船用共轨柴油机燃油喷射系统控制策略研究

根据船用柴油机在控制目标、控制范围、控制方法与运行环境等方面的特点,以满足船用柴油机动力性、经济性和排放性能为目标,提出了船用共轨柴油机燃油喷射系统中轨压、喷油量、喷油正时及喷油率的具体控制策略,为船用共轨柴油机电控系统的设计提供参考。     

180° CA发火间隔的两缸柴油机供油相位优化

针对一种180°曲轴转角(CA)发火间隔的两缸共轨柴油机,在两缸独立的喷油时刻,监测其共轨管路压力波动;通过调整不同供油角度,优选高压油泵的最佳供油相位,以使两缸喷射时刻的喷油压力基本接近,从而确保两缸的喷油量不会因喷油压力不同而出现不均。试验结果表明,优化供油相位后,单次喷射仪100次喷射平均油量多次测试时,两缸平均喷油量的偏差小于等于±3%。     

单体泵柴油机电控系统开发及试验研究

开发了单体泵柴油机电控单元,设计了柴油机控制管理系统μRTK和高速强力电磁阀驱动电路。提出了基于曲轴转角的时间控制式燃油系统喷油量和喷油正时的控制策略,使控制精度可达到1°CA的范围内。进行了试验研究,制取了完整的单体泵柴油机供油正时MAP,并进行了表征发动机动力性和经济性的试验,取得了良好的试验效果。电控单体泵燃油系统在中、重型柴油机上极具应用前景。     

柴油机无压力室喷油器各孔喷射特性差异测量分析

在油泵试验台上用数据采集系统测量分析油泵-油管-油嘴燃油供给系统相同型号4个无压力室喷油器各孔喷射特性。研究结果表明:各喷油器及同一喷油器各孔的喷油喷射特性均存在差异;动态流量系数在喷油过程中随时间(凸轮转角)而变化;同一喷油器针阀全开时各孔流量系数差异与各孔循环喷油量差异变化趋势相同,随转速及循环喷油量的增加各孔循环喷油量及流量系数不均匀度均降低;但各孔流量系数不均匀度比各孔循环喷油量不均匀度要小,说明仅用各孔流量系数差异不能完全反映出各孔喷射特性差异。     

电控组合泵柴油机喷油正时控制研究

作为喷油量和喷油正时均可灵活控制的时间式高压燃油喷射系统,电控组合泵的喷油正时直接关系到其所匹配的柴油机燃烧和排放性能,因此必须精确控制电控组合泵的喷油正时。本文详细分析了喷油正时的影响因素,对电控组合泵燃油喷射系统的喷射正时控制策略进行了设计,标定了起射和停喷延迟脉谱以及油量线性化脉谱。实机试验表明,应用此控制策略能有效保证柴油机的燃油喷射控制,实现了电控组合泵柴油机的平稳控制。     

基于喷雾动量的喷油器各孔喷射特性试验研究

基于喷雾动量搭建了喷油器各孔有效流通截面积与喷油规律测试系统,在验证其准确性的基础上,研究了各孔有效流通截面积、喷油规律与喷射均匀性随着油泵转速、循环油量的变化。研究结果表明:在同一工况下,有效流通截面积、喷油规律各孔变化趋势一致,循环喷油量分布不均匀,第五孔明显小于其他四孔,最大差异达到24%;随着油泵转速的升高,有效流通截面积波动趋于平稳,循环喷油量及喷油持续期均增大,单位凸轮转角喷油速率降低,各孔喷油量不均匀度变小;随着循环喷油量的增加,喷油速率及持续期均变大,各孔喷油量不均匀度变小。     

柴油机高压共轨系统喷油规律试验分析

为研究高压电控共轨系统的喷油特性,利用EFS瞬时喷油测量仪试验台,采用位移法对Bosch高压电控共轨喷油系统进行了不同喷射压力、不同喷油提前角以及多次喷射的喷油规律试验研究。结果表明,喷油压力越高,喷油率越大且喷油持续期越短;当实现多次喷射时,预喷油量为一定值而预喷间隔改变时,预喷射位置的变化相当于在x轴上横向平移;而当预喷定时相同、预喷油量不同时,在喷油率曲线上显示为在相同位置上峰值不同的预喷射喷油率;后喷射情形与此类似。     

一种适合中国市场的柴油机电控燃油喷射系统——电控组合泵的研制

针对国内市场特点开发了一种新型柴油机电控燃油喷射系统--电控组合泵,该系统在工作原理上与电控单体泵相同,外形尺寸和机械接口与传统的直列泵相似.台架试验显示,该系统具有较高的喷射压力和优良的喷射规律,对喷油定时和喷油量可实现灵活且精确的控制.与多款柴油机的匹配试验结果表明,该系统是一种满足国III 排放法规的理想解决方案.     

柴油机的未来燃油喷射装置：电控泵喷嘴

未来柴油机需要不断地提高喷射压力，因为提高喷射为是降低柴油机燃油率及排气污染、改善其性能的有效手段。电控泵喷嘴系统能够到很高的喷射压力，并能对喷油量、喷油定时进行精确控制，是柴油机燃油喷射装置发展的新趋势。本文介绍了电控泵喷嘴系统的最新发展及应用实例。     

船用柴油机蓄压式电控喷油器计量特性数字孪生模型研究

为实时准确地观测电控喷油器的喷油量,实现喷油过程的闭环控制,针对某船用柴油机蓄压式电控喷油器结构特征,根据其燃油流动过程和蓄压腔压力变化规律,利用理论机理计算与神经网络修正相结合的方法,建立了电控喷油器计量特性数字孪生模型。通过建立快速原型样机进行在线试验验证,对比喷油器计量特性数字孪生模型观测值与平台实测值。试验结果表明:当电控喷油器每循环喷油量大于1 000 mm~3时,喷油量计算误差在3%以内;当每循环喷油量小于1 000 mm~3时,喷油量计算误差在10%以内。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.