装夹力导致的加工误差仿真

研究了一种装夹力作用下工件加工误差的仿真算法：首先采用有限元方法计算工件装夹变形，然后通过基于网格的映射方法计算装夹力释放后工件加工面的回弹变形，最后应用误差分析技术得到加工误差。典型工件的试验验证表明，算法是有效可行的。     

机床夹具夹紧误差的分析和计算(上)

在机床夹具设计时,对与夹具有关的误差因素中,往往只着重分析和计算定位误差,而对于夹紧误差有时不够重视。在一定条件下,如夹紧力是常数,工件在夹紧力作用下所产生的接触变形垂直于工件加工尺寸方向时,夹紧误差是可以不计的(因在此种情况下夹紧误差不影响加工尺寸精度)。又如提高工件基准面和夹具定位支承面间的刚性以及提高接触面的表面光洁度,也能减少夹具夹紧误差至最小值,因此也可     

机床夹具夹紧误差的分析和计算(上)

在机床夹具设计时,对与夹具有关的误差因素中,往往只着重分析和计算定位误差,而对于夹紧误差有时不够重视。在一定条件下,如夹紧力是常数,工件在夹紧力作用下所产生的接触变形垂直于工件加工尺寸方向时,夹紧误差是可以不计的(因在此种情况下夹紧误差不影响加工尺寸精度)。又如提高工件基准面和夹具定位支承面间的刚性以及提高接触面的表面光洁度,也能减少夹具夹紧误差至最小值,因此也可     

平面磨削时工件热变形误差分析及其补偿

一、前言在平面磨削时,影响工件加工精度的因素除了磨床本身的运动误差以外,另一个重要因素就是在磨削过程中工件的热变形造成的加工误差。通常,当磨削热输入后,工件(特别是较长的工件),由于上下层的温差,工件热变形呈中凸形,在热态下磨平的工件待冷却后就呈凹形。在精密磨削加工时,有时工件热变形造成的误差往往大于机床运动误差所造成的加工误     

工件装夹方式与工艺参数选择

通过对小轴车削加工多种装夹方式的比较，选择采用三爪卡盘夹一端的方式装夹。为了计算阶梯轴零件的切削变形，推导出变截面悬臂梁的弯曲变形通用表达式，应用C语言编程计算出控制切削变形误差的工件直径与长度的关系。并用工艺参数控制法减少切削变形误差，从而保证加工精度。     

基于铣削力精确建模的工件表面让刀误差预测分析

航空航天制造业结构件的高速铣削加工中,在切削力作用下由整体铣削刀具挠度变形所引起的工件表面让刀误差,严重制约零件的加工精度和效率。针对这一问题,通过建立铣削力精确预测模型,结合刀具刚度特点,对工件让刀误差进行预测分析。将切削速度和刀具前角对切削力的影响规律引入二维直角单位切削力预测模型,并通过试验进行相关系数标定。借助等效前角将直角切削力预测系数应用到斜角切削力的预测,通过矢量叠加构建整体刀具三维切削力模型。分析刀具挠度变形对铣削层厚度及铣削接触中心角范围影响规律。基于离散化的刀具模型和切削力模型,建立铣削载荷条件下刀具等效直径悬臂梁模型弯曲变形计算方法。构建以刀具变形对铣削过程影响作用规律为反馈的刚性工件表面让刀误差及切削力柔性预测模型,通过整体铣刀铣削试验验证所建立理论模型的预测精度。     

基于有限元仿真的细长导轨加工变形与误差补偿技术

细长导轨是一种典型的航空薄壁件,为解决局部刚度弱而产生的加工变形,提出了以铣削力的施加代替铣削过程模拟的误差补偿技术新方法,可以有效克服对大型工件进行铣削过程模拟的计算量大、求解时间长的问题。首先通过对刀具铣削样件进行Abaqus有限元仿真,获取三坐标方向铣削力并与经验公式对比验证,然后通过Abaqus脚本程序对采样点依次施加铣削力求取加工变形量,通过镜像误差补偿理论获取刀具补偿轨迹。试验表明,仿真计算获得的加工变形曲线与测量获得的加工变形曲线拟合的很好,采用刀具补偿轨迹加工后,工件的加工精度显著提高,变形量减少60%以上。     

