高铬刚玉涂料及防粘砂机理研究

试验了醇基高铬刚玉粉涂料并在铸钢生产中应用,采用电子探针分析了高温钢液作用过的涂层断面结构,探讨了其防粘砂机理。结果表明,这种涂料有较好的防粘砂效果;发现了钢液表面的FeO和砂型中的水玻璃向涂层中渗透,涂层中耐火骨料颗粒表面熔融,烧结成彼此相连的大块状,骨料间隙填充硅酸铝、铁、钠玻璃相,形成一定厚度的致密隔离层,有效地防止了钢液的渗透。     

铸钢覆膜砂的生产及应用

介绍了铸钢覆膜砂在生产和应用中解决铸件粘砂和皮下气孔的方法。     

Prevention of burn-on defect on surface of hydroturbine blade casting of ultra-low-carbon refining stainless steel

The burn-on sand is common surface defect encountered in CO2-cured silicate-bonded sand casting of hydroturbine blade of ultra-low-carbon martensitic stainless steel, its feature, causes and prevention measures are presented in this paper. Experiments showed that the burn-on defect is caused by oxidization of chromium in the molten steel at high temperature and can be effectively eliminated by using chromium-corundum coating.     

Alloy Casting by the Horizontal Ohno Continuous Casting System

Abstract

Sn-Pb alloys in the compositional range 2.5–22.5% Pb have been continuously cast using the horizontal Ohno Continuous Casting (OCC) process. The effects of alloy composition and process variables on the location and size of the liquid-solid zone were investigated and information obtained was examined in order to establish the breakout point. It was found that the liquid-solid zone existed partly or entirely within the mould during casting, depending on casting conditions. The liquid-solid zone expanded with increasing mould-cooler distance and also with decreasing mould exit temperature, whereas it remained constant with the casting speed within the range investigated. As the composition approaches the eutectic point, the L+S zone shifted into the mould, and existed entirely within the mould at 22.5% Pb. It was also found that breakout occurred when the rod temperature at the mould exit exceeded a critical temperature which can be expressed as Tc=228–2A, where Tc is the critical rod temperature in Celsius and A is wt% Pb (<22.5% Pb). It was confirmed that the mould exit temperature must be kept above the liquidus temperature of the alloy to be cast in order to obtained unidirectional or single crystal materials.     

Mechanism of die soldering during aluminum die casting

Soldering is a unique casting defect associated with die casting or metal mold casting of aluminum alloys. It occurs when molten aluminum sticks or solders the surface of the die steel and remains there after the ejection of the casting, causing a surface defect and dimensional inaccuracy of the castings and increased machine downtime. Soldering occurs easily when a bare die steel mold is used for die casting of aluminum alloys. When molten aluminum comes in contact with the die steel at a temperature higher than a critical temperature, the iron and aluminum atoms diffuse into each other, forming a series of intermetallic phases and a liquid aluminum-rich fcc phase. This liquid phase exists between intermetallic phases. On cooling, the liquid fcc phase solidifi es on the intermetallic phases and grows into the casting, resulting in soldering. The critical temperature is the eutectic temperature near the aluminum corner of the phase diagram. If the die is protected using a nonreactive ceramic coating, soldering starts at locations where local coating failure occurs. Molten aluminum comes into contact with die steel through the coating failure locations and eats into the steel matrix, forming small pits. As these small pits grow, the coating is gradually removed and soldering becomes more severe. Details of die soldering step on a bare steel die and on a coated die material are discussed.     

Conference Reports

Abstract

The outcome of a long-term programme on the computer-aided design of castings, carried out at Sharif University of Technology, has been the development of computer simulation software known as SUTCAST. This is currently employed in 16 local foundries. The program is based on a numerical method involving a classical approach to an explicit three-dimensional heat-transfer finite difference method. The software has been designed for the solidification simulation of pure metals, and eutectic and long-freezing-range alloys. It has been written for IBM personal computers and compatibles in the Turbo C version 2.01 programming language.

