铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔焊过程控制

分析了铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺特点,提出了通过对焊接参数的精确控制,实现变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺的方法,并将焊接电流、离子气流量和焊接速度确定为变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊过程的被调节参数.保持穿孔熔池上"热"和"力"的动态平衡是调节焊接参数的根本依据,是实现变断面试件自动焊接的关键所在.采用单片机为核心的控制器对焊接参数进行实时调节,动态保持穿孔熔池上热和力平衡,实现了变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺.     

Soft variable polarity plasma arc horizontal welding technology and weld asymmetry

Abstract

Soft variable polarity plasma arc welding technology has been proposed to solve the problems in horizontal position welding for aluminium alloys. Arc thermal field shape, arc pressure distribution and the characteristic of the weld pool, which are important for keyhole stability, have been changed compared with the ordinary variable polarity plasma arc. Its stability in application can be evaluated by the operational window. The thermal cycle curves, microstructures and microhardness of the horizontal position weld indicate the weld asymmetry. The influence of asymmetry as well as welding defects on tensile strength and fracture behaviour has been studied. The fundamental reason for the asymmetry was considered as the asymmetric fluid flow around the keyhole in the weld pool.     

Novel soft variable polarity plasma arc and its influence on keyhole in horizontal welding of aluminium alloys

A novel soft variable polarity plasma arc has been proposed to solve the problems in horizontal welding of aluminium alloys (in 2G position). It is defined as an arc with reduced arc pressure while retaining the ability to maintain a stable keyhole. In this paper, its characteristics were studied and its influence on the stability of keyhole was investigated. The results indicate that it has been changed in the energy and pressure distribution compared with ordinary variable polarity plasma arc. It is beneficial for the stability of keyhole especially for the stability of keyhole shrinking process. The keyhole can be established easily. It can also improve the wetting and spreading of molten metal in weld pool. The reason for a stable keyhole is that the soft variable polarity plasma can provide a suitable heat input and a suitable arc pressure.     

铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔横焊焊缝成形规律分析

以穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中形成的穿孔熔池为研究对象,根据熔池热源形态的特点,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的手段研究横焊位置下的铝合金变极性等离子弧焊缝成形.由于焊接速度波动和工件厚度的影响,体热源作用下的穿孔熔池背面存在最高温度点和最大熔宽截面相背离的现象;因此通过对穿孔熔池背面进行分区和定义,提出温宽偏离度概念,即熔池背面最高温度点和最大熔宽截面的偏离程度,用以描述穿孔熔池状态及焊缝成形;通过调节焊枪角度来改变焊接过程中的温宽偏离度,在其它参数不变的情况下减轻重力在焊接过程中对焊缝成形的影响,实现变极性等离子弧穿孔焊接在横焊位置上的良好成形.     

中厚板铝合金VPPAW焊接工艺

以8 mm和10 mm厚的5456和2014铝合金板材为研究对象,讨论了2种材料对VPPAW焊接参数的敏感性,并就喷嘴孔径、喷嘴到工件距离和穿孔时间对焊缝成形的影响进行了分析,得到了中厚板铝合金VPPAW的焊接工艺,为后续研究奠定了基础.     

铝及铝合金的变极性等离子焊接设备与工艺

通过铝及铝合金焊接特点的分析,比较TIG、MIG、PAW不同焊接方法的优缺点;对不同板厚的防锈铝进行大量的变极性等离子焊接工艺试验,总结出变极性等离子焊接铝合金开设备的要求,以及分析等离子焊接工艺参数对成形的影响,制定了一套成熟的焊接工艺参数。试验结果表明：立焊变极性等离子焊接中厚板铝及铝合金有着明显的工艺优势,可以实现单面焊双面成形,焊前清理要求低,焊缝可达到Ⅰ级。     

Gas contamination during plasma welding in Al–Li alloy 2195

Abstract

Keyhole and cover pass variable polarity plasma arc welds were made on aluminium alloy 2195 with measured contamination levels of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Contamination levels ranged from less than 10 to 500 ppm in both the argon plasma gas and the helium shield gas. It was found that nitrogen leads to more severe porosity than either hydrogen or oxygen, and that rear shielding is required for keyhole welding of Al–Li 2195 alloy to protect the weld from nitrogen in the atmosphere. Both nitrogen and oxygen contamination produced a dark surface on the weld bead, which comprised metallic aluminium particles, nucleated in the melt, that had aggregated at the surface of the weld pool.     

