The key technologies of controlling low carbon steel as-cast strip surface quality

This article is try to explain or analyze the key technologies of controlling the surface quality of low carbon steel as cast strip through investigation of interface heat transfer between solidified shell and liquid steel.The one of the key technologies of controlling surface quality of low carbon steel as cast strip is through the casting roll surface texture in order to achieve the homogeneous solidification on the casting roll.Another is through forming a thin film on the casting roll surface in order to achieve a balance between rapid solidification and homogeneous solidification.This film formed between the twin roll and the molten steel can be controlled by adjusting the chemical composition and inclusion in liquid steel through controlling the amount of all[O]and free[O].     

Development of laboratory scale thin strip caster and investigation of direct casting of AISI 304 stainless steel

Abstract

An unequal diameter (1 : 3), two roll thin strip casting machine has been designed and fabricated for investigation of the direct casting of thin strip on a laboratory scale. The system consists of a preheatable shallow tundish with online heating facility, water cooled rotating rolls (chill and auxiliary) for solidification of the liquid metal, and a stripper assembly. The machine has a variable speed. Roll gap setting and roll pressure adjustment are two important features of the machine. It is also possible to vary the placement angle of the auxiliary roll with respect to the chill roll. A heat transfer model was developed, based on experimental casting results. Experiments were conducted using AISI 304 grade stainless steel. Up to 100 kg of steel was cast without interruption into strips of widths 100 and 200 mm and thickness varying between 1 and 2 mm. Some of the process parameters affecting the quality of the strip were identified.     

Twin roll strip casting of low carbon steels

Abstract

Strip casting of low carbon steels has been investigated using a laboratory twin roll machine with copper rolls. The following grades have been studied: a deep drawing low carbon (LC) steel, a LC steel with titanium addition, and a high strength low alloy (HSLA) grade. The casting behaviour of these steels has been examined, and the observed surface defects classified. Defects are most pronounced for the LC grade and significantly less for the HSLA steel and the LC steel with titanium addition. The as cast structure has been analysed. It can be modified by post-cast treatment, e.g. by normalisation or in line rolling. The mechanical properties of cold rolled and annealed strip materials and their textures are presented. Satisfactory sheet properties can be achieved both as hot band and as cold rolled sheet when adequate treatment steps are applied. Consequences for strip casting applications and future research are discussed.     

Numerical analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer in pool of twin roll strip caster

Abstract

Twin roll strip casting is regarded as a prospective technology offering many economic benefits. The control of fluid flow in the pool is, however, particularly difficult due to the high casting speed and small pool volume. In the present study, a three-dimensional mathematical model has been developed for the coupled analysis of fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification in the pool using the finite difference method. The characteristics of transport phenomena in the pool of a twin roll strip caster using a wedge type melt delivery system were analysed by numerical simulation. The results show that it is desirable for the wedge melt delivery system to provide the uniformity of flow and temperature in the pool to maintain the casting process and improve the strip quality.     

薄带连铸304不锈钢凝固过程中生成的氧化物夹杂

 采用透射电镜(TEM)对双辊薄带连铸AISI304不锈钢凝固过程中生成的非金属夹杂物进行了研究,发现在薄带的晶界存在许多球型的微细氧化物夹杂,其成分主要是MnO Al2O3 SiO2类复合夹杂物,直径均小于1 μm,并采用数学模型对薄带连铸304不锈钢凝固过程中析出的氧化物夹杂的大小进行了计算,预测值与实验中观察到的结果吻合较好。与传统连铸相比,双辊薄带连铸AISI304不锈钢凝固过程中生成的非金属夹杂物数量增多,尺寸明显减小。     

侧封板传热对双辊板带铸轧凝固过程的影响

借助大型有限元分析软件ansys中的flotran CFD模块,对双辊板带铸轧的凝固过程进行了模拟分析,并对不同导热系数的侧封板对双辊板带铸轧凝固过程的影响进行了对比分析。此模拟结果可以为控制铸轧过程提供有效的参考。     

双辊连铸不锈钢薄带凝固组织特点

 通过金相观察分析了同径双辊薄带连铸机上生产的奥氏体不锈钢薄带的凝固组织,结果表明：铸带凝固组织包括2个柱状晶区和1个等轴晶区,其等轴晶呈近球形或蔷薇形。与传统连铸板坯相比,其柱状晶区一次及二次枝晶的间距较小,等轴晶粒内部为非枝晶结构,其尺寸大约是连铸坯等轴晶的1/10,凝固组织更致密。     

