益生菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang对酸奶风味、质地及感官特性的影响

将益生菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang(Lb. casei Zhang)以1.0×107g-1的添加量与商业酸奶发酵荆YC-X11共同接种进行发酵乳制备.发酵结束(pH=4.5)于4℃冷藏24 h后,分别测定发酵乳样品的酸度、黏度、脱水收缩性、挥发性风味物质、L.delbrueckii subsp.Bulgaricus、S.thermophilus和Lb.casei Zhang活菌数及对其进行感官鉴评.结果表明.Lb.casei Zhang对发酵乳样品的酸度、黏度、脱水收缩性、S.ther-mophilus活菌数无影响(P>0.05),可促进L.delbrueckii subsp.Bulgaricus生长(P<0.05),并使酸奶样品中挥发性风味物质总的质量分数提高17.1%.从而总体上提高发酵乳的感官品质.同时Lb.casei Zhang在发酵乳中具有良好的稳定性.因而益生菌Lb.casei Zhang与商业酸奶发酵剂YC-X11复配进行发酵乳生产具有极大的可行性.     

益生菌L.casei Zhang和B.lactis V9在发酵乳中发酵特性的评价

以L.casei Zhang和B.lactis V9为研究对象,评价其发酵特性及对发酵乳品质的影响。研究结果显示,4℃下贮藏21 d,L.casei Zhang和B.lactis V9的添加对发酵乳的p H值、滴定酸度(TA)、黏度和持水性基本无影响;L.casei Zhang和B.lactis V9在发酵乳中存活稳定;B.lactis V9的添加可促进L.casei Zhang的增殖,同时可进一步改善L.casei Zhang发酵乳的气味和风味。     

利用Lactobacillus casei Zhang开发益生菌新鲜干酪

通过添加不同比例Lactobacillus casei Zhang发酵剂制作新鲜干酪,并对其在新鲜干酪中的活力和添加Lactobacillus后新鲜干酪的理化性质进行了研究。结果表明,Lb.casei Zhang在新鲜干酪中具有较高的活力,添加2%、1%、0.5% Lb.casei Zhang发酵剂的干酪中,4℃冷藏开始前,Lb.casei Zhang活菌数分别为2.24×10~8 cfu/g,1.38×10~8 cfu/g,5.55×10~7 cfu/g,4℃冷藏28d后,Lb.casei Zhang存活率分别为99.12%,98.31%,98.61%。在制作过程中和4℃冷藏过程中,与空白组相比,添加Lb.casei Zhang对新鲜干酪的pH值、滴定酸度、蛋白水解活性影响都不显著(P>0.05)。     

益生菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang发酵特性的评价

以L.acidophilus NCFM,L.rhamnosus GG,L.casei Shirota和Bifidobacterium animalis Bb12为参照,对益生菌L.casei Zhang的发酵特性进行了研究.结果表明:发酵结束时,添加L.casei Zhang的发酵乳具有较高的pH值和较低的滴定酸度.4℃贮藏28 d后,L.casei Shirota和Bifidobacterium animalis Bb12的蛋白水解能力下降,而L.asei Zhang,L addophilusNCFM和L.rhamnosus GG蛋白水解能力不断上升.尽管Lcasei Zhang在脱脂乳中的发酵速度低于对照益生菌.但贮藏期内其活菌数缓慢上升并于贮藏结束时达到最高.L.casei Zhang完全具备益生菌所应有的发酵特性,因此其适合应用于发酵乳的开发.     

益生菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang在酸胁迫下的蛋白质组学研究

Lactobacillus casei Zhang是1株筛选自发酵酸马奶,并具有耐酸等益生特性的益生乳杆菌。该研究利用蛋白质组双向电泳,比较了其在pH值为7.0和5.5的培养液中分别生长至对数生长期中期的蛋白质组表达差异。结果表明,有11个蛋白质点表达发生明显变化,经过基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱鉴定,其中有3个表达增强的蛋白质点分别鉴定为翻译因子(EF-Tu),N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱醛酶(NagA)和小热休克蛋白(sHsp)。酸胁迫可诱导乳酸菌产生复杂的酸应激反应,涉及不同的代谢调控途径。     

益生菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang与商业益生菌对胃肠转运耐受性及发酵特性的比较