变极性等离子电弧力学行为研究

研究了变极性等离子孤焊接工艺参数对变极性等离子电孤力的影响规律,提出了变极性等离子电孤的力学特性,它是变极性等离子电孤的重要特性之一,试验结果对中厚板铝合金变极性等离子孤焊接工艺稳定性以及焊接过程控制有重要的指导意义。     

同步方波交流电源负半波时间随总电流增加而增加的原因

对同步方波交流电源（ＳＹＮＣＲＯＷＡＶＥ－３００（Ｓ）方波交流电源）的负半波时间随总电流增加而增加的原因进行了详细的试验研究和理论分析。结果表明：这种陡降特性的可控硅－电抗器式的交流电源的总电流的增加必须通过增加负半波的时间才能实现。这将会造成铝合金交流ＴＩＧ焊和等离子弧焊在大电流焊接时钨极严重烧损，降低电弧和焊缝成型的稳定性。该结论不但对更好地理解可控制硅－电抗器式方波交流电源的工作原理有重要的     

Measurement method of the arc welding current and voltage

Plasma arc welding can realize high-speed welding, deeper weld penetration and, furthermore, smaller thermal distortion. For these reasons, plasma arc welding is employed for keyhole welding. However, it has been pointed out that it is difficult to obtain the stability of the welding. In this study, we have developed a unified plasma arc welding model for analysing the welding mechanism and influence of the torch design and operation conditions of the arc on the welding process. In this paper, the keyhole welding of a thick aluminium plate employing the plasma arc was numerically analyzed for clarifying the mechanism determining the keyhole size which is important for improving the stability of the process. As a result, it was found that the keyhole size is determined mainly by a force balance between the surface tension of a weld pool and metal vapour pressure.     

厚板铝合金变极性等离子弧焊工艺

分析铝镁合金的焊接特性和变极性等离子弧焊的焊接特点及氩-氦电弧的特性,依据8～12 mm板厚5083的焊接经验,选用变极性等离子弧焊,分别采用氩气、氩气+氦气作为保护气体,对16 mm厚的5083铝合金进行焊接试验,通过优化焊接工艺参数,获得良好的焊缝成形;按JB/T 4730《承压设备无损检测》的要求对获得的焊接接头进行射线检测和渗透检测,通过机械性能试验验证焊接接头的机械性能,各项检测及试验结果均符合NB/T 47014《承压设备焊接工艺评定》的要求,获得的焊接工艺规范参数在高压封闭电器外壳筒体的焊接中稳定应用。     

变极性等离子电弧形态对电弧力的影响

研究了变极性等离子弧焊接工艺中,电弧形态及力学行为随焊接过程变化的现象,提出了变极性等离子电弧力学行为随电弧形态的改变而变化的规律。通过高速摄像以及对电弧力和电流的同步检测,证实了联合型等离子弧在反极性时间内易形成双弧的事实。     

VPPAW工艺的变极性焊接电流受控稳定性

在铝合金的变极性等离子弧焊(variable polarity plasma arc welding,VPPAW)工艺中,变极性焊接电流的受控稳定性是确保焊接成形质量的前提. 然而,等离子电弧形态会随焊接电流极性的切变而变化,使得等离子电弧作为VPPAW电源的输出负载具有显著的非线性特性,常规比例积分微分(proportional integral derivative, PID)控制策略无法确保VPPAW电源输出电流波形畸变,而输出焊接电流波形的畸变又会进一步加剧电弧负载的非线性特性,降低变极性焊接电流的受控稳定性. 为了改善VPPAW工艺的变极性焊接电流的受控稳定性,研究了常规PID控制策略下铝合金的变极性等离子弧穿孔立向上焊接工艺的焊接电流受控稳定性以及等离子电弧的动态稳定性,引入了模糊控制理论,基于现场可编程门阵列(field programmable gate array, FPGA)的并行逻辑时序设计方法,设计出了一种具有并行运算能力的模糊PID控制器. 验证试验结果表明,具有并行运算能力的模糊PID控制器能够有效地改善VPPAW工艺的变极性焊接电流波形的受控稳定性.     