双辊铸轧过程轧制力计算的研究

 在对熔池内金属凝固和变形的机理分析的基础上,将铸轧区域分为2个求解区域。采用流体力学中Navier Stokes方程并引入流函数,对液相区、糊状区的流变特性进行分析并建立相应的速度场,同时引入固相百分率计算模型和粘度计算模型,根据速度边界条件推导出该区域单位压力分布解析式。对于凝固区的铸轧力建模仍沿用传统热轧模型。利用上述模型进行铸轧力计算,计算结果与实测结果吻合较好,为建立双辊铸轧过程铸轧力控制策略的提供了有力的支撑。     

双辊薄带连铸生产不锈钢技术探讨

不锈钢是双辊薄带连铸工艺重点开发的钢种之一.综述了不锈钢的分类和性能特点,简要介绍了不锈钢的几种生产型式,详细讨论了双辊薄带连铸生产不锈钢的技术要点和难点.     

双辊薄带连铸工艺生产硅钢技术

硅钢是双辊薄带连铸工艺最具开发潜力的钢种之一。综述了国内外双辊薄带连铸工艺生产硅钢技术的现状，并讨论了该工艺的技术要点、难点以及研究和发展的方向。     

Columnar to equiaxed transition of metals during solidification by using electric current pulse

 A new approach of applying the Electric Current Pulse (ECP) with parallel electrodes to promotion of the transition from columnar to equiaxed crystals and improvement of macrosegregation was introduced. And the experiments of application of ECP in the different stage of solidification have been carried out. The results show that applying ECP in both the initial and the late stage of solidification can promote the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET). Analysis shows that during solidification application of ECP induce a large number of nuclei around the upper surface, which subsequently showers down into the melt and impinges growth front of the columnar crystal. Therefore the CET occurs. In addition, this method is also employed to influence the solidification processing of bearing steel, the results show that the structrue is changed from columnar to equaixed, indicating that ECP can enhance the homogeneity of structure and composition of bearing steel.     

Columnar to Equiaxed Transition During Solidification of Small Ingot by Using Electric Current Pulse

A new approach to applying the electric current pulse (ECP)with parallel electrodes to the promotion of the transition from columnar crystal to equiaxed crystal and the improvement of macrosegregation was introduced. The ECP was applied to different stages of the solidification. The results showed that the application of the ECP in both the initial stage (the thickness of solidified shell reached 2 mm approximately)and the late stage (the thickness of solidified shell reached 14 mm approximately)of solidification can promote the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET). The analysis showed that during solidification, a large number of nuclei around the upper surface fell off due to ECP, which subsequently showered on the melt and impinged the growth front of the columnar crystal. There-fore, the CET occurred. In addition, this method was also employed to influence the solidification process of bearing steel, and the results showed that the structure was changed from columnar crystal to equiaxed crystal, indicating that ECP can enhance the homogeneity of structure and composition of bearing steel.     

Modelling of Melt Flow and Solidification in the Twin‐Roll Strip Casting Process

A three‐dimensional mathematical model has been developed to simulate turbulent fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification in the pool of a twin‐roll strip caster. A Darcy‐porosity approach was used to study the fluid flow within the mushy solidification zone in the pool. The effect of the heat transfer coefficient and permeability constant on the flow and solidification was also predicted. It was shown that an even flow and temperature distribution of the pool can be obtained by using a suitable feeding system. The heat transfer between the rolls and the solidifying metal has a big influence on the location of the solidification end point. The permeability of the mushy zone is a key factor which affects the flow and solidification in the twin‐roll strip casting process.     