比较益生菌干酪乳杆菌Zhang(L.casei Zhang)与商业化益生菌嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM(NCFM)、鼠李糖乳杆菌GG(LGG)、干酪乳杆菌Shirota(kS)、动物双歧杆菌Bb12(Bb12)对人工胃肠液的耐受性及发酵特性.将各菌置于人工消化液及含3.0g/L牛胆盐的MRS培养基中,37℃培养,分别于3h和8h时测定人工胃液和肠液中各菌株的存活率,同时每小时测定MRS培养基的浊度,以延迟时间评价各菌株对胆盐的耐受性.对由各菌株制得的发酵乳在发酵及贮藏期间酸度与活菌数的变化进行了测定,结果表明,在pH 2.5的人工胃液消化3 h后,干酪乳杆菌Zhang存活率低于NCFM(p<0.05),高于其它3株对照菌(p<0.05);在pH 3.0和pH 4.0的人工胃液消化3 h后,干酪乳杆菌Zhang的存活率与4株对照菌无显著差异(p>0.05);在pH 8.0的人工肠液消化8h后,干酪乳杆菌Zhang的存活率高于Bb12(p<0.05),低于NCFM(P<0.05),与其它2株对照菌元差异(p>0.05).干酪乳杆菌Zhang对3.0g/L牛胆盐的耐受性与LcS差异不显著(p>0.05),而高于其它3株对照菌(p<0.05).脱脂乳37℃发酵24 h后,接种干酪乳杆菌Zhang的样品的酸度低于4株对照菌.4℃贮藏28 d内,各益生菌在发酵乳中继续生长,其中干酪乳杆菌Zhang发酵乳的pH值变化(降低0.55)显著高于4株对照菌(p<0.05);贮藏28 d后干酪乳杆菌Zhang活菌数为1.0×109 cfu/g,显著高于4株对照菌(p<0.05),说明干酪乳杆菌Zhang具有良好的胃肠转运耐受性和极佳的贮藏稳定性.     

益生菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang和Bifidobacterium lactis V9在活性乳酸菌饮料中的应用

以L.casei Zhang和B.lactis V9为发酵菌株制备活性乳酸菌饮料,评价2株益生菌对活性乳酸菌饮料感官品质的影响及在货架期内的存活稳定性,为L.casei Zhang和B.lactis V9在产品中的应用提供基础数据。研究结果显示,利用L.casei Zhang单独发酵制备活性乳酸菌饮料的最适添加量为1.0×107CFU/g,4℃28 d贮藏期内保持高于3.0×108CFU/g水平;最佳复配发酵组合为L.casei Zhang+B.animalis V9(1∶1,2.0×107CFU/g),4℃28 d贮藏期内样品中总的益生菌活菌数保持5.0×108CFU/g以上,且在口感和滋气味方面感官评价分值最高;B.animalis V9与L.casei Zhang共同发酵发生协同效应,B.animalis V9的添加可促进L.casei Zhang的增殖,且有利于改善L.casei Zhang单株发酵样品的感官品质。     

Lactobacillus casei Zhang和Bifidobacterium lactis V9在益生菌酸乳中的应用

益生菌在酸乳中的应用已非常普遍,将Lactobacillus casei Zhang单独(样品A)以及与Bifidobacterium lactis V9复合(样品B),同酸乳发酵剂(G027)共同发酵益生菌酸乳,于4℃贮藏21 d。结果表明,整个贮藏期间2组样品间的黏度和持水性差异不显著;贮藏期间2组样品间L.casei Zhang的活菌数没有差异,且L.casei Zhang和B.lactis V9的活菌数不随贮藏时间而降低;L.casei Zhang和B.lactis V9复合益生菌酸奶感官评价优于单独添加L.casei Zhang酸乳。L.casei Zhang和B.lactis V9复合添加,更适合于益生菌酸乳的生产。     

干酪乳酪杆菌Zhang的益生特性及其在发酵乳制品中的应用研究

益生菌因具有维护肠道健康,调节免疫力及预防和(或)治疗人体慢性疾病等功效,故在基础研究、产业转化和临床医学中备受重视。受益于公众对益生菌认知度的不断提升,其产品已流行于日常消费场景。发酵乳制品作为益生菌发挥健康功效的重要产品形式,兼备菌株益生作用与乳制品健康功效,具有重要应用价值。本文以一株在科学循证和产业转化领域均有深远影响力的益生菌——干酪乳酪杆菌Zhang为例,重点阐述其益生特性及在发酵乳制品中的应用研究,为后续深入解析该菌株功能属性提供理论借鉴依据。     

Lactobacillus casei Zhang传1000-2000代过程中的实验室进化特性

为了研究L.casei Zhang实验室进化特性,对其三个谱系在普通MRS培养基中连续传代1 000~2 000代期间表观特性(细胞形态、活菌数、浊度和菌株活力)的变化进行了跟踪测定。研究结果显示:L.casei Zhang在传代期间各谱系间进化趋势基本平行,即细胞形态、活菌数、浊度和菌株活力等特性未发生明显的多样性变化。这些研究结果侧面表明L.casei Zhang在普通MRS培养基中进化1 000~2 000代过程中表型特征趋于稳定。     

酸奶和干酪中有机磷农药的降解动力学研究

采用GC分析,研究乳酸菌发酵荆对酸奶和干酪样品发酵过程中7种有机磷农药残留的降解动力学.结果表明,42℃下7种有机磷农药在牛奶样品中的半衰期是11.0～16.7 h.在两个酸奶样品中他们的半衰期则降至9.6～14.6 h或10.0～15.9 h,所添加的直投式发酵剂显著地促进有机磷农药降解.乳酸菌发酵荆发酵干酪样品120 d后,7种有机磷农药的降解量达到17%～62%.乳酸茵发酵可以提高发酵乳制品的安全性.     

