Microstructures and mechanical properties in laser beam welds of titanium matrix composites

Laser beam welding (LBW) was used to 2 mm thick titanium matrix composites (TMCs) sheets and microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of butt joints were studied. Welded joints without defects were obtained indicating that LBW is a suitable processing method for TMCs. The results reveal that the fusion zone completely consists of α′ martensite causing an increase of more 27% in hardness compared with that of base metal. The heat affected zone consists of a mixture of α′ martensite and primary α phases. Large gradients of microstructures and hardness are found over the narrow heat affected zone dependent on the β-transus temperature during weld cooling. TiB_w with smaller sizes redistribute at grain boundaries in the weld. The joints show excellent strength and they can reach the full strength compared with the base metal with sound welding parameters, which is ascribed to the presence of α′ martensite and refinement of TiB_w in the weld.     

In situ synthesis and fabrication of tricalcium phosphate bioceramic coating on commercially pure titanium by laser rapid forming

Titanium possesses good mechanical property, but a lack of bioactivity. Bioceramic is usually used to coat the surface of a titanium implant to enhance its bioactivity. Therefore, it is important for the coating to have a high bonding strength to the titanium substrate and contain bioactive phases. In this work, CaCO₃ and CaHPO₄·2H₂O powders were used to fabricate a bioceramic coating on commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) by the laser rapid forming (LRF) technique. The phase composition of the coating contained 95 wt.% of β-TCP and 5 wt.% of α-TCP. Three layers were found in the coating: a ceramic layer, a transitional layer, and the substrate layer. In the transitional layer, interpenetration of phases was observed. The bonding strength between the coating and the cp-Ti substrate was in excess of 40.17 MPa. In addition, the elastic modulus and the micro-hardness of the coating were 117.61 GPa and 431.2 HV_0.1, respectively. Furthermore, the static immersion test has confirmed that the coating not only prevented the corrosion of cp-Ti, but also induced the redeposition of β-TCP in synthetic saliva.     

TA15钛合金电子束焊焊接接头力学性能

钛合金材料以及相关制造技术是实现飞机先进性的重要基础之一,电子束焊接是钛合金板材一种先进的焊接形式.对TA15钛合金板材电子束焊接试样进行了金相分析和静力试验、疲劳试验和扫描电镜(SEM)分析.结果表明,TA15板材电子束焊焊接接头的焊缝、热影响区和母材的微观组织差别明显;焊缝韧性降低,抗拉强度高于母材;热影响区尺寸较小,在1～2 mm左右,是焊接接头的薄弱部位;疲劳裂纹大多萌生于焊接热影响区区域,疲劳破坏试样断口的SEM分析表明,疲劳裂纹大多起源于焊接热影响区的气孔处.     

TC4钛合金水下湿法激光焊接焊缝组织与性能

使用光纤激光器对TC4钛合金进行了水下湿法激光焊接试验,通过在TC4表面预置焊接辅助剂实现了增加水下湿法焊接熔深的同时对焊缝进行保护的目的. 对焊缝的微观组织和力学性能进行了分析,结果表明,预置焊接辅助剂后,焊缝熔深增大,焊接阈值增加,焊缝中裂纹减少. 焊缝中心主要由初生α和马氏体组织α'相组成,在熔池底部还保留有粗大的β晶界,焊缝由于水的急冷作用出现了淬硬组织,显微硬度远高于TC4母材. 水下焊接拉伸试验试件均断裂在焊缝处,焊接接头平均抗拉强度值为439 MPa,呈现为脆性断裂.     

热处理对TC4钛合金电子束焊接件组织性能的影响

对分别处于退火和固溶时效态的TC4钛合金进行电子束焊接,焊后采用不同的热处理工艺,利用光学显微镜(OM)及X射线衍射(XRD)的方法对这两种TC4焊接件的微观组织及相组成进行了分析,并进行力学性能试验.结果表明,两组试件母材组织均为α相和β相转变组织的机械混合物,但状态和分布不同;退火态试件的热影响区为粗而短的针状α相和少量初生α相,焊缝为单一板条α'马氏体,粗大且分布均匀,属于典型的网篮状组织,而固溶态试件热影响区中的针状α马氏体细小且分布不均;焊缝主要为粗大原始β晶粒内针状回火α'马氏体及晶界α相.这两组试件的抗拉强度及冲击韧度均高于母材,但退火态试件抗拉强度高于固溶态试件,冲击韧度略低于后者.     