超薄壁零件切削加工的探索

薄壁零件的加工,由于其刚性不足,在机械加工中容易产生变形,引起零件加工后形状误差超差而报废。形状误差产生的原因一是由于工件在装夹过程中夹紧力引起的工件变形;二是由于切削力使工件产生变形,这两种变形都是由于工件弹性变形引起的。当外力作用时,工件产生弹性变形,此时加工得到的正确形状会因为外力的取消、弹性变形的恢复而被破坏,于是就产生了零件加工后的形位误差。为了避免这种误差的产生,人们在工装设计、夹紧力大小及作用点、刀具的几何角度等方面进行了大量的试验与研究,     

薄壁深腔零件铣削加工误差仿真分析

为避免薄壁深腔零件侧壁加工过程中因铣削力引起的让刀变形而导致加工精度较低的问题,提出一种基于有限元的铣削加工误差仿真算法。考虑工件/刀具系统的让刀变形及工件的回弹变形,计算生成刀齿微元的连续运动轨迹,并基于点的六面体映射算法对材料进行去除,从而得到连续加工过程和加工面上任意点的加工误差及加工面形貌。以某典型薄壁深腔开口框体结构为加工对象进行了仿真分析,通过实验验证了所提仿真方法的准确性。     

自由曲面铣削误差预测

在航空航天工业等行业中,对于复杂薄壁曲面零件,极易产生由工件变形引起的加工误差,这直接影响了零件的加工精度及表面质量。本文研究了薄壁叶片型面精加工切削过程中工件变形对加工精度的影响:首先利用正交试验求出球头铣刀的铣削力公式,进而结合有限元方法,编写柔性切削变形迭代算法,计算出薄壁叶片的最终变形量,并分析了叶片的变形规律,这对提高叶片加工精度具有重要的实际应用价值。     

Machining fixture layout design using ant colony algorithm based continuous optimization method

In any machining fixture, the workpiece elastic deformation caused during machining influences the dimensional and form errors of the workpiece. Placing each locator and clamp in an optimal place can minimize the elastic deformation of the workpiece, which in turn minimizes the dimensional and form errors of the workpiece. Design of fixture configuration (layout) is a procedure to establish the workpiece–fixture contact through optimal positioning of clamping and locating elements. In this paper, an ant colony algorithm (ACA) based discrete and continuous optimization methods are applied for optimizing the machining fixture layout so that the workpiece elastic deformation is minimized. The finite element method (FEM) is used for determining the dynamic response of the workpiece caused due to machining and clamping forces. The dynamic response of the workpiece is simulated for all ACA runs. This paper proves that the ACA-based continuous fixture layout optimization method exhibits the better results than that of ACA-based discrete fixture layout optimization method.     

虚拟加工物理仿真中的误差分析研究

基于虚拟制造的理论与方法,模拟真实加工条件,建立了面向虚拟数控车削加工环境的加工精度分析系统。该系统基于有限元方法,用有限元法计算刀具-工件在切削要素（切削力、夹紧力、切削温度等）作用下的变形,通过求工件-刀具的布尔差集获取切削后的工件轮廓;利用MATLAB优化工具箱,分析工件轮廓,预测零件加工误差。     

薄壁件铣削过程仿真与分析

针对薄壁件加工过程中易产生变形等问题，提出了利用有限元法对铣削过程进行三维仿真的方法，重点研究了LS-DYNA的动态接触算法，建立了薄壁件铣削加工的有限元模型，对工件变形及切削力的变化规律进行了分析。最后，利用分析结果对铣削参数进行调整与优化，可以减小工件变形，保证加工精度。     

A combined contact elasticity and finite element-based model for contact load and pressure distribution calculation in a frictional workpiece-fixture system

Contact forces between workpiece and fixture define fixture stability during clamping and influence workpiece accuracy during machining. In particular, forces acting in the contact region are important for understanding deformation of the workpiece at the contact region. This paper presents a model that combines contact elasticity with finite element methods to predict the contact load and pressure distribution at the contact region in a workpiece-fixture system. The objective is to determine how much clamp forces can be applied to generate adequate contact forces to keep the workpiece in position during machining. The model is able to predict the normal and tangential contact forces as well as the pressure distribution at each workpiece-fixture contact in the fixturing system. Model prediction is shown to be in good agreement with known industry practice on clamp force determination. The presented method has no limits on the types of materials that can be analyzed.     