酪蛋白磷酸肽-钙络合物对酸乳贮藏特性的影响

为探究酪蛋白磷酸肽-钙（CPP-Ca）络合物对酸乳贮藏特性的影响,研究CPP-Ca络合物不同添加量对酸乳21 d贮藏期内乳酸菌总数、pH值、滴定酸度、乳清析出率及黏度的影响。与对照组比较,当CPP-Ca络合物添加量为0.15 g/100 mL时,酸乳中乳酸菌存活率从32.92%提高至47.15%（P＜0.05）;滴定酸度增长率从9.96%降低至7.06%（P＜0.05）;乳清析出率降低了0.4%（P＜0.05）,黏度比提高了5 729 mPa·s （P＜0.05）。结果表明,CPP-Ca络合物的添加能增加酸乳贮藏期内的乳酸菌总数,延缓酸度积累,降低乳清析出率,增加黏度,改善酸乳贮藏期内的产品品质。     

Investigating rennet coagulation properties of recombined highly concentrated micellar casein concentrate and cream for use in cheese making

Highly concentrated micellar casein concentrate (HC-MCC) contains ～18% casein with ～70% of whey proteins removed by microfiltration and diafiltration of skim milk, followed by vacuum evaporation for further concentration. When blended with cream, HC-MCC forms recombined concentrated milk (RCM), which could be used as a starting material in cheese making. Our objective was to investigate the rennet coagulation properties of RCM while varying parameters such as casein level, pH, rennet level, and coagulation temperature. The HC-MCC was mixed with cream using low shear at 50°C for 10 min, followed by cooling to 31, 28, or 25°C and adding rennet, and rheological properties were determined. Rennet coagulation time [RCT, the time at which storage modulus (G′) = loss modulus (G″)] decreased from 8.7 to 7.4 min as casein level increased from 3.2 to 5.7%, without a significant additional difference in RCT at casein levels >5.7%. The initial G″ (G″₀) increased about 10-fold when casein levels were increased from 3.2 to 10.9%, whereas no change in initial G′ (G′₀) was observed. When G′ was measured relative to RCT (i.e., 1, 1.5, or 2 times RCT after RCT was reached, and expressed as G′₁, G′_1.5, and G′₂), log relationship was found between relative G′ and casein level (R² > 0.94). Lowering coagulation temperature from 31 to 25°C increased G″₀ by 6 fold and extended RCT from 7.4 to 9.5 min. After coagulation, relative G′ was initially higher at the lower temperature with G′₁ of 3.6 Pa at 25°C and 2.0 Pa at 31°C, but delayed in further development with G′₂ of 0.8 kPa at 25°C and 1.1 kPa at 31°C. Lowering pH of RCM from 6.6 to 6.2 resulted in reduced RCT from 11.9 to 6.5 min with increased relative G′ after coagulation. When less rennet was used, RCT increased in a linear inverse relationship without changes in relative G′ or G″. The microstructure of RCM coagulum (～11% casein), observed using transmission electron microscopy, confirmed that RCM curd had a rigid protein matrix containing extensively cross-linked protein strands.     

Effect of acidification on the activity of probiotics in yoghurt during cold storage

The viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI^® L10, Bifidobacterium lactis LAFTI^® B94, and L. paracasei LAFTI^® L26 and their proteolytic activities were assessed in yoghurt at different termination pH of 4.45, 4.50, 4.55, and 4.60 in the presence of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Lb1466 and Streptococcus thermophilus St1342 during 28 days of storage at 4 °C. All strains achieved the recommended level of 6.00 log cfu g⁻¹ of the product with L. acidophilus LAFTI^® L10 and L. paracasei LAFTI^® L26 exceeding the number to 8.00 and 7.00 log cfu g⁻¹, respectively. Lactobacilli strains showed a good cellular stability maintaining constant concentration throughout storage period regardless of termination pH. On the other hand, the cell counts of B. lactis LAFTI^® B94 decreased by one log cycle at the end of storage. The presence of probiotic organisms enhanced proteolysis significantly in comparison with the control batch containing L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Lb1466 and S. thermophilus St1342 only. The proteolytic activity varied due to termination pH, but also appeared to be strain related. The increased proteolysis improved survival of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Lb1466 during storage resulting in lowering of pH and production of higher levels of organic acids, which might have caused the low cell counts for B. lactis LAFTI^® B94.     

