Study on ductile crack initiation limit from notch root of pipeline girth welded joints with strength mismatch

This study investigated ductile crack initiation limit of pipeline girth welded joints with different strength mismatches. The ductile crack initiation limit for the girth welded joints was evaluated by conducting three-point bending fracture toughness tests and wide plate tensile tests with a surface notch. In addition, effect of heat input on the ductile crack initiation limit of weld metal (WM) was evaluated on the assumption that a welding condition would be varied in the field in the actual pipeline construction. As the results, the equivalent plastic strain at the notch tip for the ductile crack initiation of the three-point bending tests was consistent with those of the wide plate tests, and the heat input hardly affected the ductile crack initiation limit within the range of this study. This meant that the ductile crack initiation limit of the pipeline girth welded joints with strength mis-match was able to be estimated using the equivalent plastic strain obtained from the three-point bending tests. Based on these results, we proposed a procedure to determine the rational fracture toughness requirements which took into account the difference in the plastic constraint between standard fracture toughness test and pipeline girth welded joints. This procedure was also possible to determine the required strength matching level for a strain-based design for girth welded joint containing surface notch in the centre of the WM in terms of preventing the ductile crack initiation.     

P91钢焊接接头Ⅳ型裂纹力学控制参量有限元模拟

采用有限元方法对马氏体耐热钢（P91）焊接接头在温度为600℃、应力为80MPa下的最大主应力、von Mises等效应力、等效蠕变应变和应力三轴度进行了数值模拟.结果表明,在接头上下坡口交界处细晶热影响区（FGHAZ）两侧的最大主应力和von Mises等效应力很高,蠕变变形主要集中在FGHAZ,等效蠕变应变的最大值位于FGHAZ的底部.受焊缝和母材的强烈拘束,上下坡口交界处FGHAZ内应力三轴度最大,容易形成蠕变裂纹,导致接头蠕变开裂.数值模拟结果与试验获得的IV型裂纹产生、扩展结果一致.因此采用应力三轴度表征IV型裂纹开裂比较合理.     

Damage and fracture mechanism of 6063 aluminum alloy under three kinds of stress states

To study the damage and fracture mechanism of 6063 aluminum alloy under different stress states,three kinds of representative triaxial stress states have been adopted,namely smooth tensile,notch tensile,and pure shear.The results of the study indicate the following.During the notch tensile test,a relatively higher stress triaxiality appears in the root of the notch.With the applied loading increasing,the volume fraction of microvoids in the root of the notch increases continuously.When it reaches the critical volume fraction of microvoids,the specimen fractures.During the pure shear test,the stress triaxiality almost equals to zero,and there is almost no microvoids but a shear band at the center of the butterfly specimen.The shear band results from nonuniform deformation constantly under the shear stress.With stress concentration,cracks are produced within the shear band and are later coalesced.When the equivalent plastic strain reaches the critical value（equivalent plastic fracture strain）,the butterfly specimen fractures.During the smooth tensile test,the stress triaxiality in the gauge of the specimen remains constant at 0.33.Thus,the volume of microvoids of the smooth tensile test is less than that of the notch tensile test and the smooth specimen fractures due to shearing between microvoids.The G-T-N damage model and Johnson-Cook model are used to simulate the notch tensile and shear test,respectively.The simulated engineering stress-strain curves fit the measured engineering stress-strain curves very well.In addition,the empirical damage evolution equation for the notch specimen is obtained from the experimental data and FEM simulations.     

On the role of martensitic transformation on damage and cracking resistance in TRIP-assisted multiphase steels

The damage resistance, fracture toughness and austenite transformation rate in transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-assisted multiphase steel sheets were comparatively characterised on two steel grades differing by the volume fractions of the phases (i.e. ferrite, bainite, retained austenite) and by the mechanical stability of retained austenite. The influence of stress triaxiality on austenite transformation kinetics and the coupling between martensitic transformation and damage were investigated using double edge notched (or cracked) plate specimens tested in tension. The map of the distribution of transformation rates measured locally around the notch (or the crack) was compared with the map of the effective plastic strains and stress triaxialities computed by finite element simulations of the tests. The mechanically-activated martensitic transformation was found to progress continuously with plastic straining and to be strongly influenced by stress triaxiality. Fracture resistance was characterised by means of J_R curves and CTOD measurements using DENT specimens. The fracture toughness at cracking initiation was found to be lower for the steel with higher tensile strength and ductility. The contrasted influence of the TRIP effect, which improves formability by delaying plastic localisation but reduces fracture toughness at cracking initiation, is shown to result from parameters such as the volume fraction of non-intercritical ferrite phases or the mechanical properties of martensite.     

