共查询到17条相似文献,搜索用时 9 毫秒
1.
《Science & Technology of Welding & Joining》2013,18(4):312-317
AbstractGrey relational analysis is carried out to develop a new approach for optimization of Nd:YAG laser and gas metal arc hybrid welding parameters. The qualities of a welded material depend on various welding parameters. The parameters chosen for the current study include wire type, shielding gas, laser power, laser focus, travelling speed and wire feedrate. The welding experiments are performed on 6K21-T4 Al alloy sheet which are mostly used in automotive industries. The ultimate tensile stress, the bead width, and the penetration are chosen as the criterion for optimising the welding parameters. The method based on an orthogonal array following Taguchi's recommendation is adopted in the present study. Based on the results of grey relational analysis, a set of optimal welding parameters are obtained. The results show that the optimal welding parameters determined by the grey relational analysis are much improved compared to those from the preliminary set of experimental parameters. 相似文献
2.
《Science & Technology of Welding & Joining》2013,18(2):224-231
AbstractThis study was performed to obtain fundamental knowledge concerning the development of laser pressure welding technology for the joining of dissimilar metals. Laser pressure welding of Al alloy A6061 and low C steel SPCC sheets was carried out to investigate the effects of the roller pressure, laser beam scanning speed and irradiation position on the tensile shear and peel strength of welded joints. The interfaces of the joints were observed and analysed by SEM and EDX, and the formation phases on the peeled surfaces were identified with XRD. It was revealed that prevention and suppression of oxidation during welding was extremely important to the production of a sound joint with good mechanical properties. The highest tensile strength and the highest peel strength of joints were obtained at a laser power of 1·8 kW, laser scanning speed of 30 Hz, laser irradiation position at the centreline, roller pressure of more than 245 MPa and welding speed of 0·5 m min?1 in an Ar atmosphere. The fracture occurred not in the welded zone but in the A6061 base alloy specimen. 相似文献
3.
《Science & Technology of Welding & Joining》2013,18(1):53-58
AbstractLaser welding with filler wire additions could be used in restoration of components that are of high cost or sometimes difficult to procure, such as steam turbine blades in fossil fuel power plants. In the present work, machined V groove specimens were employed to simulate laser repair of Carpenter 636 stainless steel (SS), which has a similar composition to a blade material, type 422 SS. Before repair welding, a heat treatment procedure including solution and temper treatments of the specimens was carried out according to the mechanical and microstructural analyses of a used blade after 20 years service at about 540° C. Tensile, impact, and fatigue crack growth tests of weld repairs using 410 SS filler wire were conducted. The weld repairs exhibited an impact toughness similar to that of the base metal and a lower fatigue crack growth rate than the base metal. However, the lower hardness associated with 410 SS filler metal led to tensile fracture in the weld metal of repaired specimens. Accordingly, the use of 410 SS filler metal for repair welding type 422 SS components should be limited to regions under low stress. 相似文献
4.
《Science & Technology of Welding & Joining》2013,18(4):503-510
AbstractThis work evaluates multiple quality optimisation of Nd:YAG laser welding onto magnesium alloy via grey relational analysis. The effectiveness of the grey relational grade lies in quantifying and judging the performance obtained using various combinations of laser welding parameters. The parameters are shielding gas, laser energy, travelling speed of workpiece, point at which the laser is focused, pulse frequency, and pulse shape in this work. Moreover, 18 combinations of these six essential welding parameters were set following Taguchi's method to evaluate the integrated performance. The welding parameters that govern the laser beam in thin plate butt welding were evaluated by measuring the ultimate tension stress, and both the depth and the width along the welding path. This integrated performance was then quantified and judged via grey relational analysis to obtain an optimised set-up for laser welding. The verifying test was proved to optimise the ultimate tension stress, depth and width along the welding path from 67·0 MPa, 0·50 mm and 0·77 mm to 142·3 MPa, 0·79 mm and 0·79 mm, respectively. 相似文献
5.
《Science & Technology of Welding & Joining》2013,18(2):211-218
AbstractLaser welding studies on 12 mm thick Nb microalloyed steels were done using a 25 kW CO2 laser at welding speeds of up to 3 m min?1 with the aim of identifying the influences of Nb and carbon on laser weldability and weld properties. Welds were examined for solidification flaws, penetration characteristics, microstructure and mechanical properties. Solidification cracking did not appear to be influenced by carbon or Nb in the ranges studied when welding at power levels between 22 and 25 kW. The area fraction of martensite was shown to increase with decreasing energy input and increasing carbon content. Weld metal toughness was improved by reducing carbon content in the range 0·08–0·05%C but was little influenced by Nb. Weld metal and heat affected zone hardness levels were reduced, as expected, by reducing carbon content. The results show that increasing Nb content leads to higher strength material without significant loss of toughness, while lowering carbon content can improve toughness without loss of strength. Thus low carbon Nb microalloyed steels with about 0·05%C can achieve a good combination of parent plate and laser weld properties and appear to be suitable for high power laser welding situations. 相似文献
6.
