Integer Programming Models for Deployment of Airport Baggage Screening Security Devices

Aviation security is an important problem of national interest and concern. Baggage screening security devices and operations at airports throughout the United States provide an important defense against terrorist actions targeted at commercial aircraft. Determining where to deploy such devices, and how to best use them can be quite challenging. This paper presents NP-complete decision problems concerning the deployment and utilization of baggage screening security devices. These problems incorporate three different deployment performance measures: uncovered baggage segments, uncovered flight segments, and uncovered passenger segments. Integer programming models are formulated to address optimization versions of these problems and to identify optimal baggage screening security device deployments (i.e., determine the number and type of baggage screening security devices that should be placed at different airports, and determining which baggage should be screened with such devices). The models are illustrated with an example that incorporates data extracted from the Official Airline Guide (OAG).     

Face modeling and editing with statistical local feature control models

This article presents a novel method based on statistical facial feature control models for generating realistic controllable face models. The local feature control models are constructed based on the exemplar 3D face scans. We use a three‐step model fitting approach for the 3D registration problem. Once we have a common surface representation for examples, we form feature shape spaces by applying a principal component analysis (PCA) to the data sets of facial feature shapes. We compute a set of anthropometric measurements to parameterize the exemplar shapes of each facial feature in a measurement space. Using PCA coefficients as a compact shape representation, we approach the shape synthesis problem by forming scattered data interpolation functions that are devoted to the generation of desired shape by taking the anthropometric parameters as input. The correspondence among all exemplar face textures is obtained by parameterizing a 3D generic mesh over a 2D image domain. The new feature texture with desired attributes is synthesized by interpolating the exemplar textures. With the exception of an initial tuning of feature point positions and assignment of texture attribute values, our method is fully automated. In the resulting system, users are assisted in automatically generating or editing a face model by controlling the high‐level parameters. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 17, 341–358, 2007     

Outgoing selectee rates at hub airports

The selectee rate at an airport, or the fraction of originating passengers at an airport that have not been cleared by the computer-aided passenger prescreening system, may be useful in determining where to deploy certain baggage screening security devices. At hub airports, this rate alone does not capture the selectee rate of outgoing passengers, which consists of both originating passengers and transferring passengers. The impact of transferring passengers on the outgoing selectee rate is needed to optimally deploy baggage screening security devices at airports. This paper introduces a methodology for computing the outgoing selectee rates for a set of (hub and non-hub) airports and to quantify the impact of transferring selectees at airports. Different types of selectee rates are defined and relationships between selectee rates for a set of airports and within an airport are discussed. Based on these relationships, two approaches for computing the outgoing selectee rates are presented. The resulting formulations, the exact formulation and the approximate formulation, are illustrated and compared using several examples, including a real-world example with data from the official airline guide. The methodology introduced in this paper can be used to determine which individual airports pose the greatest threat from selectee passengers to the entire system of airports, hence can be used to aid in the deployment of baggage screening security devices at airports.     

Robust watermarking scheme using Weber Law for 3D mesh models

Authentication and identification of multimedia objects play an important aspect for multimedia security. In this we present a semi-blind watermarking scheme for 3D mesh models using Weber’s law. A robust and imperceptible spectral watermarking for high rate embedding of a watermark into 3D polygonal meshes is analyzed in this paper. The proposed approach consists of these main steps (i) mesh is portioned into smaller sub-meshes, (ii) generation of watermark from the original model, (iii) watermark embedding and extraction to each sub-meshes. Extensive experimental results show an improved performance of the proposed system and also its robustness against the most common attacks including the geometric transformations, adaptive random noise, mesh smoothening, mesh cropping and combination of these attacks.     

基于深度学习检测器的多角度人脸关键点检测

针对人脸关键点检测(人脸对齐)在应用场景下的速度和精度需求,首先在SSD基础之上融合更多分布均匀的特征层,对人脸框坐标进行级联预测,形成对于多尺度人脸信息均具有更加鲁棒响应的深度学习检测器MR-SSD。其次在局部二值特征LBF的级联形状回归方法基础上,提出了基于面部像素差值的多角度初始化算法。采用端正人脸正负90°倾斜范围内的五组特征点形状进行初始化,求取每组回归后形状的眼部特征点像素均方差值并以最大者对应方案作为最终回归形状,从而实现对多角度倾斜人脸优异的拟合效果。本文所提出的最优架构可以实时获得极具鲁棒性的人脸框坐标并且可实现对于多角度倾斜人脸的关键点检测。     

