柴油机起动过程引入EGR对滞燃期影响的研究

试验研究表明,在柴油机首着火循环前引入EGR可以改善柴油机首着火循环的冷起动性能。在试验研究的基础上,进行了化学动力学计算,进一步研究了EGR对起动燃烧的影响。计算发现着火循环前排气成分中的完全燃烧产物少,而未燃燃油和中间氧化产物的含量大,因此改善了燃烧。通过对不同EGR率和不同燃空当量比下,混合气在定容状态下的滞燃期进行分析,得到了混合气着火性能随着EGR率的变化规律。     

排气门正时对柴油机冷起动性能的影响

通过在一台单缸直喷柴油机上进行实验,分析了不同排气门正时条件对柴油机冷起动过程燃烧及排放性能的影响.结果表明,通过调节排气门关闭正时,适当增大缸内残余废气量,可显著改善起动过程初始着火循环的着火燃烧性能和提高起动过程缸内燃烧的稳定性.不同排气门关闭条件对起动过程的排放有着非常重要的影响.适当提前排气门关闭时刻,可以显著降低冷起动过程的烟度排放,特别是降低冷起动过程初始阶段的烟度排放.而对于NO2排放,由于残余废气具有很强的热效应,随着排气门关闭时刻提前,Nox排放呈上升趋势.     

未着火循环废气改善柴油机冷起动的燃烧

采用柴油的替代研究燃料正庚烷和压燃式燃烧模型,计算研究了起动阶段引入未着火循环的燃烧产物对下一循环燃烧的影响.未着火循环的燃烧产物与完全燃烧循环有明显不同,其中含有许多未燃燃油和中间活性物质,将其以EGR的方式重新引入气缸中能有效改善下一循环的燃烧,计算结果表明,中间活性物质起到了关键作用.进行了EGR影响柴油机起动性能的试验研究,结果表明,起动初期的循环中,引入EGR可以改善燃烧,试验结果验证了计算分析的合理性,为改善柴油机冷起动性能提供了一种新思路.根据正庚烷燃烧的化学动力学理论,结合计算过程中各物质浓度的变化,研究了EGR改善燃烧的机理.     

2,5-二甲基呋喃对柴油机低温燃烧与排放的影响

在一台改造的单缸柴油机上研究了柴油掺入2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF)后对燃烧、性能和排放的影响。研究结果表明:柴油中加入DMF后着火滞燃期延长,预混合比例增加,缸内最高燃烧压力及最大压升率增大,碳烟排放明显降低,其中加入DMF比例为40%(DMF40)时,在试验的EGR率区间内碳烟排放几乎为零;但NOx排放有所增加,若增大EGR率可保证在不增加碳烟的前提下明显减小NOx排放,当EGR率大于50%时,DMF40的碳烟和NOx接近于零排放。与纯柴油相比,混合燃料的THC和CO排放有一定增高,通过对混合燃料燃烧相位的优化,可以在保证高热效率的同时,有效降低最大压升率和NOx排放,但会导致THC和CO排放升高。     

进气温度对直喷式柴油机冷起动初始期燃烧和排放的影响

为了研究进气温度对柴油机起动过程燃烧不稳定性和排放的影响规律,利用柴油机起动过程燃烧、排放测控系统,在一台直喷式单缸柴油机上进行了试验。试验结果表明：进气温度对柴油机冷机起动过程初始期燃烧有较大影响,随进气温度的升高,冷机起动着火滞后期明显减小,扩散燃烧增加。提高进气温度能够明显改善着火条件,降低起动过程供油量,减少失火循环,从而明显改善起动过程中的HC排放。     

不同EGR方法对柴油燃料HCCI燃烧影响的探讨

研究了内部EGR和外部EGR模式对柴油燃料HCCI燃烧的影响。随着内部EGR率的增大,HCCI燃烧的着火始点提前,在相对较小的负荷下,-40°CA气门重叠期的着火始点比-20°CA气门重叠期的着火始点提前5~7°CA,内部EGR的加热作用大于其对混合气的稀释作用;内部EGR增大有利于均质混合气的形成,使柴油燃料HCCI燃烧的烟度排放减小,但使低NOx排放的负荷范围减小;外部EGR起到了推迟着火始点的作用,是一种有效的扩展运行范围负荷上限的方法。     