《Science & Technology of Welding & Joining》2013,18(2):106-116
AbstractPorosity is easily formed in welded joints during high power laser welding due to keyhole instability. Large pores have detrimental effects on the fatigue resistance of a component and cause many failures in welded parts. This paper is aimed at predicting the maximum pore dimension in long laser welded joints, starting from the sampling of large pores in shorter joints. Two sampling strategies and, consequently, two estimating techniques, both belonging to the statistics of extremes, were explored. The first approach, extreme value type, is used to estimate the size of the maximum pore in each of a series of steel samples. In each sample, the larger single pore or two large pores which are very close are the measured maximum pore. The second approach, threshold value type, is used to estimate the size of pores larger than a critical threshold in a single sample of steel. Both approaches lead to good estimates of the largest pore distribution in short laser welded joints. However, the first one is more adequate to describe the largest pore distribution, because it allows the synergetic effect of two adjacent pores to be considered. In particular, the Gumbel distribution adequately fits the experimental data even in the case of welded joints 10 times longer than the investigated bead length. 相似文献
7.
《Science & Technology of Welding & Joining》2013,18(6):501-506
AbstractIn industrial applications of laser welding it is often essential to obtain full penetration welds at high processing rates using minimal heat input. Keyhole welding meets these requirements when process parameters are kept close to the boundary where complete penetration switches to partial penetration welding. In the present work weld pool behaviour at the edge of the full penetration regime has been studied. Four types of keyhole penetration mode were observed. The first type is a completely developed keyhole through the material thickness and open in the root region, whereas the second type is closed at the root. The third mode is unstable and results in intermittent penetration involving periods of open and closed keyhole conditions interspersed with periods of lack of fusion. The fourth mode is a partial penetration mode. A possible explanation of the weld pool transient behaviour is presented based on three-dimensional reconstructions of the weld pools. 相似文献
8.
《Science & Technology of Welding & Joining》2013,18(4):374-376
AbstractThe present paper describes a beam weaving laser welding technique to suppress argon or nitrogen porosity, which may appear during laser welding of low carbon steel. Bead on plate welding was performed using a 3 kW CO2 laser. The weaving frequency was varied within 0–30 Hz and the weaving amplitude within 0–2 mm during welding. The experimental results show that under 2.4 kW laser power and 1.0 m min-1 welding speed, the nitrogen porosity decreases remarkably with increasing frequency, and it can be eliminated for a weaving frequency of 22 Hz with 0.5 mm weaving amplitude. Under 2.4 kW laser power and 1.5 m min-1 welding speed, beam weaving laser welding can also effectively reduce argon porosity at a weaving frequency of 22 Hz and amplitude of 1.0–1.5 mm. 相似文献
9.
《Science & Technology of Welding & Joining》2013,18(4):288-294
AbstractThe objectives of this research are to investigate penetration characteristics, to clarify welding phenomena and to develop high quality welding procedures in bead on plate welding of type 304 austenitic stainless steel plates with a 10 kW fibre laser beam. The penetration depth reached 18 mm at the maximum at 5 mm s?1. At 50 mm s?1 or lower welding speeds, however, porosity was generated at any fibre laser spot diameter. On the other hand, at 100 mm s?1 or higher welding speeds, underfilling and humping weld beads were formed under the conventionally and tightly focused conditions respectively. The generation of spatters was influenced mainly by a strong shear force of a laser induced plume and was greatly reduced by controlling direction of the plume blowing out of a keyhole inlet. The humping formation was dependent upon several dynamic or static factors, such as melt volume above the surface, strong melt flow to the rear molten pool on the top surface, solidification rate and narrow molten pool width and corresponding high surface tension. Its suppression was effective by producing a wider weld bead width under the defocused laser beam conditions or reduction of melt volume out of keyhole inlet under the full penetration welding conditions. Concerning porosity, X-ray transmission in situ observation images demonstrated that pores were formed not only from the tip of the keyhole but also at the middle part because of high power density. The keyhole behaviour was stabilised using a nitrogen shielding gas, resulting in porosity prevention. Consequently, to produce high quality welds in 10 kW high power fibre laser welding, the reduction procedures of welding defects were required on the basis of understanding their formation mechanism, and 10 kW fibre laser power could produce sound deeply penetrated welds of 18 mm depth in a nitrogen shielding gas. 相似文献
10.
《Science & Technology of Welding & Joining》2013,18(2):127-137
AbstractThe use of active flux in tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is known to increase its weld depth. The present paper involves study of active flux laser beam welding (ALBW) of austenitic stainless steel sheets with respect to its effect on plasma plume, microstructure and mechanical properties of the resultant weldments. ALBW performed with SiO2 as the flux significantly modified shape of the fusion zone (FZ) to produce narrower and deeper welds. Plasma plume associated with the process was considerably smaller and of lower intensity than that produced during bead on plate laser beam welding (LBW). Flux addition during LBW produced thin and rough weld bead associated with humping. The development of such a weld bead is cause by reversal in the direction of Marangoni flow by oxygen induced inversion of surface tension gradient, widely fluctuating plasma plume and presence of oxides on the weld pool surface preventing free flow of the melt. Active flux laser weldments exhibited lower ductility than that of bead on plate laser weldments. 相似文献
11.