双辊薄带连铸技术状况的调查分析

调查了双辊薄带铸轧生产线的运行状况。整理出其工业化应用所需要的基础数据,如用于相关设计和决策的连浇时间、作业率等。给出了生产能力的算例。利用经典的传热凝固理论和经验对双辊连铸的关键参数进行界定,导出了辊缝d(铸带厚度)和辊径D、液位h和最大浇铸速度Vcm的关系。分析了铁辊和铜辊的差异。总结分析了双辊铸带宏观偏析有别于连铸坯的现象和机制。     

Influence of mechanical factors on solidification structure of thin strips of Fe–6.5wt-%Si alloy by twin roll casting process

Strips (1.6?mm thick) of Fe–6.5wt-%Si alloy were prepared by twin roll casting. The microstructure was found to be mainly columnar and equiaxed grains. The plastic deformation of the strip is inhomogeneous in the thickness direction. The most serious deformation is located at a certain depth from the strip surface. The influence of mechanical factors on the solidification structure of the strip is discussed. As the two solidifying shells contact with each other at the end of solidification, the columnar growth fronts break into fragments, which finally grow into equiaxed grains. At the hot rolling stage, the inhomogeneous deformation of the strip is attributed to the fact that the ductility of the alloy is sensitive to temperature. There is a large temperature gradient in the thickness direction, which can be up to 510°C?mm^??1.     

用蒙特卡罗法模拟连铸坯的凝固组织

为了创建一种直接以图形显示晶粒形貌的连铸坯凝固组织计算机模拟方法,结合宏观传热计算和凝固理论,用改进的蒙特卡罗法建立了连铸坯凝固组织的计算机仿真模型。用此模型模拟了硅钢连铸坯的凝固组织并与实际铸坯的宏观组织进行了对比,模拟结果与实际结果基本吻合。在此基础上还模拟了不同过热度下铸坯的凝固组织。     

特种合金双辊薄带连铸生产技术进展

双辊薄带连铸技术（TRC）已发展到产业化的初级阶段,如日本新日铁、德国Eurostrip、美国Castrip、韩国Postrip等公司的薄带连铸生产能力已达30～50万t/a,多炉连浇时间超过10h。介绍了多种特种合金,如髙硅电工钢（w（Si）为4.5%～6.5%）、高速钢、Invar合金、Inconel合金、TWIP钢等可用双辊薄带连铸,一次性形成毫米级薄带。由于高速冷凝,晶粒细化,成分偏析极少,生产成本低,成材率高,TRC是当前双辊薄带连铸产业化的新途径之一。     

Homogeneity and Equiaxed Grain Structure of Billets

The homogeneity of as‐cast structures is essential to the application of advanced steel materials. The relationship between as‐cast equiaxed grain structure and homogeneity was examined by means of OPA (Original Position Analysis) technology. The results indicate that macrosegregation of the solute elements was obviously suppressed in silicon steel billets with equiaxed grain structure. Furthermore, two methods to achieve an equiaxed grain structure were described. One is to use titanium‐based inoculation technology. TiN particles and TiN/ Ti₂O₃ complex particles can precipitate at the early stage of solidification and then play an important role of heterogeneous nucleation when the solidification condition is carefully controlled. The other method is to maintain a small temperature gradient in the mould to enhance the constitutional undercooling As a result, the as‐cast equiaxed grain structure was well developed in the experimental billets.     

Optimisation of pinch roll load in thin slab continuous casting

Abstract

An analytical model has been developed to investigate the optimum pinch roll load and resulting slab thickness reduction during the continuous casting of a steel, constant thickness, thin slab in a vertical type machine. The pinch roll unit consists of two driven pinch roll sets, which support the solidified hot slab weight and take up the reaction forces owing to slab bending. Optimum conditions prevail when the pinch roll load required to support the slab weight is equally shared by the two pinch roll sets and has the minimum value allowing proper control of the slab speed. The model has been validated by being applied to an existing industrial case of thin slab continuous casting of plain low carbon steel. The effects of pinch roll radius, slab thickness, casting speed, slab temperature and the material carbon percentage on minimum pinch roll load and slab thickness reduction ratio have been investigated. Expressions have been obtained for the optimum pinch roll load and slab thickness reduction ratio related to the prevailing process parameters, which the plant operator can directly apply to determine the optimum pressure setting for the hydraulic cylinders fitted to the movable roll ends. The bending roll load is shown to be small compared with the pinch roll load.     

双辊薄带凝固组织的数值模拟(Ⅱ)--数学模型的应用

双辊薄带凝固组织中柱状晶区所占比例对薄带质量有非常重要的影响，本在已建数学模型的基础上，模拟预测了浇铸温度、铸辊转速、熔池高度等工艺参数对双辊薄带凝固组织中柱状晶区比例的影响。模拟结果表明：在全凝固点位置位于铸辊出口处和保持带厚不变的条件下，工艺参数对薄带凝固组织中柱状晶区比例的影响是不同的。