Corrosion behavior of NiCrBSi coatings deposited by HVOF spraying

The corrosion resistance of NiCrBSi coating deposited on steel substrate by HVOF was examined using electrochemical tests and immersion tests so as to offer an experimental basis to expand a promising applied field of HVOF in aqueous medium, comparing with those of coatings deposited by oxyacetylene flame spraying and flame cladding. The results show that the general corrosion rate of HVOF sprayed coatings is quite bigger than that of clad coatings, bat it is less sensitive to local corrosion. There is less and smaller porosity in the coatings deposited by HVOF than that in flame sprayed coatinlgs. The effects of porosity on the corrosion current density was indistinctive, bat the existence of large amount of defects in the coatings damaged the cohesion of the coatings, causing the metallic particles drop off from the coatings under the influence of corrosive medium. Improving the quality and reducing the porosity of coatings is the key to get the coatings with high corrosion resistance.     

Lifetime prediction and failure analysis of organic coatings by EIS

Organic coatings are widely used to control the corrosion of steel structure. The anticorrosive property of these coatings depends on their barrier properties, making a separation between the corrosive medium and the substrate. But unavoidable completely small pores, cracks and other defects in organic coatings may cause ions, water, gases, and other corrosive species penetrate and distribute in the coatings, causing accumulation and swelling of coatings, so leading to the degradation of coatings. In addition, water affects the permeation of oxygen and other corrosive medium, consequently the presence of such substances at coating-metal interface promotes corrosion of metal substrate. So the absorbability of the coatings to water may be one of the most important factors in undercoating corrosion. In recent years, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been established and frequently used as a non-destructive testing method for assessing the performance of organic coatings, especially for the determination of the water content in organic coatings, since the capacitance of the coatings is sensitive to the penetration of water. So from EIS it can extract a wealth of information on the electrochemical corrosion of coated steels, especially, it can be utilized to assess organic coatings used under particular surroundings. The principle, methods and application of EIS on evaluating life-span and analyzing failure mechanism of organic coatings are also introduced briefly. Combining other analysis techniques such as XRD, SEM and FTIR with electrochemical technique, it will blaze a way in studying degradation mechanism of organic coatings and estimating their lifetime.     

垃圾焚烧电厂过热器腐蚀影响因素及防护涂层研究进展

垃圾焚烧电厂过热器管道的高温腐蚀一直是制约电厂焚烧温度的关键问题,因此研究开发耐高温、耐腐蚀、长寿命的关键服役材料是保证垃圾焚烧炉正常有序运转及安全生产的关键。对近年来垃圾焚烧电厂腐蚀问题的研究现状进行了梳理,对近期垃圾焚烧电厂过热器腐蚀与防护的研究成果进行了综述。首先,从过热器腐蚀影响因素的角度,归纳了焚烧环境中存在氯、硫、温度、水蒸气等诸多因素影响下的腐蚀特点,对各个影响因素下的腐蚀机理进行了概述,氯作为影响腐蚀的关键因素,重点对氯导致腐蚀的活性氧化机理和电化学机理进行了阐述。其次,讨论了应用在过热器表面的涂层制备技术的发展,包括热喷涂、热扩散、堆焊、激光熔覆等,探讨了制备方法,以及应用技术的优缺点。分析了材料成分(Ni、Mo、Cr、Al、Si、Pt等元素)的添加与涂层耐腐蚀性能之间的关系。再次,从焚烧垃圾预处理的角度,进一步讨论前期可通过对垃圾脱水、添加共燃剂等方法,达到脱硫、脱氯的目的,以此降低烟气中硫、氯的含量,减小其对腐蚀的影响。最后,对垃圾焚烧电厂过热器管道材料和涂层的选择进行了总结和展望。     

Formation of Si diffusion layer on stainless steels and their high temperature corrosion resistance in molten salt