The characterization and interpretation of ductile fracture mechanisms in AL2024-T351 using X-ray and focused ion beam tomography

This paper describes an experimental investigation into the mechanism of ductile fracture in the aluminum alloy AL2024-T351 using a combination of synchrotron X-ray and focused ion beam tomography. Microstructural features that influence fracture at the micro- and nanoscale were characterized in virgin material in three-dimensions. The nature and volume fraction of ductile damage was then quantified as a function of distance below the fracture surfaces of tested notched and fatigue pre-cracked laboratory specimens. In both specimens the ductile fracture process initiates with the brittle fracture of large irregular intermetallic particles at low levels of plastic strain. With increasing plasticity, the resulting voids grow and combine with pre-existing porosity to increase the overall void volume fraction. Once a critical void volume fraction is attained, final failure occurs by the fracture or decohesion of dispersoids from the matrix, initiating a second population of nanoscale voids, which interlinks the larger voids. The critical void volume fraction for coalescence and the distribution of ductile damage below the fracture surface is markedly different between blunt-notched and pre-cracked specimens, with notched specimens exhibiting a significantly lower critical void volume fraction and a more extensive distribution of ductile damage below the fracture surface than is observed in pre-cracked specimens. This observation, related to the gradients in stress triaxiality and plastic strain in each specimen type, has important implications for the calibration of ductile damage mechanics models against notched-specimen data and their use to predict crack behavior in engineering structures.     

40CrNiMo钢高温拉伸变形行为和组织演变规律

采用光滑和缺口拉伸试样进行不同温度(950、1050和1150 ℃)和不同应变速率(0.5、1.0和5.0 s^-1)的高温拉伸试验,研究了40CrNiMo钢在高温拉伸时的力学性能变化、微观组织演变以及塑性损伤形成机理,分析了不同应力三轴度对高温塑性损伤的影响。结果表明,提高变形温度或降低应变速率会降低峰值应力;应变速率从0.5 s^-1增大至5 s^-1,晶粒大小不均匀程度增加,材料更容易产生塑性损伤;变形温度从950 ℃提高到1150 ℃,晶粒尺寸增大近3倍;损伤经历形核、长大并形成微裂纹3个步骤,应力三轴度与缺口半径成负相关关系,应力三轴度的增大会加剧塑性损伤的发生,使得拉伸试件的断裂应变值降低。在车轴实际轧制过程中,在保证一定生产效率的前提下,可以通过尽可能减小楔横轧模具的成形角,并适当增大展宽角的方法,来降低材料塑性变形时内部各处的动态应力三轴度值,降低损伤发生的概率。     

Fracture behaviour and numerical study of resistance spot welded joints in high-strength steel sheet

Cross tension tests of resistance spot welded joints with varying nugget diameter were carried out using 980 MPa high strength steel sheet of 1.6 mm thickness. In proportion, as nugget diameter increased from 3√t to 5√t (where t is thickness), cross tension strength (CTS) increased while fracture morphology simultaneously transferred from interface fracture to full plug fracture. In cases of interface fracture, circumferential crack initiation due to separation of the corona bond arose at an early stage of loading. The crack opening process without propagation was recognized until just before fracture and then the crack propagated to the nugget immediately in a brittle manner around CTS. In full plug fracture, main ductile crack initiation from the notch-like part at the end of sheet separation occurred with the sub-crack initiated at an early stage. The ductile crack propagated toward the HAZ and base material to form full plug fracture. The mode I stress intensity factor was considered as a suitable fracture parameter because the circumferential crack behaved pre-crack for brittle fracture in the nugget region at the final stage. Based on the FE analysis, the mode I stress intensity factor was calculated as 116 MPa √m at CTS as fracture toughness for the nugget. With respect to full plug fracture, ductile crack initiation behaviour from the notch-like part was expressed by concentration of equivalent plastic strain. On the assumption that the ductile crack arose in critical value of equivalent plastic strain, the value was calculated as 0.34 by FE analysis. Reasonable interpretation for interface fracture and full plug fracture in the resistance spot welded joint was proposed due to first crack initiation by stress concentration, brittle fracture by using mode I stress intensity factor, and ductile crack initiation by using equivalent plastic strain.     