This paper discusses the computer solidification simulation of an Al—12%Si casting poured in a sand mould and the heat- transfer coefficient at the metal—mould interface. A mathematical model for the estimation of the gap width at the metal—mould interface during solidification based on the plane strain thermoelasticity equations is suggested.

The solidification process for Al—12%Si contained with a sand mould was monitored by measuring temperature at different locations within the casting and the sand mould. An experimental procedure was employed to measure the displacement of the metal and mould walls during solidification. The width of the gap was measured as the difference between the location of the casting and the inner surfaces of the mould, which varies with time.

The computer results are compared with the experimental data and are shown to be in good agreement as regards to cooling curves, solidification time and gap size.     

Effect of cooling rate on air gap formation in aluminium alloy permanent mould casting

Abstract

Displacements of the casting surface and the mould surface at the casting/mould interface were experimentally measured during the solidification of aluminium alloys in a permanent mould. Temperatures of the casting and mould surfaces at this interface were also recorded and correlated with displacement measurements. Four different commercial Al–Si alloys were investigated at varying cooling rates. These results are compared with available data on the effect of cooling rate on solid fraction evolution and consequently strength development during solidification. The temperature of the casting surface at the moment of air gap initiation was found to decrease with increasing cooling rate, although this relationship was confirmed at the 95% confidence level for only one of the alloys, AC601, for which sufficient data points were available. The solid fraction at the casting surface at gap initiation in this alloy is shown not to change with cooling rate. In all hypoeutectic alloys, the gap formed before the solid fraction at the casting surface reached 1·0 at slow cooling rates. For the near eutectic alloy BA401 it occurred at almost 1·0. Casting surface contraction rates following gap formation are also presented both as a function of time and casting surface temperature. It is shown that contractions predicted using the linear thermal expansion coefficient provide a reasonable approximation.     

The Prediction of Shrinkage Cavities in Cast-Steel Rolls

Abstract

A 2D finite difference program has been written which enables the progress of solidification to be predicted in cylindrical castings with geometries typical of cast-steel rolls. A simple method for predicting the formation of gross shrinkage cavities has been introduced into the program, which assumes that liquid metal flow is instantaneous in regions where the solid fraction is below some critical value and feeding through regions above the critical value is not possible. Using metal/mould heat transfer coefficients determined previously for a variety of mould surface conditions (bare chill, coated chill, sand-lined chill), the computer model has been validated experimentally in terms of solidification times, position and shape of cavities and regions of porosity for a number of geometrical arrangements with different mould surfaces.     

Casting a Small-diameter Tin Wire by the OCC (Ohno Continuous Casting) Process

Abstract

Tin wires of 2 mm dia have been cast by the horizontal OCC process at speeds between 0.02 m/min and 4.2 m/min. It was found that unlike the casting of larger diameter rods, it was possible to continue casting, even if the solid-liquid interface existed outside the mould. If the mould exit temperature and the mould-cooler distance were maintained at 267°C and 2 mm respectively, the solid-liquid interface was located at the mould exit when the casting speed was 0.35 m/mln. However, when the casting speed exceeded about 1.2 m/min, the cast surface of the wire deteriorated and exhibited a matted appearance due to the formation of ridges. With a casting speed of 4.2 m/min, the solid-liquid interface location was estimated to be about 4 mm outside the mould. A calculated temperature distribution within the solidifying strand revealed that the solid-liquid interface entered the cooling water when the casting speed was 1.2 m/min. Thus, in order to obtain a cast wire with a high surface finish, the strand should be solidified outside the cooling water. Casting parameter values corresponding to the condition where the solid-liquid interface reaches the mould exit were considered to be critical co-ordinates for runout (breakout). When the solid-liquid interface is located between the mould and the cooling water, tight control of the casting process, and in particular control of the metal head, is essential in order to avoid dimensional instability and runout of the liquid metal.     