Vicente Afonso Ventrella José Roberto Berretta Wagner de Rossi 《Journal of Materials Processing Technology》2010,210(14):1838-1843
Experimental investigations were carried out using a pulsed neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser weld to examine the influence of the pulse energy in the characteristics of the weld fillet. The pulse energy was varied from 1.0 to 2.25 J at increments of 0.25 J with a 4 ms pulse duration. The base material used for this study was AISI 316L stainless steel foil with 100 μm thickness. The welds were analyzed by optical microscopy, tensile shear tests and microhardness. The results indicate that pulse energy control is of considerable importance to thin foil weld quality because it can generate good mechanical properties and reduce discontinuities in weld joints. The ultimate tensile strength of the welded joints increased at first and then decreased as the pulse energy increased. The process appeared to be very sensitive to the gap between couples. 相似文献
12.
要想了解焊接接头性能,其关键在于了解激光与物质的相互作用、熔炼需要控制的工艺参数,以及对凝固过程效率的掌控。研究了304L不锈钢焊接速度对不同工艺过程效率的影响。通过提高焊接速度来改变304L奥氏体不锈钢板的焊道。采用新颖的半经验方法,在测量熔池体积的基础上,通过实验结果预测掺入钕钇铝石榴石激光焊接过程中Nd的熔化效率。无量纲参数模型是用于评估各种类型的可测量的控制参数,这些参数与各种可用的模型有良好的协调性。 相似文献
13.
M.M.A. Khan L. Romoli M. Fiaschi F. Sarri G. Dini 《Journal of Materials Processing Technology》2010,210(10):1340-1353
This paper presents experimental investigation of laser beam welding of martensitic stainless steels in a constrained overlap configuration. Experimental studies were focused on the effects of laser power, welding speed and fiber diameter on bead geometry and mechanical properties of the weld. Metallurgical study of a selected welded joint was done only to show various microstructures typically formed at different zones. Laser power and welding speed were found the most significant factors affecting the weld geometry and shearing force. The contour plots showing constant response lines indicated the evidence of two-factor interaction effects of laser power-welding speed, welding speed-fiber diameter, and fiber diameter-laser power on all the responses except the weld width. Moreover, energy density plots illustrated its linear relationship with penetration depth and limited nonlinear effects on others. Additionally, metallurgical analysis of fusion zone showed dendritic structures consisted of martensitic with eutectic ferrite along solidification grain and subgrain boundaries. 相似文献
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15.
采用Nd:YAG脉冲激光对1mm厚5A05铝合金板进行焊接,结合激光焊物理过程,研究和分析了焊接工艺参数(脉冲能量、脉冲宽度、焊接速度和离焦量)对Mg元素烧损和焊缝熔深的影响,以及焊缝中Mg元素含量的变化和接头的硬度分布.结果表明,Mg元素烧损受熔池搅拌作用的影响,随搅拌作用增强和焊缝熔深的增加,焊缝中Mg元素烧损率减小;受Mg元素含量和冷却速度影响,焊接接头硬度在熔合线附近具有最大值,在焊缝中从表面到熔池底部硬度先减小再增大. 相似文献
16.
C.Y. CuiX.G. Cui Y.K. ZhangQ. Zhao J.Z. LuJ.D. Hu Y.M. Wang 《Surface & coatings technology》2011,206(6):1146-1154
Different laser energy densities were utilized to treat AISI 304 stainless steel via Nd:YAG pulsed laser surface melting (LSM). The surface composition and microstructure of the stainless steel were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). In particular, the corrosion behaviors of the stainless steel surface without and with LSM were evaluated by the electrochemical polarization measurement in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution at room temperature. The results showed that the stainless steel surface without LSM suffered severe localized pitting under the testing conditions. A thin surface oxide protective layer was produced on the stainless steel surface with LSM, which considerably improved the corrosion resistance properties of the stainless steel. The height differences of the corrosion regions on the stainless steel surface with LSM were measured to establish more corrosion resistant region, using scanning confocal laser microscopy. The underlying corrosion mechanism of the stainless steel with LSM was revealed. 相似文献
17.
《Journal of Materials Processing Technology》2014,214(7):1456-1465
In this paper, we describe a method employing a suction device adapted to provide a negative pressure zone on the surface of the keyhole to allow the highly-pressurized zinc vapor to escape. The microstructure and properties of the lap joint were studied, and the distribution of zinc element in the joints was analyzed using synchrotron radiation X-ray. A high-speed video camera was used to record the dynamic behavior of the laser-induced plasma plume and the zinc vapor. Experimental results demonstrated that this suction method can not only facilitate venting of the high pressure zinc vapor from the molten pool and the keyhole, but also stabilizes the laser-induced plasma plume during the welding process. A lap joint with a good surface quality and excellent mechanical strength was obtained using this method. 相似文献