一种适合于频繁位置更新的网络受限移动对象轨迹索引

移动对象索引是支持海量移动对象管理的一项关键技术.目前的移动对象时空轨迹索引方法如STR-Tree、TB-Tree、FNR-Tree、MON-Tree等均直接以轨迹单元作为基本的索引记录单位,在位置更新时需要频繁地在索引中插入新的记录,从而严重地影响了数据库的总体性能.为了解决上述问题,文中提出一种网络受限移动对象的动态概略化轨迹R树索引(DSTR-Tree).DSTR-Tree将索引空间划分成等距格栅,并通过格栅单元对每一条移动对象轨迹进行概略化,然后以概略化轨迹单元为基本索引记录单位建立R树索引.由于概略化轨迹的粒度大大粗于原始轨迹,因此移动对象不需要在每次位置更新的同时触发索引更新,而仅需要在轨迹跨越当前格栅单元时才进行索引更新,从而显著地降低了索引更新的代价.实验结果表明,DSTR-Tree在移动对象数据库频繁位置更新的实际运行条件下,提供了良好的索引维护及总体查询处理性能.     

基于聚类的位置数据库动态重组

在无线移动计算环境中,如何合理地组织和存储移动对象(mobile object)的配置信息从而有效地降低查询和更新代价是位置管理(location management)中的一个重要问题.将数据挖掘应用到移动计算环境中是一项具有挑战性的研究课题,具有广阔的应用前景.从数据挖掘的角度出发,提出了一种优化位置数据库的解决方案.首先采用一种新的层次聚类算法对移动日志聚类,然后根据聚类的结果对位置数据库动态重组,从而有效地降低了查询和更新代价.     

面向频繁位置更新的不确定移动对象索引策略

位置不确定性是移动对象的重要特点之一。已有的不确定移动对象索引技术旨在提高查询效率,但是当移动对象位置频繁更新时,存在更新代价较大的问题。针对移动对象频繁位置更新引起的开销增加问题,在TPU-tree索引结构上支持移动对象群组划分策略,给出了一种适用于频繁位置更新的索引结构GTPUtree。在此基础上提出了基于空间轨迹相似度的群组划分算法STSG(spatial trajectory of similarity group)和不确定移动对象群组更新算法。GTPU-tree通过减少同一分组中移动对象的更新次数,降低磁盘I/O次数,从而降低更新代价。通过实验对基于GTPU-tree和TPU2M-tree等索引结构的算法效率进行了对比分析,结果表明GTPU-tree相比于TPU2M-tree在移动对象数量较大时,GTPU-tree的更新代价将低于TPU2M-tree;与TPUtree相比插入性能提高约30%,更新代价降低约35%。     

数据库DAO：在C＋＋中使用数据访问对象和Jet引擎（续）

更新记录 如果当前记录已无效,EMPLOYEE询问用户是否更新(这里所说的是数据记录的更新,而不是CDAOEMPView::OnUpdate所做的屏幕更新)。如果用户确认,CDAOEMPView即调用CDAOEMPDoc::Update EmpRec来更新记录集合(参看图8)。因为DAO不支持MFC字段交换机制,字段必须进行人工更新,这并不繁重。大多数工作是将C++对象与DAO的Cole Variant捆绑。     

移动计算系统中位置数据库组织

移动计算系统中移动用户的位置信息管理是非常重要的问题。目前,商用移动通信系统采用两层结构组织的位置数据库管理移动用户位置信息。由于其可扩展性较差,人们提出把位置数据库组织成树状的层次结构来管理移动用户位置信息。不同移动单元的位置数据库组织对移动用户位置管理代价有很大影响,本文考虑到不同移动单元中移动用户的移动模式特点,基于集合覆盖理论,设计实现了一个启发算法来对位置数据库进行组织,减少了位置管理的代价。实验显示,该位置数据库聚簇显著减少了位置更新的代价。     

一种用于位置数据库结构调整的增量聚类算法

在移动通信网络环境中,如何合理地组织和存储移动对象的配置信息,从而有效地降低查询和更新代价是位置管理中的一个重要问题.将数据挖掘应用到移动计算环境中是一项具有挑战性的研究课题,具有广阔的应用前景.区域划分能够优化位置数据库的拓扑结构,有效地降低查询和更新代价.但是随着时间的迁移,用户的移动模式会发生改变,导致原有区域的划分与当前的移动模式不符,因此产生了动态区域划分这一亟待解决的重要问题.聚类可以很好地解决区域划分问题,而对于动态区域划分问题,如果仍然采用聚类来解决,就等于重新划分,没有充分利用原有划分的信息,所需代价很大.提出了一种增量的聚类算法来解决动态区域划分问题.该方法以较小的代价调整原有划分,使得新得到的划分仍然满足区域划分所需满足的条件.     