冷EGR对DME PCCI-DI发动机燃烧和排放特性影响的试验研究

PCCI-DI是一种部分预混充量压缩着火和燃料直接喷射燃烧的组合工作方式,可有效降低发动机的NOx排放,但其在高负荷工作时易受到爆震影响,导致发动机功率下降,排放恶化.为此,开展了冷EGR对DME PCCI-DI发动机燃烧和排放特性影响的试验研究.结果表明:随着EGR率的增加,缸内最高燃烧压力下降,主燃烧期推迟并略有延长,NOx排放下降,但较大的EGR率会导致PCCI-DI发动机HC和CO排放迅速升高.采用冷EGR在一定程度上可以改善PCCI-DI 发动机的燃烧过程,拓宽发动机的工作范围.     

PCCI结合EGR对柴油机燃烧排放的影响

燃烧过程对发动机的整机性能有着重要的影响,通过调整进气门关闭时刻和提前喷油角度可以实现预混压燃,预混压燃(PCCI)能够很好的控制SOOT的排放,但对降低NOx排放不是很明显,PCCI结合外部EGR可以很好地控制NOx的排放。本文运用三维CFD模型对由4102BZLQ柴油机改造的PCCI进行了数值模拟,分析预混压燃对燃烧排放的影响,针对PCCI中NOx高排放问题加入外部EGR,对比不同EGR率时NOx、CO、HC排放的变化,并分析了可能导致NOx、CO、HC变化的机理。     

EGR对非标柴油/二甲醚混合燃料发动机性能与排放的影响

开展了增压柴油机燃用D50非标柴油/二甲醚混合燃料时采用EGR技术对发动机动力性、燃烧和排放性能影响的试验研究。试验结果表明:EGR技术可以有效降低混合燃料发动机的NOx排放。随着EGR率的增加,NOx排放改善明显;对动力性的影响相对复杂:中低负荷下,燃烧室内氧浓度较大,对燃烧和排放性能影响较小;高负荷时,废气引入导致燃烧室局部缺氧严重,烟度、HC和CO排放恶化。     

冷EGR技术对柴油机性能及排放的影响

通过在不同转速和负荷工况下进行的冷EGR试验,研究了冷EGR技术对降低柴油机NOx排放的有效性,同时对比分析了EGR开启和关闭时对柴油机性能和排放的影响.试验研究表明:冷EGR技术除了可以有效降低柴油机的NOx排放以外,还将对柴油机的进气流量、燃油消耗率、烟度、排温以及HC,CO等排放物产生影响,且这种影响随着EGR率和工况的不同而变化.     

Effects of EGR on combustion process of DI diesel engine during cold start

Experiments on the effects of external and internal exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion and emission performance during a cold start process were investigated in a 135 single-cylinder DI diesel engine. Combustion was improved during the initial ignition cycles by introducing internal or external EGR. The addition of an appropriate amount of internal or external EGR can promote the combustion stability significantly. However, excessive amounts of external EGR could lead to extremely unstable combustion or even misfiring. An appropriate amount of internal or external EGR decreased smoke opacity effectively during a cold start. External EGR reduced NO_x emissions effectively while internal EGR led to an increase in NO_x emissions due to thermal effects.     

