Exposure to methyl tertiary-butyl ether from oxygenated gasoline in Stamford, Connecticut

In 1993, state health officials in Connecticut invited the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to assist in an investigation of exposure to methyl tertiary-butyl ether in oxygenated gasoline in Stamford, Connecticut. Venous blood samples were collected from 14 commuters and from 30 other persons who worked in the vicinity of traffic or automobiles, and the samples were analyzed for methyl tertiary-butyl ether, tertiary-butyl alcohol, benzene, m-/p-xylene, o-xylene, and toluene. The highest levels of methyl tertiary-butyl ether in blood were measured among gasoline service station attendants (median = 15 micrograms/l, range = 7.6-28.9 micrograms/l). Blood levels of methyl tertiary-butyl ether were highly variable among persons who worked in car-repair shops (median = 1.73 micrograms/l, range = 0.17-36.7 micrograms/l) and were generally lowest among commuters (median = 0.11 micrograms/l, range = < 0.05-2.60 micrograms/l). Blood levels of methyl tertiary-butyl ether were correlated strongly with personal-breathing-zone samples of methyl tertiary-butyl ether and blood levels of other volatile organic compounds. This exposure information should prove useful to a future risk analysis of this high-volume chemical.     

Health effects of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in gasoline in Alaska

OBJECTIVES: This ecologic study assessed whether there was a change in health status in Alaska in the winter of 1992-93 after the introduction of MTBE in gasoline. Methyl tertiary butyl ether(MTBE) is used as a fuel oxygenate in the United States and in Europe. In the winter of 1992-93 MTBE was added to gasoline in the cities of Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska. The program was discontinued in Fairbanks in December, 1992, but continued in Anchorage until February 28, 1993. METHODS: Outpatient visits for state employees and dependents (n = approximately 28,000) living in Alaska were compared over three winters by analyzing health insurance claims. RESULTS: Odds ratios were calculated. The odds ratios indicated that the winter of 92-93 was not statistically different from previous winters in numbers of claims for upper respiratory illness, bronchitis, headache, or asthma in either Anchorage or Fairbanks. CONCLUSION: There was no increase in claims for respiratory illness in either city after introduction of MTBE.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定汽油中醇类、醚类和酯类添加剂

目前市场上一些加油站中存在着在汽油中非法添加一些醇类、醚类、酯类氧化物添加剂的现象,对车辆的机动性、安全性和环保性存在潜在危害。实验建立了气相色谱-质谱法测定汽油中19种醇类、醚类和酯类添加剂含量的分析方法。通过试验优化了色谱分析的主要条件,确定了最佳分流比为1∶100,溶剂为正十一烷,稀释倍数10～100倍,同时研究了溶剂的切换时间。利用选择离子法(SIM)确定定量离子和参考离子,可以有效消除汽油中复杂成分对目标组分的影响。以各目标组分的峰面积对其相应的质量浓度作图,发现甲醇、乙醇质量浓度在5.0～100.0 mg/L、其他化合物质量浓度在1.0～20.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,校准曲线的线性相关系数在0.998 6~0.999 9之间。各组分的检出限为0.5~1.0 mg/L。对添加了标准溶液的实际样品进行精密度和正确度考察,19种组分测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=8)为2.1%～6.2%,回收率为85%～108%。对市售92#、95#、98#常见标号汽油样品进行测定,结果发现部分汽油中含有甲醇、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)、乙酸仲丁酯等氧化物添加剂,质量浓度在20~1 200 mg/L之间。     

Dissolution of calcified gallstones. Part I. Correlation of in vitro dissolution kinetics in methyl tert-butyl ether with patterns of calcification by computed tomography

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The authors evaluated the relationship between stone computed tomography (CT) attenuation patterns and the kinetics of dissolution with methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE). METHODS: Single moderately and heavily calcified gallstones from 40 patients were selected from a gallstone library and classified for pattern of calcification by in vitro CT scan (dense, rim, core, and laminated). Each stone was placed in a 10-mL aliquot of MTBE for 24 hours. Stone residue was blotted dry and weighted at 8, 16, and 24 hours. Results were normalized with respect to stone size. RESULTS: Only 1 of 40 (4%) specimens dissolved to particulate matter that was smaller than 2 mm. All (6 of 6) stones that were densely calcified showed virtually no dissolution. The rate of gallstone dissolution varied temporally within the rim, core, and laminated stone categories and was related to the composition of the layer exposed to the solvent at any given time. CONCLUSION: The success and rate of dissolution may be predicted by the pattern of calcification as determined by computed tomography (CT).     

