Wear Behavior of Roller-Burnished High Interstitial Austenitic Stainless Steel Parts in Glass-Reinforced Plastic Melt

Herein this investigation, profiled high interstitial austenitic stainless steel parts are burnished on a profile-rolling machine, and afterward, the wear behavior is analyzed in a melt of glass-reinforced polypropylene. Wear and corrosion resistance are significant properties of steel parts in the plastics and food industries. The high work-hardening ability of high interstitial austenitic stainless steel enables burnishing parts with a significant local hardness to increase up to maximum values of ≈600 HV 1. Wear tests on a recently developed test stand reveal that the burnished austenitic stainless steel surface performs similarly to a nitrided surface of the standard nitriding steel 31CrMoV9 + QT with a hardness of ≈830 HV 0.5. Regarding the given advantage of corrosion resistance, it is concluded that roller burnishing supports the applicability of high interstitial austenitic stainless steel in plastics and food industries.     

Characterisation of functionally graded and VC/steel surface alloyed composites produced using powder metallurgy

Abstract

In this study, low carbon steel specimens with surface alloyed composites were produced by means of powder metallurgy. Vanadium carbide, graphite (1·2 wt-%) and Fe were used for the surface alloyed composite, while Fe and graphite (0·2 wt-%) were used for the low carbon steel side. The powder mixtures were compacted together in the same mould. On the surface alloyed side the vanadium carbide content was changed from 5 to 25 wt-%. Microstructural investigations including EDX and X-ray, hardness measurement and abrasive wear tests were performed. The results showed that V₈C₇ formed in the alloyed surface and carbon diffusion from the alloyed surface to the parent metal created a functionally graded material. The hardness values decreased towards the parent metal. Wear resistance increased as the vanadium carbide increased in the surface alloyed composite. Thus, a functionally graded steel having a surface composite that is resistant to abrasive wear can be obtained via the powder metallurgy route.     

Injection moulding of 316L stainless steels reinforced with nanosize alumina particles

Abstract

This study aims to compare the effect of Al₂O₃ nanoparticle additions on the densification and mechanical properties of the injection moulded 316L stainless steels. The 316L stainless steel and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were dry mixed and moulded using a wax based binder. The critical powder loading for injection moulding were 60 vol.-% for all samples. Debinding process was performed in solvent using thermal method. After the debinding process, the samples were sintered at 1405°C for 60 and 120 min under vacuum. Metallographic examination was conducted to determine the extend of densification and the corresponding microstructural changes. The sintered samples were characterised by measuring tensile strength, hardness and wear behaviour. Wear loss was determined for all the samples after wear testing. All the powders, fracture surfaces of moulded and sintered samples were examined using scanning electron microscope. The sintered density of straight as well as Al₂O₃ nanoparticles reinforced injection moulded 316L stainless steels increases with the increase in sintering time. The additions of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles improve the hardness and wear resistance with the increase of sintering time.     

Abrasive Wear Behaviors of Light-weight Austenitic Fe-24Mn-7Al-1C Steel and Mn13Cr2 Steel

The impact abrasive wear behaviors of light-weight austenitic Fe-24Mn-7Al-1C steel with increasing impact wear conditions were studied by comparing with the modified Hadfield (Mn13Cr2)steel.Wear tests were performed with the MLD-10 abrasive wear testing machine.Main parameters such as impact energy,impacting frequency and wear time were evaluated.To explore the abrasive wear behaviors under different impact energies,the parameters in-cluding mass loss,wear resistance and hardness were evaluated in detail.The microstructures of the steels were fur-ther analyzed using optical microscopy (OM),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),transmission electron micros-copy (TEM)and X-ray diffraction (XRD).Results showed that the light-weight austenitic Fe-24Mn-7Al-1C steel had a better wear resistance than Mn13Cr2 steel under the impact energy tested.The wear resistance of light-weight austenitic Fe-24Mn-7Al-1C steel was about 1.09-1.17 times as high as that of Mn13Cr2 steel under low and medi-um impact energy (0.5-2.0 J)conditions,and 1.41 times under high impact energy (4.0 J)condition.In Mn13Cr2 steel,the evolution of dislocation substructure with increasing impact energy showed typical stacking fault,interac-tion of twins and dislocations,as well as mechanical twins.The high work-hardening rate in Fe-24Mn-7Al-1C steel was caused by Taylor lattice and high density of dislocation tangles.     