The surface alloying of Si into SUS430 and SUS304 stainless steels was achieved by a pack-cementation method. A high-temperature corrosion test was undertaken under a corrosive ash in a high-temperature gas, which simulated the environment of a waste incinerator. The effect of the surface alloying of Si on the high temperature corrosion resistance of these stainless steels was examined. The result of the corrosion test showed that the corrosion mass loss of the siliconized stainless steel was lower than that of non-treated stainless steel. It was thought that the high temperature corrosion resistance in the corrosive ash containing large amounts of molten salt was improved by the surface alloying of Si. The change in corrosion loss with test time in the corrosive ash was also examined. The corrosion loss of the non-treated stainless steels rapidly increased. On the other hand, the corrosion rate of the siliconized stainless steels was small.It was found from the observation and EPMA analysis of a cross-section of the specimen after the corrosion test that, for the non-treated stainless steels, the metallic elements were dissolved into the molten salt. On the other hand, for the siliconized stainless steels, a scale consisting of silicon oxide was formed on the steels. As a result, the dissolved metallic elements were small.The electrochemical studies indicated that there was an effect of the surface alloying of Si on the hot corrosion resistance of the stainless steels. Hence, the corrosion potentials of the siliconized steels were higher than those of the non-treated steels. The increase in the anodic current densities for the siliconized steels was smaller than that for the non-treated steels. It was thought that the electrochemical corrosion reaction was difficult to occur due to the surface alloying of Si into the stainless steels.     

碳钢在煤水两相介质中的腐蚀行为

采用失重及电化学方法研究了碳钢在煤水两相介质中 的腐蚀行为.结果表明,在煤水两相介质中,钢的腐蚀既不同于钢在均相水中的腐蚀,也不 同于与煤整体接触形成的腐蚀,腐蚀的初始形态为坑状,表象为均匀腐蚀.具有一定腐蚀性 的固相(高煤化度的煤)明显加速钢的腐蚀.     

高温海洋环境下过渡金属基合金的腐蚀与防护研究进展

综述了高温海洋腐蚀环境的类型,以及各类合金在不同环境下的腐蚀失效机理。重点考察了Fe、Ti、Ni基合金内部的主要元素在高温下的扩散行为,及其与侵蚀性离子之间的交互作用。从盐雾腐蚀以及熔融热腐蚀2个角度,讨论了化学/电化学反应发生的可能性。基于氧化腐蚀过程中复合氧化膜的形成过程,总结了氧化膜与侵蚀性离子以及杂质气体的再作用机理,明确了保护性氧化膜和非保护性氧化膜的类型。从合金化的角度,揭示了Cr、Al等元素对防腐性能提升的关键作用,指出了材料计算在高温海洋环境的潜在应用价值。最后归纳了高温海洋环境下的涂层防护手段和材料体系,其中结构稳定性和界面反应问题是涂层材料研究的重点。在未来研究方向上,指出应该重点关注腐蚀过程中活性元素的交互作用以及钝化膜的形成机理,筛选有效防护元素。利用氧化、盐雾等多种腐蚀条件,依托构效关系进行涂层优化,形成系统的海洋高温涂层防护方案。高熵合金涂层作为新兴体系在高温防护上的应用具有研究价值。     

Corrosion behaviour of magnesium in ethylene glycol

Corrosion of magnesium engine components by coolant is an important issue in the automotive industry where magnesium alloys may be used. It is of significance to understand the corrosion behaviour of pure magnesium in ethylene glycol solutions, as this can provide a basis for developing new coolants for magnesium alloy engine blocks. In this paper, through corrosion and electrochemical tests, it was found that the corrosion rate of magnesium decreased with increasing concentration of ethylene glycol. Individual contaminants, such as NaCl, NaHCO₃, Na₂SO₄ and NaCl can make aqueous ethylene glycol solution more corrosive to magnesium. However, in NaCl contaminated ethylene glycol, NaHCO₃ and Na₂SO₄ showed some inhibition effect. The solution resistivity played an important role in the corrosion of magnesium in ethylene glycol solutions, and the competitive adsorption of ethylene glycol and the contaminants on the magnesium surface was also responsible for the observed corrosion behaviours. The corrosion of magnesium in ethylene glycol can be effectively inhibited by addition of fluorides that react with magnesium and form a protective film on the surface.     