Disposition of methyl ethyl ketoxime in the rat after oral, intravenous and dermal administration

1. The disposition of 14C-methyl ethyl ketoxime (MEKO) was determined in the male F344 rat following oral, intravenous (i.v.) and dermal administration. 2. Oral doses of 2.7, 27 and 270 mg/kg were primarily excreted as CO2 (71-49%) in decreasing percentage as the dose increased. Excretion in urine (13-26%) and as volatiles (5-18%) increased as the dose increased. Five to 6% of the dose remained in the major tissues after 72 h. 3. An i.v. dose of 2.7 mg/kg was also principally excreted as CO2 (48.8%) with excretion in urine and as expired volatiles accounting for 21.4 and 11.4%, respectively. About 7% of the administered radioactivity remained in the tissues after 72 h. 4. Following dermal administration, 13 and 26% of a 2.7 and 270 mg/kg dose, respectively, were absorbed. Volatilization from the dose site prior to placement in the metabolism cage may account for the low absorption. 5. MEKO was biotransformed to at least five polar metabolites that could only be partially resolved by anion exchange chromatography. Incubation with glucuronidase, but not sulphatase, changed the urinary metabolic profile. Methyl ethyl ketone was a major component in the volatiles.     

Sensitization potentials of methyl, ethyl, and n-butly methacrylates and mutual cross-sensitivity in guinea pigs

In 565 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to a coronary care unit within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms, serum potassium level was determined on admission. The incidence of dysrhythmias occurring during the first 12 hours was referred to the initial serum potassium level. Hypopotassemia (less than or equal to 3.5 mmol/l) was seen in 9.2% and associated with a significantly higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in 33% as compared to 18% in the control group. Especially ventricular fibrillation was significantly more frequent in the hypokalaemic (14%) than in the normokalaemic (3%) patients (P less than 0.01). Hyperpotassemia (less than or equal to 5.1 mmol/l) was found in 6% with a higher incidence of second and third degree AV block and left-bundle branch block. This group was much more prone to severe haemodynamic complications and therefore had a bad prognosis with a high clinic mortality of 53%. There was no relation between supraventricular arrhythmias, sinuatrial bradyarrhythmias and intraventricular block other than left bundle branch block to serum potassium level.     

Health conditions of workers chronically exposed to ethyl gasoline and other petroleum products

Results of 5-year periodic examinations and SDH, LAP and GGTP activity in blood serum of 207 workers chronically exposed to ethyl gasoline and other petroleum products were analysed. In addition, in the selected groups, the levels of IgA, IgG and IgM immunoglobulins, complement C3 fraction and alpha2 macroglobulins were determined. Results of objective and enzymatic examinations indicate a slight toxic liver lesion. No significant changes in albuminous fractions were found, except a significant reduction in alpha2 macroglobulins.     

Customer exposure to MTBE, TAME, C6 alkyl methyl ethers, and benzene during gasoline refueling

The clinical diagnosis of appendicitis needs to be improved, as up to 40% of explorations for suspected appendicitis are unnecessary. The use of body temperature and laboratory examinations as diagnostic aids in the management of these patients is controversial. The diagnostic power of these variables compared to that of the disease history and clinical findings is not well studied. In this study we prospectively assessed and compared the diagnostic value of 21 elements of the history, clinical findings, body temperature, and laboratory examinations in 496 patients with suspected appendicitis. The diagnostic value of each variable was compared from the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the likelihood ratios (LR). Logistic regression was used to analyze the diagnostic value of a combination of variables and to analyze independent relations. No single variable had sufficiently high discriminating or predicting power to be used as a true diagnostic test. The inflammatory variables (temperature, leukocyte and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts, C-reactive protein) had discriminating and predicting powers similar to those of the clinical findings (direct and rebound abdominal tenderness and guarding). Anorexia, nausea, and right-sided rectal tenderness had no diagnostic value. The leukocyte and differential WBC counts, C-reactive protein, rebound tenderness, guarding, and gender were independent predictors of appendicitis with a combined ROC area of 0. 93 for appendicitis. This showed that inflammatory variables contain important diagnostic information, especially with advanced appendicitis. They should therefore always be included in the diagnostic workup in patients with suspected appendicitis.     