Efficient 3D point clouds classification for face detection using linear programming and data mining

Most of the applications related to security and biometric rely on skin region detection such as face detection, adult 3D objects filtering, and gesture recognition. In this paper, we propose a robust method for skin detection on 3D coloured point clouds. Then, we extend this method to solve the problem of 3D face detection. To do so, we construct a weighted graph from initial coloured 3D point clouds. Then, we present a linear programming algorithm using a predictive model based on a data mining approach to classify and label graph vertices as skin and non-skin regions. Moreover, we apply some refinement rules on skin regions to confirm the presence of a face. Furthermore, we demonstrate the robustness of our method by showing and analysing some experimental results. Finally, we show that our method deals with many data that can be represented by a weighted graph such as 2D images and 3D models.     

Three-dimensional CAD model reconstruction from image data of computer tomography

Three-dimensional (3D) shape reconstruction from 2D image data has been receiving extensive attention in medical engineering. It can enhance accurate diagnosis of the disease from medical images of computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An algorithm based on reverse engineering technique was proposed in this work for 3D surface reconstruction of CT images. Several image processing techniques were applied first to detect the 2D contour of the object for each of the CT images. A surface lofting approach was then employed to fit the 2D contours into a 3D surface model. A brain example was presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 10, 328–338, 1999     

Fast auto-focus scheme based on optical defocus fitting model

An optical defocus fitting model-based (ODFM) auto-focus scheme is proposed. Considering the basic optical defocus principle, the optical defocus fitting model is derived to approximate the potential-focus position. By this accurate modelling, the proposed auto-focus scheme can make the stepping motor approach the focal plane more accurately and rapidly. Two fitting positions are first determined for an arbitrary initial stepping motor position. Three images (initial image and two fitting images) at these positions are then collected to estimate the potential-focus position based on the proposed ODFM method. Around the estimated potential-focus position, two reference images are recorded. The auto-focus procedure is then completed by processing these two reference images and the potential-focus image to confirm the in-focus position using a contrast based method. Experimental results prove that the proposed scheme can complete auto-focus within only 5 to 7 steps with good performance even under low-light condition.     

Capillarity Guided Patterning of Microliquids

Soft lithography and other techniques have been developed to investigate biological and chemical phenomena as an alternative to photolithography‐based patterning methods that have compatibility problems. Here, a simple approach for nonlithographic patterning of liquids and gels inside microchannels is described. Using a design that incorporates strategically placed microstructures inside the channel, microliquids or gels can be spontaneously trapped and patterned when the channel is drained. The ability to form microscale patterns inside microfluidic channels using simple fluid drain motion offers many advantages. This method is geometrically analyzed based on hydrodynamics and verified with simulation and experiments. Various materials (i.e., water, hydrogels, and other liquids) are successfully patterned with complex shapes that are isolated from each other. Multiple cell types are patterned within the gels. Capillarity guided patterning (CGP) is fast, simple, and robust. It is not limited by pattern shape, size, cell type, and material. In a simple three‐step process, a 3D cancer model that mimics cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions is engineered. The simplicity and robustness of the CGP will be attractive for developing novel in vitro models of organ‐on‐a‐chip and other biological experimental platforms amenable to long‐term observation of dynamic events using advanced imaging and analytical techniques.     

冲裁件几何形状特征识别

在冲裁件的几何形状识别中,基于二维几何图形特点提出了外轮廓特征、内部图形布置特征、外轮廓特征矢量和内部图形距离。通过几何外部相似性与内部相似性,给出了外轮廓相似度计算与内部图形布置相似度计算方法。并根据外轮廓特征矢量的匹配,设计了二维图形的几何形状识别算法,利用实例验证了几何形状识别算法的可行性和有效性。     

Liquid-Superrepellent Bioinspired Fibrillar Adhesives

Bioinspired elastomeric fibrillar surfaces have significant potential as reversible dry adhesives, but their adhesion performance is sensitive to the presence of liquids at the contact interface. Like their models in nature, many artificial mimics can effectively repel water, but fail when low-surface-tension liquids are introduced at the contact interface. A bioinspired fibrillar adhesive surface that is liquid-superrepellent even toward ultralow-surface-tension liquids while retaining its adhesive properties is proposed herein. This surface combines the effective adhesion principle of mushroom-shaped fibrillar arrays with liquid repellency based on double re-entrant fibril tip geometry. The adhesion performance of the proposed microfibril structures is retained even when low-surface-tension liquids are added to the contact interface. The extreme liquid repellency enables real-world applications of fibrillar adhesives for surfaces covered with water, oil, and other liquids. Moreover, fully elastomeric liquid-superrepellent surfaces are mechanically not brittle, highly robust against physical contact, and highly deformable and stretchable, which can increase the real-world uses of such antiwetting surfaces.     