Corrosion mechanisms in the wood industry,especially caused by tannins

In order to improve the lifetime of cutting knives in the wood processing industry, a study has been undertaken to find out which wear process is primarily responsible for the reduction of the lifetime of steel blades. The examination of damaged surfaces of the cutting tools reveals mechanical damage at the cutting edges on one hand, but on the other hand pitting corrosion can be detected. It turned out that the corrosion impact reduces the lifetime of the cutting tools more than the mechanical loading, because a mechanically damaged steel blade can easily be repaired through grinding. But once the blade is subjected to pitting corrosion, it becomes useless because whenever the blade is reground, new holes due to pitting corrosion come to the surface again. Further investigations showed that the corrosiveness of different wood types is responsible for a major part of the damage, and that different woods have a different corrosive impact. One important goal of the present investigation is to learn more about the corrosive agents of different woods. It is revealed that tannin, a water‐soluble acid, which can be found in all woods in different concentrations, is responsible for the main part of the corrosive attack. In view of the above, the corrosion mechanism of steel blades caused by tannin is analyzed. During the cutting processes in the industry the blade temperature is increased. Thus, it is aimed to evaluate the influence of higher temperatures on tannin and the pH value of the acid. It is also revealed that the additional mechanical stress has an important influence on the corrosion process. The investigation could satisfactorily show the lowering of the pH value of tannin acid at higher temperature, which leads to increased corrosion. It is also revealed that the additional mechanical stress causes off stripping of tannin–Fe complexes from the steel surface, there the steel was not able to build a protective layer yet. That also leads to a further increase in corrosion.     

Effect of tungsten on the corrosion behavior of sulfuric acid-resistant steels for flue gas desulfurization system

Flue gas desulfurization systems (FGDs) are operated in severely corrosive environments that cause sulfuric acid dew-point corrosion. The corrosion behavior of low-alloy steels was tested using electrochemical techniques (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic tests, potentiostatic tests), and the corrosion products were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical results showed that alloying W with small amounts of Sb, Cu, and Co improves the corrosion resistance of steels. The results of surface analyses showed that the surface of the steels alloyed with W consisted of W oxides and higher amounts of Sb and Cu oxides. This suggests that the addition of W promotes the formation of a protective WO₃ film, in addition to Sb₂O₅ and CuO films on the surface.     

NiCrBSi超音速火焰喷涂层在水溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用高速氧燃料火焰喷涂(HVOF)方法在普通碳钢表面制备了镍基合金涂层，对其组织结构进行了观察，并利用电化学方法对其在水溶液中的腐蚀行为进行研究，探讨HVOF涂层应用于水介质环境中的可能性．试验结果表明：NiCrBSi喷涂层在1mol／L NaOH溶液中表面能够形成致密钝化膜，耐碱腐蚀的性能最好．涂层在酸性溶液中的腐蚀速度大于在中性3．5％NaCl溶液中的腐蚀速度。利用冰醋酸将3．5％NaCl溶液的pH值调整到3，可以提高实验结果的重现性。酸性溶液中，只要被测试表面处于活性溶解状态，腐蚀试验重现性都能满足要求。另外，缺陷越少涂层的耐蚀性越好，减少涂层中的孔隙等缺陷是提高涂层耐蚀性的关键。     

Residual stress,surface defects and corrosion resistance of CrN hard coatings

Metallic components like moulds, dies and machinery are subjected to degradation during plastic transformation processes, namely when working with abrasive fillers and corrosive components combined with relatively high processing temperatures. This degradation reduces the lifetime of the components considerably and has a direct impact on process productivity and surface finish of the final products. Nitride based hard coatings have proven their capability in increasing tool lifetime when being exposed to abrasive and corrosive environments. Within the aim of this article CrN hard coatings were deposited on steel substrates by magnetron sputtering. The growth process of the coatings generated compressive internal stresses of the order of −10 GPa. The mechanical and corrosion behaviour of the coated samples are influenced, among other factors, by these stresses and by the defects of the coatings.     