Strobilurin M, tetrachloropyrocatechol and tetrachloropyrocatechol methyl ether: new antibiotics from a Mycena species

OBJECTIVE: To describe lipid and lipoprotein perturbations in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to examine the potential consequences--e.g, increased birth weight and increased placental lipid transfer. STUDY DESIGN: Maternal and cord free fatty acids (FFAs) and total, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) (and maternal HDL2 and HDL3), triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol and dietary intake were determined for women with diet-treated GDM and for healthy pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance. RESULTS: Women with GDM had higher hemoglobin A1c than controls, while body weight gain was significantly lower for women with GDM as compared to controls. Plasma and lipoprotein TG concentrations were greater for women with GDM, and although plasma FFAs were higher in women with GDM versus controls, the difference was not significant. No differences were observed between groups with respect to maternal plasma or lipoprotein cholesterol. Cord plasma and lipoprotein lipids were similar between groups; with the exception of VLDL + LDL TG, which was lower in women with GDM. In controls, there were significant correlations between maternal plasma TG and cord FFAs; maternal HDL2 cholesterol and cord plasma cholesterol; and maternal plasma TG, maternal HDL2 cholesterol, cord FFAs, and infant birth weight. In GDM, maternal plasma cholesterol and cord VLDL + LDL cholesterol correlated. There were no significant correlations between maternal or cord lipids and infant birth weight in women with GDM. CONCLUSION: Hypertriglyceridemia, rather than hypercholesterolemia, is a feature of GDM. However, elevations in maternal plasma and lipoprotein TGs in women with GDM were not related to fetal lipid concentrations or infant birth weight.     

Dose-dependent suppression of toluene metabolism by isopropyl alcohol and methyl ethyl ketone after experimental exposure of rats

In order to examine possible suppression of toluene metabolism due to coexposure to other solvents, female Wistar rats were exposed for 8 h to toluene alone (at 50 or 100 ppm), or in combination with either methyl ethyl ketone (at 50, 100, 200 or 400 ppm) or isopropyl alcohol (at 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 or 1600 ppm). Urine samples were collected for 24 h after initiation of each exposure, and subjected to analysis for two toluene metabolites, hippuric acid and o-cresol, both by HPLC. The excretion of hippuric acid, a major metabolite, was not modified when the concentrations of methyl ethyl ketone or isopropyl alcohol were low, i.e. 100 ppm or below, whereas it was reduced when methyl ethyl ketone or isopropyl alcohol concentrations were twice or more times higher than that of toluene. There were no changes in any cases in excretion of o-cresol, a minor metabolite. The observation after coexposure to methyl ethyl ketone or isopropyl alcohol at low concentration is in line with the negative interaction between toluene and methyl ethyl ketone as well as between toluene and isopropyl alcohol after occupational exposures at low concentrations. Metabolic interaction may take place when the exposure intensity is high, as observed in the present study and also after experimental exposure of volunteers to toluene and m-xylene, or occupational exposure to benzene and toluene.     

Classical/nonclassical hybrid cannabinoids: southern aliphatic chain-functionalized C-6beta methyl, ethyl, and propyl analogues

The stereoelectronic requirements for interaction of the southern aliphatic hydroxyl of cannabimimetic pharmacophores with the CB1 and CB2 receptors are explored. The stereoselective syntheses of three series of classical/nonclassical hybrid cannabinoids are described. These compounds were designed to investigate the importance of the southern aliphatic hydroxyl (SAH) pharmacophore for cannabimimetic activity. Variation in the chain length of the SAH moiety in these 6beta-(hydroxyalkyl)dihydrobenzopyran analogues, from 6beta-hydroxymethyl to 6beta-(omega-hydroxyethyl) and 6beta-(omega-hydroxypropyl), and the effects of replacing the hydroxyl functionality by hydride and iodide are reported. Our results indicate that the SAH pharmacophore has less pronounced effects than the C-3 aliphatic chain on cannabinoid activity. Furthermore, it appears that this southern molecular component is capable of interacting with two different subsites on the receptor and that the nature of this interaction is determined by the terminal substituent on the C-6beta alkyl group. One of the subsites can accommodate the relatively polar SAH pharmacophore, while the second subsite interacts with more hydrophobic C-6beta substituents and can accommodate large spherical pharmacophores separated by three methylene carbons from the tricyclic cannabinoid template.     

Effects of methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, or toluene coadministration on 2,5-hexanedione concentration in the sciatic nerve, serum, and urine of rats

