Effect of droplet size distribution on spray drying kinetics

A comparison is made between the processes of adiabatic evaporation of a polydisperse system of droplets and a monodisperse system with droplets equal in size to the largest droplet of the polydisperse system. The process takes place in air with the same initial and final parameters in both cases.     

The drying mechanism for peat modified by surfactants

A study has been made of the effects of surfactants SA of various types on the drying kinetics and structuring in peat.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskli Zhurnal, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 279–285, February, 1982.     

The droplet ejection of an inkjet mechanism controlled by electrorheological fluid

In a new design of printhead with ER fluid acting as a working medium, the actuating element and the ER fluid valve control the ink droplet ejection [Smart Mater. Struct. 9 (2000) 839–847]. In this paper, the transient behavior of the ER valve printhead incorporated with ink chamber is investigated. The pattern of ink droplet ejected from the printhead is examined by using the digital optical system for visualization. A quasi-static modeling of the system based on the bulk compressibility of the fluid and the stiffness of the elastic membrane is performed. The fluid pressure in the ink chamber is investigated, both theoretically and experimentally under the following controlled parameters: the actuating voltage and frequency of the piezoelectric transducer; and the controlled electric field strength of the ER value. It is found that the velocity of the ejected ink droplet increases with actuation voltage applied to the piezoelectric transducer. And a better ink droplet without satellite can be obtained with voltage impulse of magnitude 4 V, and pulse width of 6.5 ms. On the other hand, by applying 200 V/mm electric field on the ER valve, the ink ejection can be effectively stopped. Although the frequency of the ink ejection is limited to less than 10 Hz, due to the dynamic resonance of the system, it is believed that the operating bandwidth can be further raised by minimizing the dimensions of the system.     

Mathematical simulation of the drying of suspensions and colloidal solutions by their depressurization

The heat and mass transfer in the process of drying of high-humidity materials by their depressurization has been investigated. The results of experimental investigation and mathematical simulation of the indicated process are presented. They allow one to determine the regularities of this process and predict the quality of the finished product. A technological scheme and an engineering procedure for calculating the drying of the liquid base of a soap are presented. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 116–122, May–June, 2006.     

Investigation of the fabrication mechanism of self-assembled GaAs quantum rings grown by droplet epitaxy

We have directly imaged the formation of a GaAs quantum ring (QR) using droplet epitaxy followed by annealing in arsenic ambient. Based on the atomic force micrograph measurement and the analysis of surface energy, we determine that the formation of self-assembled GaAs QRs is due to the gallium atom's diffusion and crystallization driven by the gradient of surface energy. The phenomenon that GaAs is etched by the gallium droplets is reported and analyzed. It has been demonstrated that the epitaxy layers, such as AlAs and InGaP, can be used as the etching stop layer and hence can be used to control the shape and height of the QRs.     

Control of microstructure and disintegration properties of silica granules from PVA slurries by spray drying

The microstructure of spray-dried model granules, comprising silica microspheres and poly (vinylalcohol), was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with an ultramicrotome technique. Disintegration of granules was characterized by a shear method for granular beds, and by a compression test for single granules. The internal structure changed significantly with the pH of the slurry from which the granules were spray-dried. Granules from pH 7 slurry showed the smallest apparent density, and were disintegrated under the smallest applied load. By analysing the relationship between microstructure, apparent density and flow behaviour of the slurries, it was possible to obtain a guideline for preparation of appropriate granules with controlled microstructure and strength.     

Determination of the angular irradiation coefficients in drying ovens by the method of optical simulation

A procedure is described by which the method of optical simulation for determining the angular irradiation coefficients in the active zone of various heat-radiation dryers can be evaluated.     

The mechanism of corona discharge from a water droplet

A model is proposed for electrical discharge from a water droplet, which explains the experimentally observed formation of a sharp projection at the top of the droplet and emission therefrom of highly dispersed charged droplets and ions.Translated from Inzhenerno-fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 632–641, April, 1991.     