Sequence control of pressing velocity for pressure in press casting process using greensand mould

Abstract

Recently, a press casting process using a greensand mould was actively developed by the authors' group to improve productivity and casting quality. This process consists mainly of two parts: in the first, molten metal is poured in the lower mould by a ladle, and in the second, the upper mould falls down toward the lower mould to press the molten metal. The feature based advantages of this greensand casting are an astonishing increase in casting yield (over 90%) and energy saving. A rapid pressing process should be realised as a vital task to achieve an increase in productivity. In addition, the advanced technique of this process will also suppress casting defects such as a cold shut and the inclusion of generated oxide film due to the temperature decrease in molten metal. As the technical problem on high speed pressing, the other defects are caused by increased pressure. Metal penetration, in which the solidified molten metal is soaked among the sand particles in greensand, often occurs. Hence, the authors propose controlling the pressing velocity in order to realise high production competence and to suppress the rapid increase in pressure. In this paper, a pressure suppression method in high speed pressing is proposed in which the sequential velocity control of the press can be applied to various casting moulds. The control design is conducted simply and theoretically, and a brief mathematical model of the fluid pressure is built using a complicated, exact model of CFD. Then, the permitted range of pressure fluctuation is given for the production of high quality casting. Considering the upper limit of the pressure constraint for defect free pressing, the switching velocity pattern of multisteps is derived using the proposed mathematical model without trial and error adjustment. The control performance for pressure fluctuation using the obtained velocity reference is checked by CFD simulations.     

邯钢新区热轧卷板边裂成因分析和改善

边裂是影响邯钢新区热轧卷板质量的一个重要因素。对热轧卷板边部裂纹缺陷取样,进行金相分析、扫描电镜分析、能谱分析,并对连铸板坯进行对比轧制试验,证实热轧卷板边裂是由连铸板坯角部横向裂纹引起。分析了影响板坯角部横裂的钢水成分、结晶器保护渣、结晶器冷却、二冷水等工艺因素。在此基础上,提出了改善板坯角部横裂的有效措施,即优化钢水成分、改进保护渣性能、优化二冷配水、弱化结晶器冷却等。实施以上措施后,热轧卷板边部裂纹大幅度减少。     

异型坯表面横裂纹的控制技术

马钢连铸异型坯在生产耐候钢时存在表面横裂纹,造成轧后废品。通过对结晶器热模拟分析,对连铸坯热成像温度分析,异型坯翼缘顶端至腹板存在较大的温度梯度,特别是翼缘顶端到腹板角部,无法避开高温脆性区。450 MPa级耐候H型钢含有一定的Cu、V、N、Al,晶界析出大量低熔点物质造成钢的高温延展性降低。经过改进,连铸坯温度差减小,设备精度提高,钢中低熔点物质得到控制,抑制了横裂纹的发生。     

拉速液位与结晶器出钢温度的关系研究

结晶器液位和铸坯拉速可直接影响结晶器内钢液温度.本文基于数值模拟和钢液凝固机理,建立起结晶器内钢液液位和铸坯拉速对其出钢口处钢液截面平均温度和坯壳温度的制约关系.仿真结果表明,所建立的关系模型能够反映结晶器出钢口处坯壳表面温度的动态变化,及间接地预知坯壳厚度目的.     

低碳低硅铝镇静钢铸坯表面凹陷的成因及控制

分析唐钢板坯连铸机生产的低碳低硅铝镇静钢铸坯表面凹陷缺陷的产生原因。结果表明,表面凹陷缺陷的产生由结晶器内弯月面处坯壳冷却不均造成,采取了防止结晶器跑锥,提高结晶器锥度,防止弯月面处铜板变形,选择合适性能的保护渣,选择合理的拉速、钢水过热度,合理控制结晶器流场等措施,最终消除了铸坯凹陷缺陷,提高了铸坯表面质量。     

A Theoretical and Experimental Study of Heat Line Formation in a Roll Caster

The authors show that a steady state two-dimensional finite difference model has been developed to describe the roll casting process, incorporating a variable heat transfer coefficient through the roll bite. The model explains the formation of the speed limiting defects called ‘heat lines’ in terms of this variable strip/roll heat transfer coefficient. The results of subsequent casting speed trials are compared with the predictions made by the numerical model. Approximate values of the heat-transfer coefficients through the roll bite in the various regions proposed for the roll caster model have been determined by matching predicted strip exit temperatures to experimental measurements for various casting speeds. Further evidence for the values of the alloy/mould heat transfer coefficients were obtained from cooling curves. The model has been used to investigate the effect of varying various casting parameters on the strip exit temperature and the critical casting speed above which heat lines form.     

