微细电火花伺服扫描加工实验研究

进行微细电火花三维扫描加工时,由于电极损耗相对严重,导致形位公差难以保证和加工效率较低。该研究分析了电火花加工常规的电极损耗补偿方法,提出了基于放电间隙伺服控制进行电极损耗实时补偿的微细电火花三维扫描加工方法。辅助以电极电接触感知工件平面和加工原点,三维结构加工实验显示,采用间隙伺服控制进行电极损耗实时补偿有利于提高扫描加工微三维结构的形位精度和加工效率。     

A numerical model of the EDM process considering the effect of multiple discharges

The electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is, by far, the most popular amongst the non-conventional machining processes. The technology is optimum for accurate machining of complex geometries in hard materials, as those required in the tooling industry. However, although a large number of EDM machines are sold every year, scientific knowledge of the process is still limited. The complex nature of the process involves simultaneous interaction of thermal, mechanical, chemical and electrical phenomena, which makes process modelling very difficult. In this paper a new contribution to the simulation and modelling of the EDM process is presented. Temperature fields within the workpiece generated by the superposition of multiple discharges, as it happens during an actual EDM operation, are numerically calculated using a finite difference schema. The characteristics of the discharge for a given operation, namely energy transferred onto the workpiece, diameter of the discharge channel and material removal efficiency can be estimated using inverse identification from the results of the numerical model. The model has been validated through industrial EDM tests, showing that it can efficiently predict material removal rate and surface roughness with errors below 6%.     

铝基碳化硅复合材料电火花高效加工仿真研究

为探究电火花加工铝基碳化硅复合材料的单脉冲放电蚀除过程,建立了铝基体与碳化硅颗粒的材料抛出流固耦合动力学模型,研究了放电区域熔融铝基体金属夹带固态碳化硅颗粒的高速抛出微观过程,并开展了电火花高效加工与传统电火花加工效率对比仿真。结果表明:离放电中心点较近的碳化硅材料以熔融态抛离基体,而远离放电中心位置的碳化硅以固态颗粒形式夹杂在熔融材料中得以抛出;同时,铝基碳化硅复合材料采用电火花高效加工方法时,加工效率较传统电火花加工有显著提升。     

Efficiency improvement in electrical discharge machining (EDM) of constant section cavity based on experimental study and numerical calculations

Electrode jump motion is applied to most of the electrical discharge machining (EDM) machine to remove debris from machining gap. The time consumption of one consecutive-pulse discharge process between two adjacent electrode jump motions is named electrode machining time. If the two parameters can be timely adjusted to the optimal values during machining, the efficiency will be obviously improved. However, the complicated flow field of the machining gap that contains kerosene, debris, and bubbles makes it difficult to determine the optimal values of electrode machining time and jump height. This research proposes a strategy to solve this problem. By detecting the voltage and current signals between electrode and workpiece, the normal discharge frequency and abnormal discharge ratio were calculated to determine the optimal electrode machining time. Then, the optimal electrode jump height was calculated through a model which simulates the gap flow field in EDM. Experimental results show that the proposing strategy evidently improves the EDM efficiency.     

压电自适应微细电火花加工电极损耗率实验研究

针对电火花加工技术的特点,开发、研制了新型的压电自适应微细电火花加工装置,分析了该装置的加工原理.该装置有别于常规的微型电火花加工装置,可实现放电间隙与放电状态的自适应调节,促进排屑,能有效控制提弧及短路现象的出现,并能实现短路自消除,从而大幅度提高加工效率.通过大量实验,分析了各参数对电极相对损耗率的影响.实验结果表明:电极相对损耗率随开路电压和电容值的增大而增大,限流电阻R1和R2对电极相对损耗率有一定的影响.     

Surface modification of Al–Zn–Mg alloy by combined electrical discharge machining with ball burnish machining

The study investigated the feasibility of modifying the surface of Al–Zn–Mg alloy by a combined process of electric discharge machining (EDM) with ball burnish machining (BBM). A novel process that integrates EDM and BBM is also developed to conduct experiments on an electric discharge machine. Machining parameters of the combined process, including machining polarity, peak current, power supply voltage, and the protruding of ZrO₂, are chosen to determine their effects on material removal rate, surface roughness and the improvement ratio of surface roughness. In addition, the extent to which the combined process affects surface modification is also evaluated by microhardness and corrosion resistance tests. Experimental results indicate that the combined process of EDM with BBM can effectively improve the surface roughness to obtain a fine-finishing and flat surface. The micropores and cracks caused from EDM are eliminated during the process as well. Furthermore, such a process can reinforce and increase the corrosion resistance of the machined surface after machining.     