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the associations among fasting insulin, adiposity, waist girth, and blood pressure among a nondiabetic multiethnic population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed among 25-44-year-old African-Americans (n = 159), Cuban-Americans (n = 128), and non-Hispanic whites (n = 207) selected from Dade County, Florida. Fasting insulin levels were correlated with resting blood pressure level within each ethnic group. The separate effects of percentage body fat and waist girth on the association between blood pressure and insulin were analyzed in multiple linear regression and analysis of covariance. RESULTS: Fasting insulin was positively associated with systolic (r = 0.26-0.39; P < 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.19-0.30; P = 0.10 to P < 0.001) among women of all ethnic groups and among non-Hispanic white men (r = 0.27; P < 0.05). Stepwise linear regression analyses revealed statistically significant associations between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and fasting insulin level in non-Hispanic whites independent of other covariates, including sex and percentage body fat (P < 0.001). Fasting insulin was also independently and significantly related to systolic blood pressure among African-Americans (P = 0.02). Among Cuban-Americans, sex and percentage body fat were the main correlates of blood pressure level. Analysis of covariance revealed a relationship between insulin and blood pressure that was independent of waist girth among men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Fasting insulin level and blood pressure were positively associated among African-Americans and non-Hispanic whites. This association was not entirely due to the common association with percentage body fat or waist girth.     

Biodegradation of phenols by the alga Ochromonas danica

The eukaryotic alga Ochromonas danica, a nutritionally versatile, mixotrophic chrysophyte, grew on phenol as the sole carbon source in axenic culture and removed the phenol carbon from the growth medium. Respirometric studies confirmed that the enzymes involved in phenol catabolism were inducible and that the alga oxidized phenol; the amount of oxygen consumed per mole of oxidized substrate was approximately 65% of the theoretical value. [U-14C]phenol was completely mineralized, with 65% of the 14C label appearing as 14CO2, approximately 15% remaining in the aqueous medium, and the rest accounted for in the biomass. Analysis of the biomass showed that 14C label had been incorporated into the protein, nucleic acid, and lipid fractions; phenol carbon is thus unequivocally assimilated by the alga. Phenol-grown cultures of O. danica converted phenols to the corresponding catechols, which were further metabolized by the meta-cleavage pathway. This surprising result was rigorously confirmed by taking the working stock culture through a variety of procedures to check that it was axenic and repeating the experiments with algal extracts. This is, as far as is known, the first definitive identification of the meta-cleavage pathway for aromatic ring degradation in a eukaryotic alga, though its incidence in other eukaryotes has been (infrequently) suggested.     

可溶性聚醚醚酮改性环氧树脂的研究

采用热熔法制备了一系列可溶性聚醚醚酮(s-PEEK)改性环氧树脂(EP),并与普通聚醚醚酮(PEEK)改性环氧体系进行比较,探讨了聚醚醚酮类型、用量对改性树脂固化体系的凝胶时间、冲击强度、弯曲性能和断裂形貌的影响,并对含s-PEEK树脂体系的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)和热稳定性进行了分析.结果表明,s-PEEK和PEEK可在提高环氧体系冲击性能的同时,提高材料的弯曲性能、玻璃化温度和热稳定性;当m(s-PEEK):m(E-51)和m(PEEK):m(E-51)均为5:100时,冲击强度达到42.6和46.6 kJ/m2,分别比未改性的环氧体系提高69.1%和85.6%;m(s-PEEK):m(E-51)=25:100时,Tg=179.1℃,比未改性环氧树脂提高20℃左右;且含s-PEEK的体系是均相体系,含s-PEEK的固化物是颗粒增强体系.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定汽油中铁镍铜

用碘-二甲苯溶液对汽油进行氧化处理,硝酸(1+9)萃取,以原子吸收光谱法测定汽油中铁、镍、铜。铁、镍、铜的测定波长分别为248.3nm,232.0nm,324.8nm;检出限分别为0.0005μg/mL,0.0004μg/mL,0.0001μg/mL;工作曲线的线性范围为0.002～40.00μg/mL,0.001～50.00μg/mL,0.001～6.00μg/mL。对氧化剂、萃取剂的浓度及用量进行了试验,选择了最佳萃取时间。汽油中对被测元素有干扰的元素均在允许量范围内。方法用于汽油样品的分析,铁、镍、     

Biodegradation of benzene, toluene, and other aromatic compounds by Pseudmonas sp. D8

Pseudomonas sp. D8 strain, which has the potential to utilize toluene as a sole carbon source, was isolated. At a concentration of 100 mg/l, this strain was found to efficiently degrade toluene and benzene (both individually and in mixture) in culture medium at 30 degrees C and pH7. Following a two-hour lag phase, complete biodegradation of 100 mg/l toluene or benzene occurred within 6 to 8 hours. The addition of nitrate, phosphate, or sulfate at various concentrations were found to have significant influence on both toluene and benzene degradation. In addition, results show that the D8 strain has the ability to degrade monochlorophenols, nitrophenols, and phenol, but not aliphatic compounds. Inoculation of groundwater samples containing 100 mg/l toluene or benzene with Pseudmonas sp. D8 resulted in rapid degradation within 24-33 hours.