残余应力对Super304H焊缝金属再热裂纹敏感性的影响

采用预压缩CT试样的方法研究了残余应力对Super304H奥氏体不锈钢焊缝金属再热裂纹敏感性的影响。通过ABAQUS模拟结合EBSD表征分析了不同残余应力下的焊缝金属的塑性应变分布和位错密度分布,并从残余应力诱导焊缝金属晶内析出相的方面解释了残余应力对焊缝金属再热裂纹敏感性的影响。结果表明：高预压缩载荷的CT试样具有更高的残余应力,更容易产生再热裂纹。随着残余应力的增加,焊缝金属拉伸试样的抗拉强度逐渐降低。焊缝金属CT试样靠近U型口的高残余应力区域具有更高的位错密度和更高比例的亚晶,促进了晶内小颗粒相的析出,使得晶内硬化更为严重,再热裂纹更容易产生。     

考虑材料微观塑性损伤的焊接接头延性裂纹扩展行为分析

通过考虑材料微观塑性损伤，定量研究了焊接接头中强度匹配、试件几何形状对接头抗延性裂纹扩展行为的影响。对管线用钢焊接接头，测试了标准三点弯曲试样、同种接头及不同匹配状态的双边裂纹拉伸试样的阻力曲线。通过考虑材料塑性损伤的数值模拟，由标准三点弯曲试样的阻力曲线测试结果，得出反映材料微观损伤的特殊单元模型控制参量，再根据该参量对同种接头及不同接头强度匹配下双边缺口拉伸试件的阻力曲线进行了定量预测，其结果与试验结果相当吻合。结果表明，考虑塑性损伤的特殊单元模型能很好地描述接头的抗延性裂纹扩展阻力特性。     

Gradient Elastic–Plastic Properties of Expanded Austenite Layer in 316L Stainless Steel

The gradient mechanical properties, variation of stress with strain and surface cracking behavior of expanded austenite developed on 316L austenitic stainless steel were investigated by nanoindentation tests, X-ray residual stress analysis and scanning electron microscope observation in four-point bending tests. The results show that the plastic properties of the carburizing layer including true initial yield strengths and strain hardening exponents increase significantly from substrate to surface, while the true elastic modulus just improves slightly. Due to the onset of plastic flow, the residual stresses are almost equivalent to the true initial yield strengths from surface to the depth of ～10 lm. The results of four-point bending tests show that surface stress increases linearly with the increase in strain until the strain reaches～1.0%, after that the plastic yield happens. The expanded austenite surface layer is brittle, and the cracks will be created at the strain of ～1.4%.The cracking stress is about～2.4 GPa.     

Brittle to ductile transition in nickel free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels

Abstract

The brittle to ductile transition (BDT) in nickel free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel was investigated. Falling weight impact tests at 176, 273 and 336 K revealed that Fe–25Cr–1·1N (wt-%) austenitic steel exhibits a sharp BDT in spite of being a face centred cubic alloy. The plastic deformation observed following the impact tests indicated that the BDT is induced by poor ductility at low temperatures, as is the case with ferritic steels. To measure the activation energy for the BDT, the strain rate dependence of the BDT temperature was examined using four-point bending tests. The BDT temperature was found to be weakly dependent on strain rate. Arrhenius plots of the BDT temperature against strain rate showed that the activation energy for the BDT of Fe–25Cr–1·1N steel is much higher than that of low carbon ferritic steels. The origins of this distinctive BDT and the large value for its activation energy in this high nitrogen steel are discussed in terms of the reduction in dislocation mobility at low temperatures because of the interactions between the glide dislocations and the solute nitrogen atoms.     

07MnNiVDR再热裂纹敏感性及试验

采用热模拟后缓慢拉伸试验、夏比摆锤冲击试验、插销试验以及小铁研试验等方法,研究了调质高强钢07MnNiVDR的再热裂纹敏感性.热模拟研究表明,采用小热输入焊接时,该钢对再热裂纹不敏感;大热输入情况下,敏感温度在600℃左右.插销试验表明,该钢具有一定的再热裂纹敏感性,敏感温度在600℃左右.热模拟试验和插销试验的结果一致,小铁研试验不适合试验材料的再热裂纹敏感性研究.热模拟后缓慢拉伸是判断材料再热裂纹敏感性的有效方法,插销临界断裂初应力对生产有指导意义.尽管未在小铁研试验中发现明显再热裂纹,对该钢实施焊后热处理还应慎重.     

