Effect of presence of SiC and operating frequency on the damping behaviour of pure magnesium

Abstract

The objective of the present work was to investigate the effect of presence of SiC reinforcement and the vibration frequency on the overall damping characteristics of pure magnesium. The testing method uses a combination of the modified free – free beam method coupled with a circle fit approach. The effect of frequency on the damping property was studied by adding end masses to the specimen so as to alter the resonant frequency of the suspended beam. In the present study, the results are compared against a monolithic magnesium sample. The results revealed a higher damping capability of the composite specimen at all tested frequencies when compared to monolithic magnesium. Both monolithic and reinforced magnesium showed a progressive decrease in damping with an increase in frequency. An attempt is made to rationalise the damping behaviour of the composite in terms of the presence of a process induced plastic zone at the matrix/particulate interface and the operating frequency.     

Compressive behaviour of open cell Al–Al2O3 composite foams fabricated by sintering and dissolution process

Abstract

The sintering and dissolution process (SDP) was used to produce the fine open cell Al–Al₂O₃ composite and pure Al foams with the relative density of 0·25–0·40 and the pore size of 112–400 μm. The composite foam exhibited much higher yield strength and Young's modulus than the pure Al foam, and thus had an elevated plateau stress. Moreover, the composite foam showed a unique dependence of the compression stress on the pore size, i.e. it increased with increasing pore size, which was quite different from that for the common metal foams.     

Damping properties of porous AZ91 magnesium alloy reinforced with copper particles

Abstract

The well distributed open porous AZ91 magnesium alloy reinforced with copper particles was successfully prepared through powder metallurgy route based on space holder method. Its damping properties were characterised by internal friction and the internal friction measurement in a temperature range from room temperature to 100°C was performed by a multifunction internal friction apparatus. Experimental results revealed that the damping capacity of the porous AZ91 magnesium alloy was increased as a result of the addition of copper particle and the increase was further enhanced with increasing volume fraction of copper particle. Attempt is performed to correlate the increase in damping with the microstructural change arising due to the addition of copper particles. It was suggested that the increase should be related to the appearance of plastic zone and thus an increase in dislocation density at the matrix particles interfaces.     

Axisymmetric compression test and hot working properties of alloys

Abstract

The paper investigates the use of the hot axisymmetric compression test for the determination of the hot working properties of alloys. Qualitative analysis shows that stress determinations from the test are subject to systematic errors. These arise from frictional effects and deformation heating. The errors are affected by the conditions of the test and the effects of these parameters have been investigated using a fully coupled finite element procedure. Specimen geometry, specimen volume, friction, temperature, strain rate, and strain have been investigated. Procedures outlining methods of error calculation for general testing conditions are given. Methods of using the data to correct stress–strain curves, to validate such curves and to optimise testing conditions are discussed.     

碳纳米管增强铝基复合泡沫的阻尼性能

通过填加造孔剂方法制备了碳纳米管（CNTs）增强铝基复合泡沫,采用热机械分析仪研究了测试温度、频率、外加振幅、泡沫的孔隙率和CNTs含量对其阻尼性能的影响,并分析了相关阻尼机制。结果表明:复合泡沫铝的阻尼性能随孔隙率和振幅的增大而提高,随着频率的增加而下降。在环境测试温度25~200℃范围内,复合泡沫的损耗因子变化较小;当温度高于200℃后,损耗因子随温度升高有明显的提高。CNTs的加入可以显著提高泡沫铝的阻尼性能,常温下3.0% CNTs增强的铝基复合泡沫的损耗因子达0.27,为泡沫铝的3.71倍。复合泡沫的阻尼机制主要为位错阻尼、晶界阻尼、孔隙阻尼、CNTs的本征阻尼和CNTs-Al间界面阻尼,其中本征和界面阻尼发挥了重要的增强作用。      

Microstructure and mechanical properties of as rolled high strength bainitic rail steels

Abstract

Bainitic steels are emerging with the potential to replace eutectoid steels to achieve longer rail life. Bainitic steels of two compositions were made and processed into rails 13 m in length. The properties of these rails were evaluated in the as rolled slow cooled condition. The results from bainitic rail steels were compared with those for 880 MPa grade pearlitic rail steel. It was found that in the as rolled slow cooled condition rail properties such as fracture toughness, Charpy impact energy, and endurance limit were superior to those of 880 MPa grade pearlitic rail steel.     