Friction Stir Processing for Enhancement of Wear Resistance of ZM21 Magnesium Alloy

Present work pertains to surface modification of the magnesium alloy using friction stir processing (FSP). Silicon carbide and boron carbide powders are used in the friction stir processing of the ZM21 Magnesium alloy. Coating was formed by FSP of the alloy by placing the carbide powders into the holes made on the surface. Surface coating was characterized by metallography, hardness and pin-on-disc testing. Friction stir processed coating exhibited excellent wear resistance and is attributed to grain boundary pinning and dispersion hardening caused by carbide particles. Surface composite coating with boron carbide was found to possess better wear resistance than coating made with silicon carbide. This may be attributed to formation of very hard layer coating of boron carbide reinforced composite on the surface of magnesium alloy. In the present work an attempt has also been made to compare the wear behaviour of surface composite layer on ZM21 Mg alloy with that of conventionally used engineering materials such as mild steel and austenitic stainless steel. Wear data clearly shows that wear resistance of friction stir processed composite layer is better than that of mild steel and stainless steel. This work demonstrates that friction stir processing is an effective strategy for enhancement of wear resistance of magnesium alloys.     

Correlation of microstructure with hardness and wear resistance in (TiC,SiC)/stainless steel surface composites fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation

Stainless-steel-based surface composites reinforced with TiC and SiC carbides were fabricated by high-energy electron beam irradiation. Four types of powder/flux mixtures, i.e., TiC, (Ti + C), SiC, and (Ti + SiC) powders with 40 wt. pct of CaF₂ flux, were deposited evenly on an AISI 304 stainless steel substrate, which was then irradiated with an electron beam. TiC agglomerates and pores were found in the surface composite layer fabricated with TiC powders because of insufficient melting of TiC powders. In the composite layer fabricated with Ti and C powders having lower melting points than TiC powders, a number of primary TiC carbides were precipitated while very few TiC agglomerates or pores were formed. This indicated that more effective TiC precipitation was obtained from the melting of Ti and C powders than of TiC powders. A large amount of precipitates such as TiC and Cr₇C₃ improved the hardness, high-temperature hardness, and wear resistance of the surface composite layer two to three times greater than that of the stainless steel substrate. In particular, the surface composite fabricated with SiC powders had the highest volume fraction of Cr₇C₃ distributed along solidification cell boundaries, and thus showed the best hardness, high-temperature hardness, and wear resistance.     

Correlation of microstructure with hardness and wear resistance in (TiC,SiC)/stainless steel surface composites fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation

Stainless-steel-based surface composites reinforced with TiC and SiC carbides were fabricated by high-energy electron beam irradiation. Four types of powder/flux mixtures, i.e., TiC, (Ti+C), SiC, and (Ti+SiC) powders with 40 wt. pct of CaF₂ flux, were deposited evenly on an AISI 304 stainless steel substrate, which was then irradiated with an electron beam. TiC agglomerates and pores were found in the surface composite layer fabricated with TiC powders because of insufficient melting of TiC powders. In the composite layer fabricated with Ti and C powders having lower melting points than TiC powders, a number of primary TiC carbides were precipitated while very few TiC agglomerates or pores were formed. This indicated that more effective TiC precipitation was obtained from the melting of Ti and C powders than of TiC powders. A large amount of precipitates such as TiC and Cr₇C₃ improved the hardness, high-temperature hardness, and wear resistance of the surface composite layer two to three times greater than that of the stainless steel substrate. In particular, the surface composite fabricated with SiC powders had the highest volume fraction of Cr₇C₃ distributed along solidification cell boundaries, and thus showed the best hardness, high-temperature hardness, and wear resistance.     