Perspectives of Applicability and Validity of Tait Equation for Liquids

Recently, a number of state equations for liquids have been proposed but none of them has a universal character (the possibility of application to all classes of liquids) as well as a sufficient theoretical basis and necessary accuracy. One of the most well-known empirical state equations of liquids is the Tait equation and its modified versions. A theoretical justification of the Tait equation does not exist despite numerous attempts to solve this problem. The authors have verified the Tait equation for aromatic hydrocarbons and nematic liquid crystals on the basis of experimental density data. The above mentioned studies allow concluding that the Tait equation can be used for prediction of the density over a wide range of pressures for different classes of liquids if the data taken from a narrow range of pressures are known. Theoretical justification of the empirical Tait equation is possible within the cluster model proposed by the authors.     

基于OpenGL的包装容器几何造型技术研究

提出了基于OpenGL的包装容器几何造型技术.文中将包装容器中常见的结构分为回转体结构、非回转结构、特殊结构,针对不同结构应用OpenGL技术研究了它们的三维造型方法以及三维造型真实感贴图方法,并且给出了实例.该系统基于WINDOWS平台,用C Builder开发而成.     

Structural shape and topology optimization based on level-set modelling and the element-propagating method

This article introduces the element-propagating method to structural shape and topology optimization. Structural optimization based on the conventional level-set method needs to solve several partial differential equations. By the insertion and deletion of basic material elements around the geometric boundary, the element-propagating method can avoid solving the partial differential equations and realize the dynamic updating of the material region. This approach also places no restrictions on the signed distance function and the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition for numerical stability. At the same time, in order to suppress the dependence on the design initialization for the 2D structural optimization problem, the strain energy density is taken as a criterion to generate new holes in the material region. The coupled algorithm of the element-propagating method and the method for generating new holes makes the structural optimization more robust. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed approach greatly improves numerical efficiency, compared with the conventional level-set method for structural topology optimization.     

基于机器视觉的光纤端面几何参数测量研究

研究了一种基于机器视觉的光纤几何参数测量方法。该方法运用数字图像处理算法,首先,读取光纤端面图片,采用Deriche边缘检测算法进行图像分割;然后,利用去伪边缘算法完成对有效边缘的提取及合并;最后,进行曲线拟合,完成对光纤端面几何参数的测量。实验结果表明：该方法操作简便,算法复杂度低,光纤端面边缘拟合精确度较高,数据检测速度快,可以精确高效地检测出光纤端面几何参数的数据,对涂覆层直径的重复测量精度可达0.021μm,涂覆层圆度重复测量精度可达0.043%。     

大型U形板材工件渐进滚弯成形数值模拟

利用ABAQUS有限元分析平台,对大型U形板材工件渐进滚弯成形及其回弹过程进行数值模拟。针对半椭圆形工件形状,提出用半径不同的5段圆弧逼近的几何规划。在此基础上,合理设计滚弯道次,调整ABAQUS参数设置。用模拟优化的工艺参数成形加工半椭圆形板材工件,经origin8拟合配准,其各段曲率半径最大误差小于5%。模拟结果表...     

Shape detection with vision: implementing shape grammars in conceptual design

Despite more than 30 years of research, shape grammar implementations have limited functionality. This is largely due to the difficult problem of subshape detection. Previous research has addressed this problem analytically and has proposed solutions that directly compare geometric representations of shapes. Typically, such work has concentrated on shapes composed of limited geometry, for example straight lines or parametric curves, and as a result, their application has been restricted. The problem of general subshape detection has not been resolved. In this paper, an alternative approach is proposed, in which subshape detection is viewed as a problem of object recognition, a sub-domain of computer vision. In particular, a general method of subshape detection is introduced based on the Hausdorff distance. The approach is not limited in terms of geometry, and any shapes that can be represented in an image can be compared according to the subshape relation. Based on this approach, a prototype shape grammar system has been built in which the geometry of two-dimensional shapes is not restricted. The system automates the discovery of subshapes in a shape, enabling the implementation of shape rules in a shape grammar. Application of the system is illustrated via consideration of shape exploration in conceptual design. The manipulations of sketched design concepts are formalised by shape rules that reflect the types of shape transformations employed by designers when sketching.