Effect of natural cheese characteristics on process cheese properties

Natural cheese is the major ingredient utilized to manufacture process cheese. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of natural cheese characteristics on the chemical and functional properties of process cheese. Three replicates of 8 natural (Cheddar) cheeses with 2 levels of calcium and phosphorus, residual lactose, and salt-to-moisture ratio (S/M) were manufactured. After 2 mo of ripening, each of the 8 natural cheeses was converted to 8 process cheese foods that were balanced for their composition, including moisture, fat, salt, and total protein. In addition to the standard compositional analysis (moisture, fat, salt, and total protein), the chemical properties (pH, total Ca, total P, and intact casein) and the functional properties [texture profile analysis (TPA), modified Schreiber melt test, dynamic stress rheometry, and rapid visco analysis] of the process cheese foods were determined. Natural cheese Ca and P, as well as S/M, significantly increased total Ca and P, pH, and intact casein in the process cheese food. Natural cheese Ca and P and S/M also significantly affected the final functional properties of the process cheese food. With the increase in natural cheese Ca and P and S/M, there was a significant increase in the TPA-hardness and the viscous properties of process cheese food, whereas the meltability of the process cheese food significantly decreased. Consequently, natural cheese characteristics such as Ca and P and S/M have a significant influence on the chemical and the final functional properties of process cheese.     

Chemical analysis and sensory evaluation of Cheddar cheese produced with Lactobacillus acidophilus,Lb. casei,Lb. paracasei or Bifidobacterium sp.

The sensory properties of probiotic Cheddar cheeses made using Lactobacillus acidophilus 4962, Lb. casei 279, Bifidobacterium longum 1941, Lb. acidophilus LAFTI^® L10, Lb. paracasei LAFTI^® L26 or B. lactis LAFTI^® B94 were assessed after ripening for 9 months at 4 °C. Probiotic cheeses except those with Lb. acidophilus 4962 were significantly different (P<0.05) from the control without any probiotic organism. Acceptability of probiotic cheese with Lb. casei 279 was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the control cheese with bitterness and sour-acid taste as the major defects. Concentration of acetic acid in probiotic cheeses was higher (P<0.05) than the control cheese. Vinegary scores did not influence the acceptability of the cheeses (P>0.05). Increased proteolysis in probiotic cheeses did not influence the Cheddary attribute scores (P>0.05). There were positive correlations (P<0.05) between the scores of bitterness and the level of water-soluble nitrogen.     

Textural properties of alginate–pectin beads and survivability of entrapped Lb. casei in simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in yoghurt

Lactobacillus casei was entrapped in beads made with sodium alginate (A), amidated low-methoxyl pectin (P), and blends of A–P (1:2, 1:4, 1:6 ratios) by the extrusion technique. Diameter, sphericity and textural properties of the beads and the survivability of entrapped Lb. casei in yoghurt and in simulated gastrointestinal conditions were determined. Entrapment efficiency of Lb. casei and diameter increased as the proportion of P and the total biopolymers concentration increased. Principal Component Analysis showed that the survivability of Lb. casei in yoghurt, and in simulated gastric juice, was positively correlated with the diameter and all the textural properties of the beads, while survivability after exposure to simulated gastric juice and bile salts was positively correlated with the sphericity of the beads. The beads made with A–P blends in 1:4 and 1:6 ratios provided a significant better protection to the entrapped Lb. casei under all conditions studied.     

Encapsulation increases the in vitro bioaccessibility of probiotics in yoghurt

This study examined the encapsulation efficacy of probiotics in yoghurts, product physicochemical properties, the best timing to add encapsulated probiotics during yoghurt manufacturing (before or after fermentation) and their in vitro bioaccessibility. Three different yoghurt types were produced including plain and with encapsulated probiotics added before and after fermentation. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in total probiotic count was observed in yoghurts containing encapsulated probiotics after 21 days of refrigerated storage. However, the total probiotic count increased during the in vitro colonic fermentation when yoghurts containing encapsulated probiotics were used, indicating increased bioaccessibility of probiotics in the colon.     

牛乳低聚肽在益生菌酸奶中的应用

研究了牛乳低聚肽在益生菌酸奶中的应用。以益生菌酸乳发酵剂与传统酸乳发酵剂作为共同发酵荆．在鲜牛奶或还原奶中添：加益生菌生长促进因子一牛乳低聚肽，进行益生菌酸奶的研制。通过实验确定了最佳配方及生产工艺。