Effects of sintering process and heat treatments on microstructures and mechanical properties of VANADIS 4 tool steel added with TiC powders

Abstract

In this study, commercial VANADIS 4 (V-4) tool steel powders were classified by sifting, which was previously the matrix, and fine TiC powder was used as an additive to produce a new material with high hardness and wear resistance, via powder metallurgy and a sintering process. Experimental results showed that the transverse rupture strength of the original V-4 steel powder was 678·5 MPa and was enhanced to 868·6 MPa below 25 μm, after the addition of 35 wt-%TiC powders through sintering at 1400°C. In addition, the hardness increased to 86·2 HRA, transverse rupture strength reached 1059·3 MPa and porosity decreased to 1·2% of the V-4 steel powders (below 25 μm) added with 35 wt-%TiC after sintered at 1400°C and annealed at 850°C, followed by quenching at 1030°C and tempering at 200°C.     

超音速火焰喷涂WC-12Co涂层抗磨粒磨损性能研究

采用超音速火焰(HVOF)喷涂工艺在316L不锈钢基体上制备了WC-12Co涂层,测试了涂层的结合强度、显微硬度、气孔率以及抗磨粒磨损性能。并利用XRD对喷涂粉末及涂层进行了相结构分析,用扫描电子显微镜对喷涂粉末、磨粒磨损前后的涂层表面形貌进行了观察。结果表明:在喷涂过程中,仅有很少量的WC粒子发生氧化脱碳。涂层的结合强度和显微硬度高,组织结构致密。在相同的实验条件下,316L的磨粒磨损量是WC-12Co涂层的95倍,这表明HVOF制备的WC-12Co涂层具有优异的抗磨粒磨损性能。     

Active wear and failure mechanisms of TiN-Coated high speed steel and tin-coated cemented carbide tools when machining powder metallurgically made stainless steels

In this study, active wear and failure mechanisms of both TiN-coated high speed steel and TiN-coated cemented carbide tools when machining stainless steels made by powder metallurgy in low and high cutting speed ranges, respectively, have been investigated. Abrasive wear mechanisms, fatigue-induced failure, and adhesive and diffusion wear mechanisms mainly affected the tool life of TiN-coated high speed steel tools at cutting speeds below 35 m/min, between 35 and 45 m/min, and over 45 m/min, respectively. Additionally, fatigue-induced failure was active at cutting speeds over 45 m/min in the low cutting speed range when machining powder metallurgically made duplex stainless steel 2205 and austenitic stainless steel 316L. In the high cutting speed range, from 100 to 250 m/min, fatigue-induced failure together with diffusion wear mechanism, affected the tool life of TiN-coated cemented carbide tools when machining both 316L and 2205 stainless steels. It was noticed that the tool life of TiN-coated high speed steel tools used in the low cutting speed range when machining 2205 steel was longer than that when machining 316L steel, whereas the tool life of TiN-coated cemented carbide tools used in the high cutting speed range when machining 316L steel was longer than that when machining 2205 steel. formerly with the Laboratory of Engineering Materials, Helsinki University of Technology     

超音速火焰喷涂碳化物粒径不同的WC—10Co04Cr涂层在粗细磨粒下的磨损性能

改进的ASTM G65橡胶轮测试方法可采用220nm二氧化钛颗粒和368μm的砂粒分别在潮湿和干燥条件下使用。在由碳化物粒径不同（传统和亚微米）的两种粉末所制备的WC-CoCr涂层上开展试验,研究碳化物大小和磨损介质特性对涂层磨损性能的影响。采用扫描电镜对同一位置磨损前后的低倍和高倍形貌进行观察,并分析了涂层的磨损机理。结果表明：磨损机理取决于碳化物和磨粒的相对大小。在样品上进行磨损定量分析,通过调整碳化物尺寸可改善磨损性能,测试涂层的一些力学性能用于对比。     