Effects of EGR on combustion process of DI diesel engine during cold start

Experiments on the effects of external and internal exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion and emission performance during a cold start process were investigated in a 135 single-cylinder DI diesel engine. Combustion was improved during the initial ignition cycles by introducing internal or external EGR. The addition of an appropriate amount of internal or external EGR can promote the combustion stability significantly. However, excessive amounts of external EGR could lead to extremely unstable combustion or even misfiring. An appropriate amount of internal or external EGR decreased smoke opacity effectively during a cold start. External EGR reduced NO _x emissions effectively while internal EGR led to an increase in NO _x emissions due to thermal effects. __________ Translated from Transactions of CSICE, 2007, 25(3): 193–201 [译自:内燃机学报]     

Effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion and emissions during cold start of direct injection (DI) diesel engine

Through experiments conducted on a single cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine, effects of exhaust gas recirculatoin (EGR) on combustion and emission during cold start were investigated. Combustion of first firing cycle can be promoted significantly by introducing EGR. In experiments, when partially closed choking valve and partially or fully opened EGR valve, peak cylinder pressure of first firing cycle was about 45% higher than that under normal condition without EGR, and the start of combustion (SOC) was also much earlier. EGR also had effects on combustion stability. In the case, which kept 50% or 100% opening of EGR valve (OEV) and kept 100% opening of choking valve (OCV), more stable combustion process was achieved when common rail pressure decreased during cold start. However, excessive amount of EGR led to extreme unstable combustion and even misfiring. Opacity and NO emissions were also analyzed in detail. In the case with maximum EGR, the lowest average opacity, which was less than 4%, was achieved during initial several firing cycles of cold start. But in the later phase, excessive amount of EGR led to a great deal of white smoke emission. NO emission during initial phase of cold start is mainly affected by increase in fuel amount of injection. When combustion became stable gradually, EGR showed significant effect on NO reduction.     

Effect of addition of hydrogen and exhaust gas recirculation on characteristics of hydrogen gasoline engine

The effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion and emissions under different hydrogen ratios were studied based on an engine with a gasoline intake port injection and hydrogen direct injection. The peak cylinder pressure increases by 9.8% in the presence of a small amount of hydrogen. The heat release from combustion is more concentrated, and the engine torque can increase by 11% with a small amount of hydrogen addition. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions can be reduced by EGR dilution. Hydrogen addition offsets the blocking effect of EGR on combustion partially, therefore, hydrogen addition permits a higher original engine EGR rate, and yields a larger throttle opening, which improves the mechanical efficiency and decreases NOx emissions by 54.8% compared with the original engine. The effects of EGR on carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are not obvious and CO and HC emissions can be reduced sharply with hydrogen addition. CO, HC, and NOx emissions can be controlled at a lower level, engine output torque can be increased, and fuel consumption can be reduced significantly with the co-control of hydrogen addition and EGR in a hydrogen gasoline engine.     

冷、热EGR对柴油机性能、燃烧及排放特性的影响

为在保持柴油机动力性和经济性能的同时有效改善其排放性能,在一台4缸柴油机上针对6、12、24mg循环喷油量的负荷工况(记作低、中、高负荷)对比研究了冷、热废气再循环(EGR)对性能、燃烧及排放特性的影响。结果表明:EGR的引入减少了新鲜进气量,整体上延长了滞燃期,减缓了燃烧放热速率,降低了压力升高率;热EGR提高了进气温度,使低负荷时的碳氢化合物(HC)排放显著降低,热效率提高,而高负荷高EGR率时由于过量空气系数偏低引起了热效率的明显降低,对最大压力升高率的降低作用也弱于冷EGR;随着EGR率的提高,三种负荷下的氮氧化物(NO_x)排放均大幅度降低,碳烟排放在低、中负荷时较低,而在高负荷时则明显升高,NO_x与碳烟排放之间出现此消彼长的矛盾趋势。冷的高EGR率下的碳烟排放升高幅度减小,有效地缓解了这种矛盾。综合分析低、中、高负荷下的热效率及排放,低负荷时为提高热效率宜采用热EGR,高负荷时为降低过高的压力升高率并兼顾热效率则更适合采用冷EGR。     