Self-organization of colloidal particles during drying of a droplet: Modeling and experimental study

Formation of structurized micro/nanoparticle aggregates in spray drying process is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. Colloids of mono- and bimodal particle size distribution are used as the precursors to demonstrate different patterns of particle self-organization inside the drying droplet. In case of monodisperse primary particles their self-organization in the final aggregate results in either a hollow or a full (packed) spherical structure. For primary particles with bimodal size distribution, either the layered structure of aggregates is formed (with smaller particles forming outer layer and the bigger particles captured inside) or the ordering of bigger particles on the aggregate surface is observed, depending on process parameters. Numerical investigations allow to predict and explain the conditions at which self-assembling of particles within powder aggregates takes place.     

饱水文物一次干燥过程的数值模拟

冷冻干燥是一种很好的保存出土的饱水文物的方法,因为它能有效防止收缩、开裂、断裂等现象的发生。本文建立了采用辐射加热方式的文物一次干燥过程的物理模型,并用有限元计算软件进行了数值模拟,探讨了文物的形状、尺寸、辐射板温度等因素对干燥时间的影响。利用一定条件下的计算结果,对在一次干燥期间可能出现的最高温度与加热温度、干燥箱内壁温度的关系进行了回归。     

Numerical simulation of soot formation in pulverized coal combustion with detailed chemical reaction mechanism

A two-dimensional unsteady numerical simulation with a detailed chemical reaction mechanism that considers 158 species and 1804 reactions is applied to pulverized coal combustion in a mixing layer and the soot formation behavior is investigated in detail. The computational conditions and ignition process are the same as those in our previous work (Muto et al., 2017). The results show that the peak of the mass density of the soot is distributed in the region where the gas temperature is higher than the unburned gas temperature of the mixture of volatile matter and air (1300–1400?K) and lower than the flame temperature (2000?K $～$). This is due to the fact that soot formation from the precursors (C₂H₂ and C₆H₆) is enhanced as the gas temperature increases, whereas the quantities of the precursors and the produced soot are reduced due to oxidation at the higher gas temperature condition that exists close to the flame. The peak value of the mass density of the soot is also distributed in the region between the peak values of the gas temperature and the probability density function of the number of coal particles.     

Reversible CO2 capture by ZnO slurry leading to formation of fine ZnO particles

ZnO powders were synthesized by heating precursors, prepared by the addition of ethylene diamine tetraacetate to an aqueous solution of zinc acetate, at 500?°C in air. A ZnO slurry was prepared by adding distilled water to the synthesized ZnO powder. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that the ZnO slurry adsorbed CO₂ at 25?°C under a CO₂ gas flow to produce Zn₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆. The CO₂ adsorption ratio of the ZnO slurry was influenced by the amount of added water. When the weight ratio of water/ZnO was 1, the ZnO slurry had the largest CO₂ adsorption ratio. Scanning electron microscopy and thermal gravimetry showed that the plate-like Zn₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆ particles thermally decomposed at 300?°C in air leading to a single-phase ZnO powder consisting of nanoparticles with approximately 20?nm in diameter. The specific surface area of the reformed ZnO powder increased to approximately 82?m²/g through the thermal decomposition of Zn₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆. The ZnO slurry was capable of adsorbing CO₂ under a CO₂ flow at 25?°C and desorbing CO₂ under an air flow at 300?°C. The CO₂ adsorption ratio of the ZnO slurry reached 80%–90% at 25?°C even after the fifth CO₂ adsorption and desorption cycle.     

Freezing mechanism of supercooled water droplet impinging on metal surfaces

Ice accretion on power lines is a random natural phenomenon and may seriously harm to the safety of power network. However, the mechanism of the freezing process of supercooled water droplet impacting on wires is still not fully understood. In this study, an experimental investigation on the freezing mechanism of the supercooled water droplet impinging on cold metal surfaces was performed. The morphological characters and the dynamics of a single supercooled droplet collide on the cylindrical metal surfaces had been revealed with high-speed photographing. The experimental data for the surfaces of stainless steel, copper and aluminum, on which the supercooled droplets impinging with speeds of 2.3 m s⁻¹ and 4.3 m s⁻¹ had been plotted. The phenomena of instantaneous and non-instantaneous freezing of the supercooled impinging droplet were identified and the conditional boundaries for these two kinds of freezing were found statistically.     