等离子表面冶金铁基合金层磨粒磨损机理

 采用等离子表面冶金技术,在Q235钢表面获得铁基冶金层,并对其进行磨粒磨损实验。实验结果表明,冶金层耐磨性比淬火45号钢有较大提高。等离子表面冶金层磨粒磨损机制主要为两种类型：①塑性变形－切削;②断裂－剥落。磨损过程为两种机制综合作用的结果,冶金层组织对磨粒磨损机制有显著影响。     

Friction Stir Surfacing Route: Effective Strategy for the Enhancement of Wear Resistance of Titanium Alloy

Titanium alloys are widely used in aerospace applications due to their properties like high strength to weight ratio, good corrosion and creep resistance. Poor wear resistance of these alloys limits their use in tribological applications. Friction surfacing technique is now recognized as an effective solution to surface engineer the light weight high strength alloys to make them suitable for general engineering applications involving wear and corrosion. The present work pertains to a study on wear resistance of surface coating of boron carbide on Ti–6Al–4V alloy using friction surfacing technique. Coating was formed by placing the boron carbide powder into the holes of predetermined depth on the surface and was characterized by metallography, electron probe micro analysis and dry sliding wear testing. The present study revealed that titanium alloy could be friction surfaced with boron carbide powder. The coating exhibited excellent wear resistance, which is attributed to the formation of strong metallurgical bond with the substrate. In the present work an attempt has also been made to compare the wear behaviour of surface composite layer on titanium alloy with that of conventionally used engineering materials such as mild steel and austenitic stainless steel. Wear data clearly revealed that wear resistance of friction stir surfaced composite layer is better than that of mild steel and stainless steel. This study demonstrated that friction stir surfacing is an effective strategy for the enhancement of wear resistance of titanium alloys.     

Effects ofcontaminationonproperties of W-15Cu preparedfrom mechanically alloyed powders

Abstract

To eliminate the contamination of activator elements, such as Fe and Ni, W-15Cu compacts were prepared from mechanically alloyed powders using an attritor with a zirconia tank, balls and agitator arms. Coarse tungsten and copper powders, 9·9 μm and 13·3 μm, respectively, were milled to 1·26 μm composite powders after 145h of milling. The milled powder contained little free copper and was highly combustible in air. After sintering, the 50 vol.-% dense green compacts attained a density of 15·8g cm^-3 or 96·2%. The microstructure consists of uniformly interdispersed tungsten and copper. When stainless steel grinding balls were used, the powder was heavily contaminated with Fe and Ni. The contamination improved the density slightly, but the grain size and the electrical resistivity increased significantly as well. The sintering behaviours of the two composite powders were similar. Most densification occurred during heating before reaching the melting point of copper.     

Development of Duplex Stainless Steels by Field-Assisted Hot Pressing: Influence of the Particle Size and Morphology of the Powders on the Final Mechanical Properties

The feasibility of processing duplex stainless steels with promising properties using a powder metallurgical route, including the consolidation by field-assisted hot pressing, is assessed in this investigation. The influence of the particle size and morphology of the raw austenitic and ferritic powders on the final microstructure and properties is also evaluated for an austenitic content of 60 wt pct. In addition, the properties of a new microconstituent generated between the initial constituents are analyzed. The maximum sintered density (98.9 pct) and the best mechanical behavior, in terms of elastic modulus, nanohardness, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility, are reached by the duplex stainless steel processed with austenitic and ferritic gas atomized stainless steel powders.

     

奥氏体耐磨锰钢的研究现状与进展

在综述奥氏体耐磨锰钢的特点、微观结构、加工硬化机理、磨损与耐磨机理的基础上，提出应深入开展其微观结构与组织及性能的关系以及变形与磨损行为的系统研究，为该类钢的生产和应用提供了更充分的理论和实验依据。     

WEAR AND FRICTION STUDIES OF NICKEL–TUNGSTEN CARBIDE–GRAPHITE COMPOSITES

Abstract

Wear and friction studies have been carried out on pressed and sintered composites of 75–95% theoretical density. Carbonyl nickel and tungsten carbide, both with a particle size of 5 μm, and natural crystalline flake graphite with an approximate size of 1·1 μm were used. The wear specimens were run against a rotating (100 rev/min) steel cylinder. The wear-resistance correlates well with the ratio of the volume fraction of tungsten carbide to that of graphite (WC/graphite); there is a minimum in weight loss at a ratio near unity. This effect is explained in terms of powder coating with graphite during blending, which affects grain-boundary formation and grain growth during sintering; supporting metallographic evidence is given. The wear-debris particle size produced is related to wear; the wear rate increases with increasing particle size. Residual porosity in the materials reduces wear-resistance. The wear rate does not correlate with hardness or coefficient of friction; the results of wear tests in oil or water are very similar to those for tests run in air.     