Elimination of misrun and gas hole defects of investment casting TiAl alloy turbocharger based on numerical simulation and experimental study

Casting technology of thin-wall TiAl alloy turbochargers was studied by investment casting and numerical simulation.Misruns and gas holes were the main defects observed in preliminary work due to the poor fluidity of alloy,and to gas entrapment.In order to eliminate these defects,cast parameters,such as centrifugal rotation rate and mould preheating temperature,were optimized by numerical simulation,meanwhile,the structure of the shell mould was optimized to improve the filling capacity of TiAl alloy.Pouring experiments were carried out by vacuum induction melting furnace equipped with a water-cooled copper crucible based on the above optimization.The quality of the TiAl alloy casting was analyzed by fluorescent penetrant inspection and X-ray detection.The results show that a centrifugal rotation rate of 200 rpm,mould preheating temperature of 600°C,shell preparation through organic fiber addition can dramatically improve the mould filling capacity,and integrated turbochargers were finally prepared.     

拉速对板坯倒角结晶器钢液流动的影响

为研究凝固坯壳影响时拉速变化对板坯倒角结晶器内流场和温度场的影响,通过数值模拟和物理模拟研究相结合的方法,建立了板坯倒角结晶器流动、传热及凝固三维数学模型和相似比为1∶1的断面尺寸为1 490 mm×230 mm的板坯倒角结晶器物理模型。数值模拟和物理模拟流场形态及液面相同位置流速结果进行的对比分析表明了数模和水模试验结果趋势的一致性;拉速变化对倒角结晶器内流场及温度场的数值影响明显,但对整体形态影响不大;拉速增大到1.7 m/min时液面流速过快、波动剧烈,极易出现卷渣;拉速增大会强化钢液流股对窄面凝固坯壳的冲击,导致坯壳重熔减薄;在本试验研究范围内以1.5 m/min拉速进行生产能够取得较好的综合效果。     

变速箱壳体消失模铸造工艺与缺陷防止

介绍了汽车变速箱壳体的消失模铸造工艺。为消除铸件缺陷,提出如下措施:(1)使用竹片加固模样,解决模样变形缺陷;(2)在挂涂烘干后的模样内铺上一层树脂砂改善粘砂缺陷。生产结果表明:变速箱壳体抗拉强度200MPa、(A+B)型石墨体积分数≥70%、珠光体体积分数≥95%,组织与力学性能均能满足要求。     

大型低合金钢铸件炉喉钢砖的铸造工艺设计

低合金钢铸件炉喉钢砖,最大壁厚80 mm,最小壁厚50 mm,中间空腔大,属壁薄、大芯大型铸件。工艺设计方面木模采用容易起模的“抽芯模式”结构,造型上采用水玻璃砂、石灰石砂、树脂砂三种砂型配合使用,并在砂芯中放入干砂块以增加砂芯的退让性,正确设计浇注系统等,消除了铸件裂纹、缩孔、缩松等缺陷,成功地生产出尺寸精度、表面质量均符合要求的合格铸件,工艺出品率98%以上。     

封头的铸造

介绍ZG35Cr24Ni7SiN耐热不锈钢封头生产工艺的改进经验。采用水玻璃自硬砂造型，表面采用锆英粉涂料，明顶冒口工艺，能有效解决封头铸造过程中的粘砂、冒口切割困难等难题，铸件质量明显提高，工艺出品率66％。