no effective strategy to suppress this super-knock until now.The effects of injection strategies on super-knock were experimentally investigated in a turbocharged GDI engine.It was found that two-stage injections during intake stroke(TSII)can eliminate super-knock.Meanwhile,the fuel consumption,emissions and exhaust temperature can keep optimized level.By sweeping the start of the 1st injection(SOI1),end of the 2nd injection(EOI2)and the split injection ratios(ROI2)using 5000 cycles evaluation test at low-speed high load operating point,the optimized injection strategy for the typical TC-GDI engine is TSII with SOI1 at middle of intake stroke,EOI2 at end of intake stroke,and ROI2 of 0.3.     

Fault diagnosis of AMT gear shifting process based on semi-quantitative SDG model

In order to diagnose gear shifting process in automated manual transmission (AMT), a semi-quantitative signed directed graph (SDG) model is applied. Mathematical models are built by analysis of the power train dynamic and the gear shifting control process. The SDG model is built based on related priori knowledge. By calculating the fuzzy membership degree of each compatible passway and its possible fault source, we get the possibilities of failure for each possible fault source. We begin with the nodes with the maximum possibility of failure in order to find the failed part. The diagnosis example shows that it is feasible to use the semi-quantitative SDG model for fault diagnosis of the gear shifting process in AMT.     

Model for evaluation on fuel economy of urban intersection

To provide theoretical foundation for reducing fuel consumption at urban intersection,the relationship among traffic state,signal control parameters and fuel economy was studied.The concept of economic saturation was introduced,and evaluation parameter of traffic fuel economy of intersection was proposed.With a large number of field observation data of fuel consumption,models parameters of evaluation on fuel economy in VISSIM were calibrated.The evaluation models were established separately for lane group,approach and intersection with the fuel consumption data under different saturations and splits.In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed model,a practical intersection was chosen as an example to evaluate.The results showed that it can accurately describe the relationship among traffic state,signal control parameters and fuel economy.It might provide the theoretical basis for improvement traffic management from the perspective of reducing energy consumption.     

Influences of Catalytic Combustion on the Ignition Timing and Emissions of HCCI Engines

The combustion processes of homogeneous charge compression ignition(HCCI)engines whose piston surfaces have been coated with catalyst(rhodium or platinum)were numerically investigated.A single-zone model and a multi-zone model were developed.The effects of catalytic combustion on the ignition timing of the HCCI engine were analyzed through the single-zone model.The results showed that the ignition timing of the HCCI engine was advanced by the catalysis.The effects of catalytic combustion on HC,CO and NOx emissions of the HCCI engine were analyzed through the multi-zone model.The results showed that the emissions of HC and CO(using platinum(Pt)as catalyst)were decreased,while the emissions of NOx were elevated by catalytic combustion.Compared with catalyst Pt,the HC emissions were lower with catalyst rhodium(Rh)on the piston surface,but the emissions of NOx and CO were higher.     

Mode switching control strategy of dual motors coupled driving on electric vehicles

Based on analyzing the structure and working principle on electric vehicles(EVs)with dual motors coupled by planetary gears,the control strategy of mode switching was proposed.The power interruption problem on EVs with automatic mechanical transmission(AMT)shifting was resolved.Based on the speed-torque characteristics of the planetary gears and the principle of the auxiliary motor’s zero speed braking,control features of mode switching were introduced.The mode shifting between the main motor mode and dual motors coupled driving were studied.Matlab/Simulink was adopted as a platform to develop the simulation model of EVs with dual motors drive system and 3 gears AMT.Simulation results demonstrated that the power interruption of dual motors drive system was solved during mode switching.The power requirements of EVs were satisfied,too.     

Study on Control of Pneumatic Selecting and Shifting Actuators Using Rapid Control Prototyping

A gearbox in-the-loop control platform using dSPACE real-time system is designed for the study on the control technology of pneumatic selecting and shifting actuators based on rapid control prototyping. The operational principle of such actuators was analyzed using dSPACE hardware and software, resulting in a better knowledge of the logical relationship among solenoid valves, gear positions of cylinders and system input／output. Based on these, a control model was developed under the Matlab／Simulink environment and rapidly improved to meet requirements through experiments. Relevant tests have shown that analysis efficiency on selecting and shifting actuators could be raised and development of control strategy facilitated.     

Investigation of the combustion deterioration of an automotive diesel engine under transient operation

With increasingly stringent emission regulations and demand for fuel economy by the public,the combustion and emission problems of automotive diesel engines during transient operation have become vital and urgent issues.In this study,combustion deterioration has been experimentally analyzed using a heavy-duty turbocharged diesel engine running under transient conditions(constant speed and increasing torque).Optimization of the transient combustion process was performed by adjusting the fuel injection parameters.The results indicated that the notable combustion deterioration relative to steady state operation while transient was a function of the delay in the air-supply to the turbocharged engine,and took the form of combustion phasing delay,resulting in rapidly increasing smoke emission and fuel consumption.However,the delay in combustion phasing can be controlled by advancing the fuel injection timing,effectively increasing thermal efficiency.Unfortunately,smoke and NO x emissions increased at the same time.The deterioration in combustion phasing can also be improved by increasing injection pressure,resulting in decreased smoke emission while NO x emission increased.It is worth noting that the effective thermal efficiency first increased and then decreased as fuel injection pressure increased during transient operation.     

Optimization and Evaluation of a Vehicular Exhaust Heat Recovery System

Exhaust waste heat recovery system based on organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has been considered as an effective method to achieve energy conservation and emissions reduction of engine. The performance of adiesel engine with an on-board ORC exhaust heat recovery system was evaluated through simulations in this study. The combined system was optimized through controlling the exhaust gas mass flow rate entering the ORC system. The models of the engine with ORC system were developed in GT-suite and Simulink environment. The validation results showed high accuracy of the models. The performance of the system recovering heat from different exhaust gas mass flow rates was evaluated. The comparative analysis of the performance between the optimized and un-optimized system was also presented. The results indicated that the exhaust gas mass flow rate had significant effects on the system performance. Integration with the on-board ORC system could effectively improve the engine power performance.The power output of the engine-ORC combined system with optimization had further improvement, and the maximum improvement could reach up to 1 16.kW.     

Towards low emissions and high thermal efficiency of gasoline compression ignition engine under high loads by modulating the fuel reactivity and injection strategy

Gasoline compression ignition(GCI) is a practicable way to obtain low emissions and high thermal efficiency of gasoline-like fuels in internal combustion engines. In this paper, the research octane number(RON) and injection strategy were coordinated to optimize the GCI engine performance and emissions under high loads. The direct injection and port injection were used to achieve two injection strategies: direct injection(DI) and port injection plus direct injection(PIDI), and the primary reference fuels(PRF) with the RON of 60, 70, 80 and 90 were used. The results show that using lower RON fuels under high loads, DI mode can achieve higher efficiency, while PIDI mode can achieve lower combustion noise at an expense of slightly lower fuel economy. When the DI mode is converted to PIDI mode with a pre-injection ratio of 30%, using PRF70 under 12 bar and the exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) rate of 40%, the gross indicated thermal efficiency and the maximum pressure rise rate are reduced by 1% and by 2 bar/°CA, respectively, while the particle emissions also decrease significantly, thus achieving low emissions and high efficiency. However, under the same load and EGR rate, DI mode produces less regulated and unregulated emissions than PIDI mode. In addition, the effect of fuel RON was obvious, the lower RON fuels exhibit obvious three-stage heat release in PIDI mode, however, PRF90 with higher RON only exhibits two-stage heat release, and the peak value of the firststage heat release rate is also lower than those of other fuels.