基于流体动力断弧的高速电弧放电加工

提出了一种可用于难加工材料大余量高速蚀除的新的放电加工方法——基于流体动力断弧的高速电弧放电加工。与传统的电火花加工方法相比,高速电弧放电加工采用具有更高能量密度的电弧放电而不是火花放电来实现材料的蚀除;与其他利用电弧进行材料去除的工艺方法相比,高速电弧放电加工可使用特殊设计的成形电极实现强制多孔内充液,从而获得三维复杂型腔的沉入式加工能力,因此具有更广泛的应用前景。初步实验表明,对于镍基高温合金等难切削材料,高速电弧放电加工的材料去除率(MRR)远高于传统的电火花加工,甚至高于铣削加工。例如:加工镍基高温合金(GH4169)的材料去除率可达11 300 mm3/min,而电极损耗率(TWR)低于3%。由此可见,高速电弧放电加工在难切削材料的高效去除加工方面具有明显的技术优势。     

单晶硅材料电火花加工试验研究

针对单晶硅材料的特点，研究单晶硅的电火花加工工艺对促进电火花加工技术在微机电系统中的应用有重要的意义。对单晶硅材料进行电火花加工工艺试验研究的结果表明，在一定的条件下，电火花加工工艺可成为单晶硅材料的一种较有效的加工方法。     

混粉电火花加工机理的分析

论述了混粉电火花加工的发展概况 ,并以实验为基础对其机理进行了分析 ,认为加工表面粗糙度的迅速降低主要是放电通道对熔融金属平整作用的结果。对于这一工艺的加工效率进行了剖析 ,认为从改善表面质量的角度来看 ,混粉电火花加工具有很高的加工效率。通过对电极损耗情况的观察 ,发现电极损耗特性也有一临界点 ,这一点与普通电火花加工相似     

基于SOPC技术的微细电火花加工电源的研究

针对目前微细电火花加工放电状态复杂、难确定和集成性不足等问题,设计了基于可编程片上系统(SOPC)技术的微细电火花脉冲电源。电源可发送加工脉冲信号,采用并行数字采集信号模块采集电压及电流信号,能判断每个脉冲的放电状态,控制伺服电机的工作,并及时切断无效有害脉冲,提高加工效率和加工精度。同时开发了电源人机交互界面,实现了电源和微细电火花加工机床的实时通讯功能。利用该电源在自主开发的多功能微细加工机床上进行微细孔加工实验,证明了所设计的电源能进行稳定高效的加工。     

A study on the effect of different vibration-assisted methods in micro-WEDM

In micro electrical discharge machining (μEDM), since the discharge energy is very low and is usually performed by a resistor-capacitor (RC) generator the discharge process is highly complex and unpredictable. In addition, due to low discharge energy the discharge is unstable and the machining efficiency is reduced as a result of poor flushing condition in a very small gap. This greatly affects the productivity and limits micro EDM applications. This paper presents development methods to improve the machining efficiency of a widely accepted non-traditional machining process, micro wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM), using non-ultrasonic vibration. It is found that when vibration is applied to the micro-WEDM process, discharge is much more effective with fewer short circuits. From experiment results, it is observed that greater improvement can be achieved when the vibration is applied to the workpiece rather than to the wire. With vibration applied to the workpiece, machining efficiency can be increased by 2.5 times greater than without vibration and 1.5 times compared to the case vibration is applied to the wire. In addition, there exists an optimum relation between vibration parameters, energy and feedrate such that EDM at a constant feedrate can further improve the machining efficiency.     

Surface integrity and material removal mechanisms associated with the EDM of Al2O3 ceramic composite

Electric discharge machining (EDM) has been proven as an alternate process for machining complex and intricate shapes from the conductive ceramic composites. The performance and reliability of electrical discharge machined ceramic composite components are influenced by strength degradation due to EDM-induced damage. The success of electric discharge machined components in real applications relies on the understanding of material removal mechanisms and the relationship between the EDM parameters and formation of surface and subsurface damages. This paper presents a detailed investigation of machining characteristics, surface integrity and material removal mechanisms of advanced ceramic composite Al₂O₃–SiC_w–TiC with EDM. The surface and subsurface damages have also been assessed and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results provide valuable insight into the dependence of damage and the mechanisms of material removal on EDM conditions.     

High-speed EDM milling with moving electric arcs

A novel high-speed electrical discharge machining (EDM) milling method using moving electric arcs has been proposed in this study. We connected a copper electrode rotating rapidly around its axis and a work piece to a DC power supply to generate a moving electric arc. To ensure high relative speed of any point on the electrode with respect to the work piece, the electrode was shaped like a pipe. It was observed that the electric arcs move rapidly within the discharge gap due to the revolution of the tool electrode, removing the materials on the electrode along the track of the arc roots. To explore the characteristics of machining with moving electric arcs, an EDM milling apparatus was devised. Two planes with approximately the same roughness were machined separately by this equipment and a traditional EDM machine for comparison. It was found that a much higher material removal rate can be easily achieved by EDM milling with moving electric arcs. In the meanwhile, wear of the tool electrode in this new method is negligible, which is greatly favorable for machining accuracy. The microstructures of these surfaces were also investigated for further information.     