Microstructure and properties of Nd-Fe-B magnets prepared by spark plasma sintering

Abstract

Anisotropic Nd₁₅.₅Dy₁.₀Fe_BalCo₃.₀B₆.₈Al₁.₀ magnets were produced by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The effects of processing conditions on the microstructure, magnetic properties, dimensional precision and density of the magnets were studied. The magnetic properties, microstructure and constituents were investigated by means of a magnetic flux density - magnetic field strength (B-H) loopline instrument, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The density of the magnets was determined by the Archimedes method, and the dimensional precision of the magnets was measured by micrometer. It was found that the microstructure of SPS processed Nd-Fe-B magnets is unique; the grain size is fine and uniform while distribution of the neodymium rich phase is heterogeneous. The optimal magnetic properties of SPS processed Nd-Fe-B magnets obtained so far are maximum energy product of 240 kJ m^-3 and coercive force of 1260 kA m^-1. The dimensional precision of the magnets is ~ 20 μm, and the density of the magnets reaches 7.58 g cm^-3.     

Effect of heat treatment on tensile properties of friction stir welded joints of 2219-T6 aluminium alloy

Abstract

The effect of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the tensile properties of friction stir welded (FSW) joints of 2219-T6 aluminium alloy was investigated. The PWHT was carried out at aging temperature of 165°C for 18 h. The mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated using tensile tests. The experimental results indicate that the PWHT significantly influences the tensile properties of the FSW joints. After the heat treatment, the tensile strength of the joints increases and the elongation at fracture of the joints decreases. The maximum tensile strength of the joints is equivalent to 89% of that of the base material. The fracture location characteristics of the heat treated joints are similar to those of the as welded joints. The defect free joints fracture in the heat affected zone on the retreating side and the joints with a void defect fracture in the weld zone on the advancing side. All of the experimental results can be explained by the hardness profiles and welding defects in the joints.     

Effects of post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints of 2219-O aluminium alloy

Abstract

Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of 2219-O aluminium alloy friction stir welding joints was carried out at solution temperatures of 480, 500 and 540°C for 32 min followed by aging at 130°C for 9 h. The effects of PWHT on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated. Experimental results show that PWHT causes coarsening of the grains in the weld, and the coarsening degree increases with increasing solution temperature. The tensile strength of the heat treated joints increases with increasing solution temperature. The maximum tensile strength can reach 260% that of the base material at the solution temperature of 540°C. PWHT has a significant effect on the fracture locations of the joints. When the solution temperature is lower than 500°C, the joints fracture in the base material; when the temperature is higher than 500°C, the joints fracture in the weld. The change of the fracture locations of joints is attributed to the presence of precipitate free zones beside the grain boundaries and coarsening equiaxed grain structures in the weld.     

Symmetry effects and their influence on the mechanical behavior of open and closed cell Al foams

Metal foams are attractive in a number of industrial applications due to their light structures whereas a reduction of weight is a main factor for saving energy. Symmetry is very important in analytical modeling as symmetrical conditions simplify considerably the analysis. This technique is practical to use for large engineering structures where mechanical evaluations by approximate methods consume considerable computer time. In the current analysis a 3D symmetrical model is considered for the determination of mechanical properties of open-cell Al foams under compression load. The model consists of a unit cubic cell and produces good results compared to experimental and theoretical values for a long range of cell sizes. It is solved by the finite element method using CATIA program. Finally, it is verified that symmetry can be used successfully for mechanical property evaluation of open-cell Al foams with cell sizes of range 0.5–3 mm and relative densities of range 0.05–0.11.     