变极性穿孔等离子弧焊接系统的研制

介绍了铝合金变极性穿孔等离子弧焊接控制系统，利用80C196单片机作为控制系统的核心，研制了包括变极性电源、步进电机控制系统等部分在内的变极性焊接系统。该系统主要应用于铝合金变极性穿孔等离子弧焊接工艺。     

镁合金小孔变极性等离子弧缝焊工艺

采用小孔变极性等离子弧缝焊工艺实现了AZ31B镁合金板材的连接,得到了高质量的焊接接头,焊后利用光学显微镜、万能拉伸试验机和显微硬度仪等设备对焊接接头的组织与性能进行了检测分析.结果表明,小孔变极性等离子弧缝焊工艺可以在不开坡口、不需背面强制成形保护的条件下,实现单面施焊双面获得良好的成形;焊接接头的热影响区不明显,平均拉伸剪切力能达到7.3 kN以上;焊缝区组织均匀,晶粒细小,硬度值均高于母材;是一种理想的提高镁合金焊接效率和质量的方法.     

Process control based on double-side image sensing of keyhole puddle for the VPPA welding of aluminum alloys

The double-side image sensing of the keyhole puddle in the variable polarity plasma arc welding of aluminum alloys has been investigated in this paper, to extract the characteristically geometrical size of the keyhole and to realize the feedback controlling for weld formation in the welding process. Some geometrical sizes of the visible keyhole in the front and back images such as the width, height, area, etc. can be used to monitor both the keyhole puddle and the weld formation in the welding process. Under the condition of the varied heat sink, varied gap and misalignment, the trend from normal welding to cutting can be reflected from the variations of geometrical sizes of the keyhole puddle respectively. The keyhole area, the keyhole height and the shape parameters of the keyhole puddle are the key parameters which reflect the trend from normal welding to cutting when meeting the condition of the varied heat sink, varied gap and misalignment respectively. The algorithm for the image processing of the keyhole puddle and the periphery extracting of the visible keyhole developed in the paper can be used to determine real-timely the geometrical sizes of the visible keyhole. Artificial neural network is applied to establish the model for predicting the geometrical sizes of the back keyhole puddle. The inputs of the model are the geometrical sizes of the front keyhole puddle and the weld parameters, the outputs of the model are the geometrical sizes of the back keyhole puddle. The model can be used to control the stability of keyhole and the weld formation.     

Numerical analysis of keyhole establishment time in keyhole plasma arc welding

Numerical analysis of keyhole shape and keyhole establishment time is of great significance for selection and optimization of the process parameters in keyhole plasma arc welding. In this paper, a three-dimensional transient model is developed to analyze the evolutions of keyhole shape and keyhole establishment time in continuous current plasma arc welding process. Firstly, a combined volumetric heat source model is used to simulate the transient variation of temperature field. And then the surfaced formation equation is adopted to calculate dynamic features of the keyhole shape and keyhole establishment time inside weld pool, in which the force action on weld pool surface is considered. Experiment is conducted to validate the numerical simulation results. The predicted keyhole size and keyhole establishment time are in agreement with the experimental measurement. And the calculated fusion zone geometry is consistent with the measured one.     

穿孔法变极性等离子立焊的收弧过程

研究了穿孔法等离子弧焊的收弧规律。发现焊接电流、离子气流量和焊接速度对收弧过程影响较大。在收弧阶段采用适当焊接电流，增大送丝速度，减小离子气流量和焊接速度，以增加焊接热输入，可以实现收弧弧坑的填充。对于不同厚度的铝合金，收弧阶段的规范参数有一最佳区间。研究了收弧坑的接头性能，其抗拉强度和伸长率均不低于中间焊缝。     

VPPA焊接的焊缝成形稳定性控制的研究现状

变极性等离子孤焊的优点在于能够灵活调节特征工艺参数,如电流频率、正负半波电流幅值及时间比,以满足铝合金焊接时的阴极清理和实现小孔焊接的要求.因此,在航空航天铝合金结构的焊接中获得了广泛的应用.主要介绍了该焊接方法在焊缝成形稳定性控制方面的研究现状,主要分为预置参数开环控制方式、实时检测闭环控制方式和多参数信息融合反馈控...     

变极性等离子弧焊研究进展

变极性等离子弧焊的优点在于能够灵活调节特征工艺参数如电流频率、正负半波电流幅值及导通时间比，以满足铝合金焊接时的阴极清理和形成穿孔焊。介绍了国内外在实现变极性电流波形、电弧稳定性、阴极清理机理、小孔信号检测等方面的研究现状。指出保证前后级同步是双逆变电路形式的技术关键，双通道形式可克服主、维弧干涉并降低钨电极烧损。溅射、电介质击穿及瞬时熔化和蒸发是目前解释阴极清理机理的主要理论，重要的是工艺参数对清理的影响规律。近年来又出现了几种新的小孔检测方法，而正面检测及多传感信息融合仍是其主要发展方向。