不锈钢耦合变形摩擦有限元分析

针对奥氏体不锈钢成形过程中的摩擦磨损问题,设计了一种耦合变形摩擦的试验方法,在实验中分析了耦合摩擦试验中钢带滑动速度对钢板与压头间的摩擦系数的影响。通过对磨损表面进行观察,以及LS DYNA仿真对应力的分析发现：滑动速度的增加引起了剪切应力的增加,钢带试样的马氏体组织转变量随着其滑动速度的增加而增加,并引起摩擦表层马氏体组织磨粒磨损,表面磨损现象加重,且摩擦系数波动减小。     

节镍型奥氏体不锈钢14.0Cr-1.1Ni-9.2Mn-0.30Cu组织及性能

在13.36Cr-1.12Ni-11.2Mn节镍型奥氏体不锈钢基础上降Mn加Cu,优化开发14.0Cr-1.1Ni-9.2Mn-0.30Cu不锈钢,并研究不同化学成分奥氏体不锈钢固溶处理、冷轧退火后的金相组织、显微织构、力学性能及成形性能,分析了奥氏体稳定性和冷轧形变诱导马氏体相变的控制规律。结果表明：14.0Cr-1.1Ni-9.2Mn-0.30Cu与13.36Cr-1.12Ni-11.2Mn不锈钢力学性能相当,固溶处理、冷轧退火后奥氏体组织再结晶充分,冷轧平均晶粒尺寸分别为12.6μm、14.0μm,显微织构为铜织构{112}<111>;14.00Cr-1.1Ni-9.2Mn-0.30Cu不锈钢的杯突值和极限拉深比分别为16.15和0.46,优于13.36Cr-1.12Ni-11.2Mn不锈钢;14.0Cr-1.1Ni-9.2Mn-0.30Cu与13.36Cr-1.12Ni-11.2Mn钢Md30/50分别为87.02℃和83.55℃,Md30/50高,则奥氏体稳定性差,形变诱导马氏体量和冷轧变形抗力大,退火后硬度高。通过将冷轧退火工艺速度由10 m/min降低至9 m...     

不同冲击载荷下10Mn钢和NM500的磨损性能及机理

为了给不同类型耐磨钢的实际使用环境提供可靠试验依据,研究不同微观组织的磨损性能和机理,分别在低载荷2 J和高载荷5 J下测试NM500马氏体钢和10Mn奥氏体钢的冲击磨损性能。NM500马氏体耐磨钢以板条状马氏体为主,板条内部存在高密度位错亚结构,同时存在少量残余奥氏体和一些棒状碳化物(TiC);奥氏体10Mn耐磨钢以奥氏体为主,还有少量马氏体和碳化物(NbC、VC)。结果表明,在低冲击载荷(2 J)下,NM500耐磨性高于10Mn钢(160 min的磨损量分别为109和181 mg),归因于NM500比10Mn钢具有更高的硬度,磨料对表面的破坏更小;在高冲击载荷(5 J)下,磨损初期,NM500耐磨性高于10Mn钢(120 min的磨损量分别为140和145 mg),但长时间磨损,NM500耐磨性低于10Mn钢(160 min的磨损量分别为222和173 mg),归因于10Mn钢发生了充分加工硬化,具有更优异的耐磨性。10Mn钢磨损后亚表面微观形貌中存在大量的高密度位错、形变孪晶、应变马氏体,优异的加工硬化能力使10Mn在5 J冲击载荷下更耐磨。