移动计算环境下路网上移动对象的位置更新

针对移动网络环境下移动对象的位置更新、断连检测和处理的问题,提出了现有位置更新策略的改进算法。采用固定时限策略进行断连检测,虽然能够获取快速而准确的断连检测,但是直接增加了位置更新的次数,降低了原有位置更新策略的性能。为了改正该缺点,提出了自适应策略,即根据移动对象的位置估计一个最晚的更新时限,实现强制更新。此外,还提出了群组更新策略中断连的处理算法。实验仿真结果表明,新算法既能减少位置更新次数,又能实现有效合理的网络处理。     

支持频繁位置更新的不确定移动对象索引策略

移动数据采集和处理技术的迅速发展给研究人员提出了新的应用需求,如何在频繁位置更新应用中索引不确定移动对象的当前及未来位置信息成为当前的研究热点之一.TPU树是针对不确定移动对象的当前及未来位置信息索引的策略,其具有较高的概率域查询效率,但是其采用的传统自顶向下更新算法,存在频繁位置更新效率低下的问题.通过在TPU树上增加一个记录不确定移动对象状态特征的更新备忘录(UM)内存结构,文中提出了一种支持频繁位置更新的不确定移动对象索引策略TPU2M树,并在此基础之上提出了一种改进的基于备忘录(MMBU/I)的更新/插入算法.代价分析和实验仿真表明,采用MMBU/I算法的TPU2M树频繁更新性能大大优于TPU树和ABx树索引,且概率查询性能与传统索引大致相当,因此具有很好的实用价值和广泛的应用前景.     

移动对象数据库：问题及其解决方案

一、引言在记录了移动对象以及位置的相关信息的数据库中,比如有一个存储了出租车位置信息的数据库,对该数据库的一个典型查询是:查询在牌号为ABC123卡车(需要他人帮助)周围1公里内的卡车;又如,在包含对象位置的战场数据库中,一个典型的查询可以是:检索给定地区的友方直升机,或者检索在这个地区10分钟内将到达的友方直升机。这些查询可以发自移动对     

SQL Server数据库字段连接及其简化技巧

关系数据库在当前信息化进程中占据着重要地位。在管理SQL Server数据库的过程中,数据库管理员需要更新数据库字段,根据某一字段进行分类统计,经常会对字段进行连接处理。字段连接分为两类:对同一记录的不同字段连接;对具有相同特定字段的记录的其他字段进行连接处理。不管是哪种情况,总是可以使用SQL语句、数据库函数及游标来实现。     

Probabilistic location-dependent queries at different location granularities

Approaches for the processing of location-dependent queries usually assume that the location data are expressed precisely, usually using GPS locations. However, this is unrealistic because positioning methods do not have a perfect accuracy (e.g., the positioning approach used in cellular networks handles only the cell where mobile users are located). Besides, users may need to express queries based on concepts of locations other than traditional GPS locations, which we call location granules.In this paper, we focus on location granule-based query processing (i.e., processing of queries with location granules) in situations where the location data available is imprecise, which we have called probabilistic location-dependent queries. For that purpose, we exploit the concept of uncertainty location granule, which represents the location uncertainty of an object. In particular, we tackle the problem of processing probabilistic inside (range) constraints. We analyze in detail how those constraints can be processed, taking into account both the existence of location uncertainty affecting the relevant objects and the location granularity specified. An extensive experimental evaluation shows the feasibility of the proposed probabilistic query processing approach and analyzes the advantages of using index structures to speed up the query processing.     

移动计算系统中的自适应位置更新策略

移动计算系统中一个很重要的问题就是管理移动客户机的实时位置.在现有商业的移动计算系统中,采用一种两层的体系结构.这种两层的结构不具有可扩展性,因而不能适应具有大量移动用户的新型移动计算应用.人们提出了一种新的层次结构的位置数据库结构,系统中的位置数据库组成一个树形结构以方便移动用户位置查找.尽管这种结构把位置更新及查询的任务在系统中的所有位置数据库中进行了分摊,它也有其自身的弱点:位置更新的代价较大及位置查询的延迟较长.研究了树形位置数据库结构中的位置更新策略,给出了一个位置变更的阈值计算方法,以使得位置管理的代价最少.     

Location query based on moving behaviors

The importance of location prediction is rapidly increasing with the current trend of database applications in mobile computing environment. However, current personal communication services network could only provide currently maintained location information of non-idle mobile terminals. Pertinent researches predict the future location based on tangent velocity approaches, which require mobile terminals to spend lots of precious electronic power to sense and then measure a sequence of positions for predicting the future tangent velocity, and the prediction is effective only within a short range of time. In this study, we propose an approach to predict future locations of mobile terminals based on the moving behaviors mined from their long-term moving history. Location prediction based on moving behavior requires no power consumption for position measurement, and the prediction results are effective for a long time without requiring the queried clients to be non-idle. With the help of moving behavior, we propose several location prediction operators for location query. Finally, we demonstrate the accuracy of the location query operators through simulation statistics. The experimental results show that the predictions are accurate enough for regular moving mobile terminals.     