Mechanical behaviour of Zr doped Ni3Al alloy: effects of heat treatment,environment, and temperature

Abstract

The mechanical behaviour of polycrystalline Ni₇₆Al₂₃Zr alloy was studied as a function of heat treatment, environment, and temperature. It was found that the tensile ductility was very sensitive to temperature, the alloy showing low ductility at temperatures from 700 to 1000°C both in air and vacuum. Environmental embrittlement could be alleviated for those specimens with elongated grains. The ductile transgranular fracture was explained by stress concentration at the intersection of slip bands and grain boundaries. It was also found that an oxide layer, formed during tensile testing at elevated temperature, affected the environmental embrittlement of Ni₃Al(Zr) alloy. An adherent Al rich oxide film was effective in protecting the underlying alloy from oxygen penetration.     

SiCP/ZL104泡沫复合材料的阻尼性能

对采用熔体直接发泡法制备的SiC_P /ZL104泡沫复合材料进行了阻尼性能和机理的分析。研究结果表明: 在孔径一定的条件下, SiC_P/ZL104泡沫复合材料室温下的阻尼性能表现为损耗因子随着孔隙率的增大呈非线性递增趋势, 且递增幅度越来越小; SiC_P/ZL104泡沫复合材料的阻尼性能好于相同孔隙率的泡沫铝、 SiC_P/ZL104复合材料和ZL104的阻尼性能; SiC_P/ZL104泡沫复合材料的损耗因子随着SiC_P含量的增加和SiC_P粒度的减小而增大。SiC_P/ZL104泡沫复合材料内部的气泡以及高密度位错对其阻尼性能的提高起主要作用。      

Effect of Y2O3 on the mechanical properties of open cell aluminum foams

Open cell aluminum foams were synthesized by the space-holder method. NaCl particles as space-holder were used to produce samples. The effect of the Y₂O₃, which was added to the aluminum powders on the mechanical properties of the open cell aluminum foams, has been studied. Adding Y₂O₃ powders in the compacts has important effect on the foams showing better mechanical properties than those without Y₂O₃.     

开孔泡沫耐热合金的制备及其应用

由于泡沫耐热合金具有三维网络结构和优异的理化性能，所以受到学术界和工业界的关注。为此，总结了开孔泡沫耐热合金的制备方法和应用概况，讨论了各种制备方法的优缺点，并展望了泡沫耐热合金的发展前景。     

Deformation and energy absorption properties of powder-metallurgy produced Al foams

Al-foams with relative densities ranging from 0.30 to 0.60 and mean pore sizes of 0.35, 0.70 and 1.35 mm were manufactured by a powder metallurgy technology, based on raw cane sugar as a space-holder material. Compressive tests were carried out to investigate the deformation and energy absorbing characteristics and mechanisms of the produced Al-foams. The deformation mode of low density Al-foams is dominated by the bending and buckling of cell walls and the formation of macroscopic deformation bands whereas that of high density Al-foams is predominantly attributed to plastic yielding. The energy absorbing capacity of Al-foams rises for increased relative density and compressive strength. The sintering temperature of Al-foams having similar relative densities has a marked influence on both, energy absorbing efficiency and capacity. Pore size has a marginal effect on energy efficiency aside from Al-foams with mean pore size of 0.35 which exhibit enhanced energy absorption as a result of increased friction during deformation at lower strain levels.     

Effect of annealing and aging treatment on mechanical properties of ultrafine grained Al 6061 alloy

Abstract

A comparative study of aging and a combined treatment of short annealing and aging on mechanical properties and microstructure of cryorolled (CR) Al 6061 alloy is investigated in the present work by using tensile tests, hardness tests, electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscope. The pre-CR solid solution treatment combined with post-CR short annealing (200°C, 5 min) followed by aging treatment (100°C, 57 h) of the Al 6061 alloy showed an improved ductility and well defined ultrafine grain structure as compared to the samples subjected to pre-CR solid solution treatment followed by post-CR aging treatment (100°C, 60 h).     