Recast layer removal after electrical discharge machining via Taguchi analysis: A feasibility study

This study explores the feasibility of removing the recast layer (RCL) using etching and mechanical grinding for Ni-based superalloy materials by means of electrical discharge machining (EDM). The EDM process is widely used for machining hard metals and performing specific tasks that cannot be achieved using conventional techniques. The sparks produced during the EDM process melt the metal's surface, which then undergo ultra rapid quenching. A layer forms on the workpiece surface defined as a recast layer after solidification. Molds and dies desire to remove the RCL even though it is hard and has good matrix adherence.This experiment is divided into three stages. The first stage acquires a thick recast layer by using EDM with a larger discharging energy. A thick recast layer is essential for verification of the EDM technique for observing the recast process. Thus, this work applies the Taguchi L₁₈ analytical method to acquire the thick recast layer. The second stage optimizes the recast layer removal technique. Therefore, the thick recast layer is intentionally made in the first stage. This work determines the second stage setting using Taguchi's recommendation. Thus, the L₉ orthogonal array sets up the etching and mechanical grinding parameters and observes the recast layer removal quantity analysis. Finally, an experiment studies the surface characteristics of Ni-based superalloys, such as composition and micro-hardness after removing the recast layer.     

工作液超声振动辅助电火花小孔加工装置设计与试验

电火花加工小孔存在电蚀产物排出效率低导致加工效率低、电蚀产物排除导致二次放电现象影响加工精度等问题,而超声振动在工作液中产生空化效应和泵吸作用,能大幅提高电火花的排屑和消电离能力,进而在很大程度上减少上述问题的发生。设计一套工作液超声振动辅助电火花小孔加工装置,主要包括主轴系统、微三维运动平台、超声振动工作液槽和数据采集系统,其中主轴系统包括NSK电主轴、引电结构、工具电极装夹结构,可以实现工具电极的高速旋转;基于LabVIEW开发了电火花小孔加工控制系统,主要包括初始化模块、粗定位模块、恒电压对刀模块、实时电压分段控制加工模块和实时显示模块。开展了工作液超声振动辅助电火花小孔加工试验研究,试验结果表明：随电火花加工电压的增加,工件材料去除率和电极损耗率都趋于增大。     

State of the art electrical discharge machining (EDM)

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a well-established machining option for manufacturing geometrically complex or hard material parts that are extremely difficult-to-machine by conventional machining processes. The non-contact machining technique has been continuously evolving from a mere tool and die making process to a micro-scale application machining alternative attracting a significant amount of research interests.In recent years, EDM researchers have explored a number of ways to improve the sparking efficiency including some unique experimental concepts that depart from the EDM traditional sparking phenomenon. Despite a range of different approaches, this new research shares the same objectives of achieving more efficient metal removal coupled with a reduction in tool wear and improved surface quality.This paper reviews the research work carried out from the inception to the development of die-sinking EDM within the past decade. It reports on the EDM research relating to improving performance measures, optimising the process variables, monitoring and control the sparking process, simplifying the electrode design and manufacture. A range of EDM applications are highlighted together with the development of hybrid machining processes. The final part of the paper discusses these developments and outlines the trends for future EDM research.     

整体叶轮电火花加工电极的成形电铸

电火花加工是整体叶轮的主要加工工艺方法之一,其中工具电极的制造是关键.研究了采用电铸技术制备电火花加工工具电极.由于电极结构复杂,电沉积时电场发生畸变,导致阴极表面的电场分布极不均匀,侧壁与底部结合处的电流密度远小于阴极表面其他地方的电流密度,针对这种情况,通过增加辅助阳极、屏蔽侧面等改善措施,成功制备了工具电极.     

数控电火花高速高精度加工

分析了数控电火花加工特点,介绍了LYNUC数控系统HiPT高速高精度核心控制模块的切削特点。通过实际切削加工案例的分析,证实了在辅助电火花放电加工的切削工序中,HiPT高速高精度模块可以获得高品质的切削电极和放电加工工件,且有效地提高数控电火花加工表面精度和加工效率,降低了生产成本。     

超前两步预测自适应电火花加工钛合金的研究

基于超前两步预测自适应控制系统,可提高电火花加工钛合金的稳定性和加工效率。首先进行的传统开环正负极性对比实验表明,钛合金正极性加工的加工能力优于负极性加工。然后进行的正极性开环与超前两步预测自适应控制对比实验表明,自适应闭环控制指导下的电火花加工钛合金显著提升了加工稳定性和加工效率,降低了拉弧率,且自适应控制系统能充分发挥电火花加工的潜能,解决了困扰钛合金加工领域几十年的棘手问题。     

GT35钢结硬质合金电火花加工工艺试验

研究了GT35电火花加工时,峰值电流、脉冲宽度、放电时间等参数对工件加工效率、加工面粗糙度和电极耗损速度等的影响规律,并分析了其作用机理,优化了GT35钢结硬质合金电火花加工工艺参数,为加工复杂型腔GT35钢结硬质合金模具提供了试验依据。