Corrosion properties of inconel 617 alloy after heat treatment at elevated temperature

Inconel alloys find wide application in industry as high-temperature resistance materials. In the present study, refurbishment of the Inconel 617 alloy after 37,000 h of operation in the field is carried out through the heat-treatment process. The electrochemical response of the heat-treated alloy is determined through potentiodynamic testing of the surfaces. The heat-treatment process is carried out at 1175 °C for 1 and 2 h in an air free furnace. The corrosion rate is estimated from TAFEL and polarization measurements. The surface morphology after the electrochemical tests is studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the material characterization at the surface is carried out using energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). It is found that the corrosion resistance improves considerably for the workpieces subjected to 1 h heat treatment. The depletion of Cr and Mo at grain boundaries results in excessive pitting in this region. Moreover, enrichment of Cr at the surface after 1 h heat treatment reduces the corrosion current.     

Contradictory effect of chromate inhibitor on corrosive wear of aluminium alloy

The corrosive wear of D16T aluminium alloy in artificial acid rain was studied. A special tribometer with the linear reciprocating ball-on-flat geometry was used. The setup allows to measure simultaneously an open circuit potential, to carry out potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization studies of the alloy corrosion and to record the friction coefficient. It was established that the addition of strontium chromate inhibitor to the working environment decreases an electrochemical corrosion of the aluminium alloy under wear conditions, but in general accelerates its destruction due to insufficient wear resistance of a formed surface film.     

Effect of pitting corrosion on fatigue performance of shot-peened aluminium alloy 7075-T651

Pitting corrosion has a major influence on aging of structural elements made of high-strength aluminium alloys as corrosion pits lead to earlier fatigue crack initiation under tensile dynamic loading. A cause of fatigue crack initiation in a corrosive medium is a stress concentration at a corroded area. In order to improve material resistance to corrosion fatigue it is necessary to reduce pit-tip stresses. To eliminate or reduce pit stresses, cold surface hardening by shot peening was proposed. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of surface hardening by shot peening on electrochemical stability and corrosion fatigue properties of high-strength aluminium alloy 7075-T651 in the corrosive environment of a chloride solution. The results obtained show a favourable influence of shot-peening treatment on corrosion fatigue properties. Induced compressive residual stresses in the surface layer retard the initiation of fatigue cracks, and so the fatigue life improvement of structural elements made of high-strength aluminium alloys was observed.     

Corrosion electrochemical behaviors of silane coating coated magnesium alloy in NaCl solution containing cerium nitrate

Sol–gel coatings cannot provide adequate corrosion protection for metal/alloys in the corrosive environments due to their high crack‐forming potential. This paper demonstrates the possibility to employ cerium nitrate as inhibitor to decrease the corrosion development of sol–gel‐based silane coating on the magnesium alloy in NaCl solution. Cerium nitrate was added into the NaCl solution where the silane coating coated magnesium alloy was immersed. Scanning electron microcopy (SEM) was used to examine surface morphology of the silane coating coated magnesium alloy immersed in NaCl solutions doped and undoped with cerium nitrate. The corrosion electrochemical behaviors were investigated using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests. The results showed that the introduction of cerium nitrate into NaCl solution could effectively inhibit the corrosion of the silane coating coated magnesium alloy. Moreover, the influence of concentration of cerium nitrate on the corrosion inhibition and the possible inhibiting mechanism were also discussed in detail.     