Simulation of micromechanical damage to obtain mechanical properties of bimodal Al using XFEM

In this paper, we focus on the stress–strain behavior prediction of the bimodal bulk Al5083 series which are comprised of Ultra-Fine Grains (UFG) separated by Coarse Grain (CG) regions. This material is selected due to the availability of the required data in the literature. The CGs in the UFG matrix effectively prevents microcracks from propagation, leading to enhance ductility and toughness while the strength remains high. In this work, initially the dependency of stress–strain behavior of the model on the CG distribution in constant volume fraction is investigated by extraction of RVEs from optical microscopy (OM) images of the real material. Then, XFEM is implemented for bimodal materials considering various fracture criteria for brittle and ductile phases in maximum traction and cohesive law. The solution convergence of such a problem with irregular geometry, plasticity and crack initiation–propagation without any defined pre-cracks demanded extreme effort that accomplished by refining and arranging meshes and adding damage stabilizations. As a result of the above procedures, the sensitivity of the modeling procedure to various RVEs is obtained, the crack initiation–propagation pattern in microscale is predicted and consequently, the global stress–strain behavior result is obtained. It is shown that the predicted results are in good agreement with the available experimental results.     

纯Al及亚共晶Al-Si合金基体对吹气法泡沫铝泡孔结构的影响

采用吹气法制备工艺,研究了纯Al及亚共晶Al-Si合金基体对泡沫铝平均泡孔尺寸、相对密度,平均泡壁厚度等泡孔结构参数的影响。结果显示,亚共晶Al-Si合金基体泡沫铝较纯Al基体泡沫铝具备更佳的泡孔结构,并且平均泡孔尺寸更小,相对密度更低,平均泡壁厚度更薄。而Si含量不同的亚共晶AlSi合金基体泡沫铝之间的差别较小,泡孔结构参数基本一致。分别从合金相图、熔体表面张力,熔体粘度、液膜破裂的平均厚度等角度分析了造成上述结果的原因。研究表明基体金属的种类也会对吹气法泡沫铝的产品质量产生显著影响,是生产中值得重视的一个因素。     

Pressure infiltration casting process and thermophysical properties of high volume fraction SiCp/Al metal matrix composites

Abstract

SiC_p/Al composites containing high volume fraction SiC particles were fabricated using a pressure infiltration casting process, and their thermophysical properties, such as thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), were characterised. High volume fraction SiC particulate preforms containing 50–70 vol.-%SiC particles were fabricated by ball milling and a pressing process, controlling the size of SiC particles and contents of an inorganic binder. 50–70 vol.-%SiC_p/Al composites were fabricated by high pressure infiltration casting an Al melt into the SiC particulate preforms. Complete infiltration of the Al melt into SiC preform was successfully achieved through the optimisation of process parameters, such as temperature of Al melt, preheat temperature of preform, and infiltration pressure and infiltration time after pouring. Microstructures of 50–70 vol.-%SiC_p/Al composites showed that pores resided preferentially at interfaces between the SiC particles and Al matrix with increasing volume fraction of SiC particles. The measured coefficients of thermal expansion of SiC_p/Al composites were in good agreement with the estimated values based on Turner's model. The measured thermal conductivity of SiC_p/Al composites agreed well with estimated values based on the 'rule of mixture' up to 70 vol.-% of SiC particles, while they were lower than the estimated values above 70 vol.-% of SiC particles, mainly due to the residual pores at SiC/Al interfaces. The high volume fraction SiC_p/Al composite is a good candidate material to substitute for conventional thermal management materials in advanced electronic packages due to their tailorable thermophysical properties.