高比率冷EGR与进气富氧对柴油机燃烧及排放特性的影响

对普通增压中冷柴油机,采用富氧进气与高比率冷EGR相结合的技术,实现缸内富氧燃烧。未经优化的情况下使用富氧燃烧,NO排放随氧浓度的上升而大幅增加。富氧进气与高比率冷EGR相结合,可以显著降低碳烟的排放并抑制NO的过度增长,同时保证发动机的燃烧热效率和输出功率不降低。将不同浓度的氧气、EGR废气及空气三者充分混合,冷却后引入气缸参与燃烧;调整掺氧浓度和EGR率,考察发动机在各种掺比下的燃烧及排放特性。试验结果表明:在1 600 r/min全负荷工况,进气内通入20%~30%的EGR废气及23%的氧气,可有效抑制NO及碳烟排放,并能保证发动机具有良好的动力性。     

Study of low emission homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine using combined internal and external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)

This paper focuses on the effects of internal and cooled external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the combustion and emission performance of diesel fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI). The use of fuel injection before the top center (TC) of an exhaust stroke and the negative valve overlap (NVO) to form the homogeneous mixture achieves low NO_x and smoke emissions HCCI. Internal and external EGR are combined to control the combustion. Internal exhaust gas recirculation (IEGR) benefits to form a homogeneous mixture and reduces smoke emission further, but lower the high load limits of HCCI. Cooled external EGR can delay the start of combustion (SOC) effectively, which is very useful for high cetane fuel (diesel) HCCI because these fuels can easily self-ignited, making the SOC earlier. External EGR can avoid the knock combustion of HCCI at high load, which means it can expand the high load limit. HCCI maintains low smoke emission at various EGR rates and various loads compared with a conventional diesel engine because there are no fuel-rich volumes in the cylinder.     

基于VGT的EGR对电控柴油机影响的试验研究

在一台电控共轨柴油机上,进行了基于可变涡轮截面增压器(VGT)控制的废气再循环(EGR)对柴油机燃烧、性能和排放影响的试验研究.系统研究了VGT开度、EGR率和喷油参数对柴油机性能和排放的影响.研究表明,采用基于VGT控制的EGR系统,调整VGT叶片位置,可以改变EGR率,实现最高43.2%的EGR率,从而有效地降低NOx;在调整优化喷油参数后,柴油机的排放有了很大的改善,烟度有较大幅度的降低,经过优化,气体排放可满足国Ⅳ排放法规的要求,十三工况加权当量比油耗比原国Ⅲ柴油机降低了4.2%,但是,采用EGR方案缸内最大爆发压力明显增大.     

Performance and emission characteristics of CIE using hydrogen,biodiesel, and massive EGR

Hydrogen is considered as an excellent energy carrier and can be used in diesel engines that operate in dual fuel mode. Many studies have shown that biodiesel, which is sustainable, clean, and safe, a good alternative to fossil fuel. However, tests have confirmed that using biodiesel or hydrogen as a fuel or added fuel in compression ignition engines increases NOx concentrations. Cooled or hot exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) effectively controls the NOx outflows of diesel engines. However, this technique is restricted by high particulate matter PM emissions and the low thermal efficiency of diesel engines.In this study, gaseous hydrogen was added to the intake manifold of a diesel engine that uses biodiesel fuel as pilot fuel. The investigation was conducted under heavy-EGR conditions. An EGR system was modified to achieve the highest possible control on the EGR ratio and temperature. Hot EGR was recirculated directly from the engine exhaust to the intake manifold. A heat exchanger was utilized to maintain the temperature of the cooled EGR at 25 °C.The supplied hydrogen increased NOx concentrations in the exhaust gas emissions and high EGR rates reduced the brake thermal efficiency. The reduction in NOx emissions depended on the added hydrogen and the EGR ratios when compared with pure diesel combustion. Adding hydrogen to significant amounts of recycled exhaust gas reduced the CO, PM, and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions significantly. Results showed that using hydrogen and biodiesel increases engine noise, which is reduced by adding high levels of EGR.     

利用废气再循环与米勒循环提高氢内燃机压缩比的研究

建立了氢内燃机一维模型,分别仿真分析了废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)技术和米勒循环技术对抑制爆震及氮氧化物(NOx)排放的效果,最后结合两种技术探索了可达到的最大压缩比和最好的NOx排放性能.结果显示EGR技术对抑制NOx排放更有效,米勒循环对抑制爆震更有效,最终在本研究的工况...