The kinetics and the mechanism of acoustic drying of capillaryporous materials

We present the results of an experimental investigation into the kinetics of acoustic drying of silica gel and felt at a frequency of 500 cps; we examine the mechanism of the intensifying effect of acoustic energy on the drying process.     

Computer simulation of the formation of niobium film nanostructure by low-temperature deposition

Computer simulation is explored to study the formation of the niobium film nanostructure by low-temperature deposition. The dependence of dynamical evolution of surface morphology with respect to film thickness is investigated. Calculations of the film density variation at 300 and 800 K are performed. It has been established that the formation of the microcracks elongated along the crystallographic 〈1 0 0〉 direction was the result of surface instabilities during film growth. The internal microstresses arising in the films were evaluated. It has become apparent that the whole complex of phenomena: the porosity formations, the block structure development, the internal microstresses, taking place in the low-temperature deposition, are involved in surface instabilities during niobium film growth.     

Continuous ice slurry formation by using W/O emulsion with higher water content

A W/O (water-in-oil) emulsion was made from a water–lamp oil mixture with higher water content and a small amount of an additive of amino group-modified silicone oil, and the emulsion could be changed into an ice slurry by cooling with stirring. By using a new continuous ice formation system proposed by one of the authors of this paper, the ice slurry could be formed continuously and stably in an ice formation vessel made of stainless steel. From the experimental results, the conditions were clarified for realizing continuous ice formation for 10 h without ice adhesion to the cooling wall. Moreover, in order to propagate supercooling dissolution of the emulsion effectively and to decrease viscosity in the ice slurry, voltages were applied to the emulsion and ice slurry formed, respectively, and it was clarified that the voltage impression was effective for both.     

Synthesis of silicon carbide whiskers using the vapour-liquid-solid mechanism in a silicon-rich droplet

SiC whiskers can be produced from 1350–1500 °C by carbothermal reduction of the silica in a fixed bed percolated by a hydrogen flow. At 1450 °C and above, the addition of iron to the silica-carbon mixture leads to the formation of submicrometre whiskers in the bed, ending with a silicon-rich droplet. The iron has evaporated and condensed at a lower temperature, a few centimetres downstream from the bed, allowing the formation of silicon carbide whiskers ending with an iron droplet according to the vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism. Submicrometre whiskers are also obtained without iron over a broader range of temperatures. Silicon carbide whisker production in a fixed bed is then possible using a (VLS) mechanism in a silicon-rich droplet and may be controlled without the addition of transition metals, thus improving the purity.Supported by Pechiney Electrometallurgie and the European Communities, Brite project RIIB.A267C.     

Continuous formation of slurry ice by cooling water–oil emulsion in a tube

Water-silicone oil emulsion with an additive, (C₂H₅O)₃SiC₃H₆NH₂, was examined as a heat storage material. A spiral tube used as a heat exchanger was immersed in a low temperature bath and the emulsion was circulated in the tube to make ice continuously. Ice was separated from the ice–liquid suspension in an outlet tank. The amount of formed ice, the temperatures of the inlet and the outlet of the heat exchanger, and the temperatures in the tube wall were measured and the overall heat transfer coefficient and the heat flux through the tube were calculated. Experiments were carried out, varying the flow rate, the temperature of cooling brine, and the thickness of tube wall. The condition under which slurry ice was formed continuously without adhesion of ice to the cooling wall was clarified. Though decrease in the thermal resistance of the tube increased the rate of ice formation or raised the brine temperature, it narrowed the range of the flow rate and of the brine temperature in which slurry ice was formed continuously.