Analysis of Reactions and Minimum Clamping Force for Machining Fixtures with Large Contact Areas

This paper presents a model for analysing the reaction forces and moments for machining fixtures with large contact areas, e.g. a mechanical vice. Such fixtures transmit torsional loads in addition to normal and tangential loads and thus differ from fixtures using point or line contacts. The model is developed using a contact mechanics approach where the workpiece is assumed to be elastic in the contact region and the fixture element is treated as rigid. Closed-form contact compliance solutions for normal, tangential, and torsional loads are used to derive the elastic deformation model for each contact. A minimum energy principle is used to solve the multiple contact problem yielding unique predictions of the fixture–workpiece contact forces and moments due to clamping and machining forces. This model is then used to determine the minimum clamping force necessary to keep the workpiece in static equilibrium during machining. An example is given to demonstrate its effectiveness in analysing the clamping performance of a mechanical vice during machining.     

用于加工中心的在线工件自动测量系统

介绍一种可用于加工中心的在线工件自动测量系统的构成及功能。该系统采用新型触发式传感器 ,可使刀具刀尖自身作为测头测试工件加工尺寸。该系统可用于工件的装夹找正 ,也可对工件进行自动在线测量 ,并能根据测量结果对加工误差进行补偿以提高加工精度     

Development of a finite element analysis tool for fixture design integrity verification and optimisation

Machining fixtures are used to locate and constrain a workpiece during a machining operation. To ensure that the workpiece is manufactured according to specified dimensions and tolerances, it must be appropriately located and clamped. Minimising workpiece and fixture tooling deflections due to clamping and cutting forces in machining is critical to machining accuracy. An ideal fixture design maximises locating accuracy and workpiece stability, while minimising displacements.The purpose of this research is to develop a method for modelling workpiece boundary conditions and applied loads during a machining process, analyse modular fixture tool contact area deformation and optimise support locations, using finite element analysis (FEA). The workpiece boundary conditions are defined by locators and clamps. The locators are placed in a 3-2-1 fixture configuration, constraining all degrees of freedom of the workpiece and are modelled using linear spring-gap elements. The clamps are modelled as point loads. The workpiece is loaded to model cutting forces during drilling and milling machining operations. Fixture design integrity is verified. ANSYS parametric design language code is used to develop an algorithm to automatically optimise fixture support and clamp locations, and clamping forces, to minimise workpiece deformation, subsequently increasing machining accuracy. By implementing FEA in a computer-aided-fixture-design environment, unnecessary and uneconomical “trial and error” experimentation on the shop floor is eliminated.     

Application of a relocation technique to the study of surface production in electrochemical machining and electrodischarge machining

In conventional machining where a defined tool contacts the workpiece, surface generation is influenced mainly by mechanical factors such as friction, lubrication, contact deformation, temperature, tool geometry, cutting conditions and vibrations. Studies of the mechanism of surface generation are based on the measurement and analysis of such factors. In electrochemical and electrodischarge machining a small gap exists between the tool and the workpiece and the factors which affect these processes are not purely mechanical. To aid the understanding of surface generation in these processes, relocation machining with measuring fixtures was used. Results obtained from a limited number of tests are presented.     

虚拟加工中的加工误差分析与预测

分析了影响虚拟环境下复杂曲面产品数字化端铣加工误差产生的主要因素,综合考虑刀具和工件的柔度,同时考虑加工表面的变形敏感度,讨论面向虚拟制造的加工尺寸误差预测模型总体框架,提出了一个端铣加工过程表面加工尺寸误差预测模型。所给出的表面误差预测模型较全面地考虑了端铣加工过程,适于多种加工条件,能够反映端铣加工过程由切削力导致的系统变形对加工误差所造成的影响。最后给出了一个仿真实例。     

Fixture Clamping Force Optimisation and its Impact on Workpiece Location Accuracy

Workpiece motion arising from localised elastic deformation at fixture-workpiece contacts owing to clamping and machining forces is known to affect significantly the workpiece location accuracy and, hence, the final part quality. This effect can be minimised through fixture design optimisation. The clamping force is a critical design variable that can be optimised to reduce the workpiece motion. This paper presents a new method for determining the optimun clamping forces for a multiple clamp fixture subjected to quasu-static machining forces. The method uses elastic contact mechanics models to represent the fixture-workpiece contact and involves the formulation and solution of a multi-objective constrained oprimisation model. The impact of clamping force optimisation on workpiece location accuracy is analysed through examples involving a 3-2-1 type milling fixture.