分散方式对有机硅/Al粉涂层防护性能的影响

通过加热失重实验和电化学交流阻抗技术研究了Al粉分散方式对有机硅/Al粉涂层防护性能的影响.结果表明，经过机器分散的有机硅/Al粉涂层的失重率高于手工分散的涂层的失重率.手工分散的涂层的防护性能和抗渗透性明显优于机器分散的有机硅涂层.      

Special aspects of localized High-temperature corrosion

As in aqueous corrosion a localized corrosive attack can be important in high-temperature corrosion of metallic materials and become, unvoluntarily, a lifetime determining factor for combustion systems. Deposit-induced corrosion is the most important form of localized corrosion on alloy 800 and other materials in advanced coal combustion systems. Coal-ash deposits may cause a sulfidation/oxidation reaction which propagates preferentially along grain boundaries into the underlying metallic material. Preferred grain boundary corrosion may also occur in the walls of the fuel nozzle tubes of gas combustion systems. In this case, an oxidation reaction takes place. The lifetime of the tubes can be increased by use of a special alloy 601 H grade. Pitting may be observed in coal combustion systems. It has also been observed on alloy 601 after service in ceramic firing kilns where it is promoted by the presence of chlorine. Additionally, pitting occurs under carburizing conditions (metal dusting) as does cracking being similar in appearance to stress corrosion cracking in aqueous corrosion. Compared to deposit-induced and grain boundary corrosion, crevice corrosion is of minor importance in high-temperature corrosion. Only one example has been identified so far on alloy 600 but which may also be interpreted as a kind of deposit-induced corrosion.     

中性介质中Q420qD高强桥梁钢的腐蚀行为

通过中性盐雾腐蚀试验、电化学测试等手段研究了Q420qD超低碳贝氏体高强桥梁钢和其对比材料F500L-Z普钢在中性介质中的腐蚀行为.结果表明:Q420qD超低碳贝氏体高强桥梁钢的耐腐蚀性优于F500L-Z普钢;其电化学阻抗值随金属材料浸泡时间的延长而增大,说明随着浸泡时间的延长,金属材料表面锈层不断加厚,逐渐增加了阻挡电解液对金属材料的侵蚀及金属材料表面金属原子失去电子向溶液中迁移的过程.     

Corrosion of Al 7075 alloy during the production of aeronautic components: Influence of process parameters at the deburring stage

Aluminum alloys of the 7XXX series are widely used in aircraft applications. During the manufacturing of aeronautic components, the parts pass through four production phases (milling/drilling, deburring/adjustment, non‐destructive testing, and surface treatment) and come into contact with several kinds of fluids such as degreasing and cleaning solutions, which can lead to the occurence of surface defects due to localized corrosion, then requiring reworking or scrapping. The present study aimed at studying the influence of process parameters in the deburring/adjustment stage on the development of surface defects in 7075 alloy parts. The methodology consisted of design of experiments, immersion and drying tests, and surface analysis for quantification of corrosion damage. The results showed that the degreasing bath concentration and temperature, the immersion time of the aluminum parts in the degreasing solution, and the use of solvent pre‐cleaning had no significant influence on the quantity of surface defects. Therefore, these factors do not need to be rigorously controlled in the process. Clean washing water must be preferred and the parts must be dried in the stove at 110 °C in order to ensure a surface free of defects. The immersion and electrochemical tests showed that the occurrence of surface defects is lower in aged degreasing solution than in recently prepared solution.     

H2S/CO2共存环境中施加应力与介质流动对碳钢腐蚀行为的影响

采用带有磁力驱动轴的高温高压腐蚀测试釜,通过失重法研究了施加应力与介质流动对20#钢和L245NS钢在H2S/CO2共存环境中腐蚀行为的影响.采用SEM和XRD表征手段分析了浸泡腐蚀后四点弯曲试样表面的微观形貌及腐蚀产物的组成.结果 表明:在H2S/CO2共存环境中的各实验条件下,20#钢的平均腐蚀速率均高于L245N...