移动对象索引技术研究进展

在位置服务、交通控制等移动计算领域,移动对象索引技术广泛应用于对移动终端的空间位置进行存储和检索。本文深入分析了移动对象历史轨迹、当前位置和未来位置预测等各种索引技术,并根据索引空间及结构的不同对现有移动对象索引方法进行了详细的分类比较与讨论,对移动对象索引技术研究方向进行了展望。     

Locating objects in mobile computing

In current distributed systems, the notion of mobility is emerging in many forms and applications. Mobility arises naturally in wireless computing since the location of users changes as they move. Besides mobility in wireless computing, software mobile agents are another popular form of moving objects. Locating objects, i.e., identifying their current location, is central to mobile computing. We present a comprehensive survey of the various approaches to the problem of storing, querying, and updating the location of objects in mobile computing. The fundamental techniques underlying the proposed approaches are identified, analyzed, and classified along various dimensions     

An efficient location reporting and indexing framework for urban road moving objects

The tracking of moving objects consists of two critical operations: location reporting, in which moving objects (or clients) send their locations to centralized servers, and index maintenance, through which centralized servers update the locations of moving objects. In existing location reporting techniques, each moving object reports its locations to servers by utilizing long-distance links such as 3G/4G. Corresponding to this location reporting strategy, servers need to respond to all the location updating requests from individual moving objects. Such techniques suffer from very high communication cost (due to the individual reporting using long-distance links) and high index update I/Os (due to the massive amount of location updating requests). In this paper, we present a novel Group-movement based location Reporting and Indexing (GRI) framework for location reporting (at moving object side) and index maintenance (at server side). In the GRI framework, we introduce a novel location reporting strategy which allows moving objects to report their locations to servers in a group (instead of individually) by aggregating the moving objects that share similar movement patterns through wireless local links (such as WiFi). At the server side, we present a dual-index, Hash-GTPR-tree (H-GTPR), to index objects sharing similar movement patterns. Our experimental results on synthetic and real data sets demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our new GRI framework, as well as the location reporting strategy and the H-GTPR tree index technique.     

Efficient Distributed Skyline Queries for Mobile Applications

In this paper, we consider skyline queries in a mobile and distributed environment, where data objects are distributed in some sites (database servers) which are interconnected through a high-speed wired network, and queries are issued by mobile units (laptop, cell phone, etc.) which access the data objects of database servers by wireless channels. The inherent properties of mobile computing environment such as mobility, limited wireless bandwidth, frequent disconnection, make skyline queries more complicated. We show how to efficiently perform distributed skyline queries in a mobile environment and propose a skyline query processing approach, called efficient distributed skyline based on mobile computing (EDS-MC). In EDS-MC, a distributed skyline query is decomposed into five processing phases and each phase is elaborately designed in order to reduce the network communication, network delay and query response time. We conduct extensive experiments in a simulated mobile database system, and the experimental results demonstrate the superiority of EDS-MC over other skyline query processing techniques on mobile computing.     

移动对象的动态反向k最近邻研究

反向最近邻查询是空间数据库中最重要的算法之一。传统的反向最近邻查询方法主要是针对静态对象的查询,随着无线通讯和定位技术的快速发展,移动对象发出的查询请求成为新的研究热点。该文将TPR-tree作为算法的索引结构,并提出了基于矩形框的对角线的修剪策略,将半平面修剪策略进行改进,给出了移动对象的动态反向k最近邻的查询方案。     

Querying imprecise data in moving object environments

In moving object environments, it is infeasible for the database tracking the movement of objects to store the exact locations of objects at all times. Typically, the location of an object is known with certainty only at the time of the update. The uncertainty in its location increases until the next update. In this environment, it is possible for queries to produce incorrect results based upon old data. However, if the degree of uncertainty is controlled, then the error of the answers to queries can be reduced. More generally, query answers can be augmented with probabilistic estimates of the validity of the answer. We study the execution of probabilistic range and nearest-neighbor queries. The imprecision in answers to queries is an inherent property of these applications due to uncertainty in data, unlike the techniques for approximate nearest-neighbor processing that trade accuracy for performance. Algorithms for computing these queries are presented for a generic object movement model and detailed solutions are discussed for two common models of uncertainty in moving object databases. We study the performance of these queries through extensive simulations.     

位置隐私保护技术研究进展

移动通信和移动定位技术的快速发展促进了一个新的研究领域--基于位置的服务(LBSs).基于位置的数据的隐私保护已经成为基于位置的服务中的研究热点.在基于位置的服务被广泛使用的今天,位置隐私保护的重要性已经被充分地认识到.位置k-匿名[25] 是最早提出的用来保护位置隐私的技术,它是在用于保护关系数据记录隐私的k-匿名方法的基础上扩展而来的.目前,关于基于位置服务中的隐私保护的研究已经取得了一定的成果.然而,在基于位置的服务中,服务的质量与用户的隐私是一对矛盾,如何更好地平衡两者之间的矛盾也是研究的重点.另一方面,对用户的隐私进行保护而引发的一系列问题将对服务器处理能力提出新的挑战,例如如何对服务器端的不确定数据进行高效的查询处理等.因此,基于位置服务中的位置隐私保护不仅仅只关注如何保护用户的隐私,还需要关注隐私保护带来的一系列相关问题.本文初步讨论了当前位置隐私保护的方法及有待解决的问题.