Effect of surface rolling on fatigue behavior of a pearlitic ductile cast iron

Surface rolling is a mechanical treatment usually used in parts fabricated with steel and ductile cast iron, specifically in stress concentration regions, to improve fatigue properties. This process hardens and introduces compressive residual stresses to the surface of the material through the application of controlled strains, thus provoking a reduction of resulting tensile stress at its surface under cyclic loading. This work deals with the effect of surface rolling on high cycle fatigue behavior of a pearlitic ductile cast iron used in crankshafts by the automotive industry. Rotating bending fatigue tests were performed in both smooth and notched specimens, the latter either with or without a surface rolling treatment. Compressive residual stresses and heavy plastic deformation imposed on the surface grains due to cold work made difficult the nucleation and propagation of the crack at the rolled surface of the notch. As a consequence, surface-rolled notch testpieces presented a higher endurance limit (478 MPa) than both smooth (299 MPa) and notched (166 MPa) testpieces did. The surface rolling apparatus developed for this work proved to be very efficient and simple, providing good control of parameters involved in the process (i.e., rolling load, frequency, and number of revolutions).     

韧性断裂准则在超高强钢辊弯成形工艺中的应用

对某牌号的超高强钢进行拉伸、弯曲、V型件辊弯成形试验,对比常用的6种韧性断裂准则,得出这6种韧性断裂准则均不能给出一个适用于板料各种工艺下断裂的固定临界值。根据辊弯成形工艺特点,采用Brozzo韧性断裂准则,预测相对弯曲半径R/T=2下的超高强钢辊弯成形的破裂现象。预测结果与实验结果表明,Brozzo韧性断裂准则可以应用于超高强钢辊弯成形中。     

焊接接头高应变率下的动态断裂韧度分析

对采用Hopkinson气炮加载－Charpy V形冲击试样试验方法对焊接接头高应变率下的动态断裂韧度数据进行了分析研究，通过对试样断口形貌、冲击吸收功、断裂韧度及其影响因素进行分析，表明在高应变率加载条件下，焊接接头冲击试样断口形貌有特殊的表现，延伸带或钝化区的尺寸大小反映了裂纹萌生前的塑性变形大小，也反映了裂纹萌生功的变化趋势。同时说明焊接接头在高速动态冲击载荷作用下，其断裂韧度参量受组配强度、冲击速度及环境温度等因素影响显著，焊接热影响区的断裂韧度值关系到焊接接头断裂韧度的好坏。     

卷管式铺管作业管道用X65钢级无缝管线管综合评价

深海海上油气输送条件恶劣,因此对深海输送油气用管线管性能质量提出了严格要求.卷管式铺管法是一种新型的海上铺管法,具有铺设速度快、成本低等特点,要求管线管具有优良的机械性能、焊接性能和耐腐蚀性能,特别是抗疲劳断裂性能.对国内某公司生产的Φ323.8 mmx20 mm PSL2 X65钢级无缝管线管进行了综合评价试验,结果...     

深海用直缝输气管线管的开发和应用

介绍了深海用直缝输气管线管的研发过程。在优化设计管线钢化学成分和生产工艺的基础上,通过焊接和成型工艺试验研究,采用自主研发的MK65HGX-Ⅲ埋弧焊丝与高碱度烧结焊剂SJ102G匹配进行内、外焊均为四丝的单层焊,成功生产出约5.2万t的SMYS 450F/X65MO钢级Φ558.8 mm(22 in)厚壁深海用直缝输气管线管。试验检测表明:该管线管在理化性能、几何尺寸、外观质量上均完全符合DNV-OS-F101∶2007规范和用户的要求。     

抗H2S腐蚀管线管的开发

介绍了我国油气田用户对抗H2S腐蚀管线管的需求情况。简述了H2S对钢管的腐蚀机理,通过对不同生产工艺生产的不同钢级或者组织状态的管线管的抗HIC和抗SSC腐蚀性能的分析,选定生产抗腐蚀管线管的最佳化学成分和工艺路线。针对不同钢级和不同工艺路线,确定低钢级管线管采用直接热轧及在线正火工艺,高钢级管线管采用调质热处理工艺。     

New insight into the pit-to-crack transition from finite element analysis of the stress and strain distribution around a corrosion pit

A finite element (FE) analysis has been undertaken to evaluate the stress and strain distribution associated with a single corrosion pit in a cylindrical steel specimen stressed remotely in tension. A key observation was the localisation of plastic strain to the pit walls (just below the surface of the specimen). Simulation of a growing pit in a static stress field indicated corresponding plastic strain rates that were commensurate with values associated with stress corrosion cracking. This observation introduces a wholly new concept in understanding of the evolution of stress corrosion cracks from pits and correlates with recent X-ray tomography measurements.