TC11钛合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织和力学性能

本文在不同转速下开展了TC11钛合金搅拌摩擦焊试验,分析了接头的微观组织和力学性能,建立了焊接工艺、接头组织与性能之间的内在联系。接头SZ为完全的β转变组织,其细小晶界α相和晶内片层状α+β相以及针状α′相的双重强化作用,致使SZ硬度最高。HAZ和TMAZ均由残余初始α相和β转变组织组成,但后者具有一定的流变特征,且距SZ越近,转变组织占比越大,强化效果越明显。随着转速的上升,SZ中晶界α相和晶内片层状α+β相的尺寸增加,晶内针状α′相的含量降低,这引起了其硬度的降低。与硬度规律相同,各转速下接头拉伸均断裂在BM,且各转速下SZ抗拉强度明显高于BM,并随转速上升而下降。此外,SZ中细小的晶界α相和晶内片层状α+β相,也导致各转速下SZ延伸率高于BM,使其展现出良好的塑性,且随着转速上升,因晶界α相和晶内片层状α+β相尺寸增加,SZ延伸率有所降低。     

TC4/TA17异种钛合金激光焊接接头显微组织和力学性能

研究TC4/TA17异种钛合金激光焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,TC4/TA17异种钛合金激光焊接头焊缝的显微组织为片状α′马氏体,TC4侧靠近母材的热影响区和TA17侧靠近母材的热影响区只发生α相向β相转变,TC4侧靠近焊缝的显微组织为残余α相+针状α′马氏体,TA17侧靠近焊缝的显微组织为残余α相+片状α′马氏体。TC4/TA17异种钛合金激光焊接头的显微硬度呈不对称分布,焊缝的显微硬度最高,TA17母材显微硬度最低。TC4/TA17异种钛合金激光焊接接头断裂在TA17母材,断口呈现韧性断裂形貌。     

大厚度TC21钛合金电子束焊接试验

对56mm厚TC21钛合金进行了电子束对接试验,对接头显微组织和力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,接头焊缝区组织形态以柱状β晶粒为基体,针状的马氏体弥散其中;热影响区从焊缝到母材分为三个区域,依次为等轴再结晶β晶粒区、片状和针状а相形成的魏氏组织区以及片状α相聚集长大的区域;熔合区内柱状晶与等轴晶联生.接头强度达到母材水平,断裂发生在母材内,接头厚度方向性能一致.接头塑性损失较大,只达到母材的50%左右.接头焊缝区硬度最高,其次是热影响区的等轴晶区和魏氏组织区,而热影响区内片状α相聚集长大的区域硬度值最低.

Abstract：

Electron beam welding of TC21 56 mm titanium alloy was carried out. The microstructure and the mechanical properties of welded joints were analyzed and tested. The results showed that the weld zone consisted of the columnar β gains, and in which the transgranular acicular α' martensite were dispersedly distributed. HAZ can be divided into three parts from base metal to weld zone, which are the equiaxed recrystallized β grain zone, Widmanstaten structure zone formed by lamellar and aeicular α phases and lamellar a phase coarsening zone. Fusion zone consists of the adnate columnar and equiaxed grains. Tensile strength of joints reaches to that of base metal and the failure appears in the base metal. The mechanical properties are uniform along the vertical direction. Plasticity in the welded joint is greatly decreased and only up to 50% of that of the base metal. The microhardness in weld zone is the highest, and that of the equiaxed grain zone and Widmanstaten structure zone in HAZ is higher, and the microhardness in columnar a phase coarsening zone is the lowest.     

热处理对100mm厚TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头性能的影响

针对100mm厚TC4钛合金板进行电子束对接,焊后对接头分别进行850℃再结晶退火和920℃+2 h和500℃+4 h固溶时效热处理,观察接头的微观形貌,测试其硬度和拉伸性能。结果表明,经过再结晶退火后,焊缝中部开始出现β相晶界,热影响区熔合线附近的针状α′相变少,β相等轴晶界开始出现。经过920℃+2 h和500℃+4 h固溶时效处理后,焊缝中部和底部都出现明显的β相晶界,热影响区熔合线附近的β相等轴晶界明显可见,为细片层β转变组织。力学性能测试表明,经过固溶时效热处理的接头焊缝区、热影响区及母材区的显微硬度明显高于焊态,其接头拉伸强度比焊态提升11.3%,屈服强度比焊态提升17.2%,但接头延伸率比焊态降低近59%。     

Comparing mechanical behaviour of aluminium welds produced by laser beam welding (LBW), friction stir welding (FSW), and riveting for aeronautical structures

Three welding processes for aluminium parts have been considered for aircraft fabrication: riveting, friction stir welding (FSW) and laser beam welding (LBW). These processes have advantages and threats, which were analysed in the present work focusing on T-pull and Hoop tensile properties. Concerning T-pull tests, LBW coupons presented higher ability to withstand the applied loads. This was due to the better distribution of loads when the strain is done in the stringer direction. In the case of the Hoop tests, which stress only the skin, the results obtained after FSW were notably higher in terms of ultimate tensile stress, yield stress and maximum strain. It was concluded that both LBW and FSW could replace riveting usually applied for commercial aircraft manufacturing.     

电子束局部热处理对TC4钛合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响

通过对14.5 mm厚TC4钛合金平板电子束焊接接头的局部热处理,研究了电子束局部热处理对钛合金电子束焊接接头组织、硬度和拉伸性能的影响.结果表明,电子束局部热处理后扫描区内的母材组织晶粒粗化长大,α相在原始β晶界处长大的同时,以层片状或针状的α形态向β晶内生长.局部热处理后冷却速度的降低使焊缝组织中的针状马氏体在分解析出β相的同时转变为α相,变短变厚的α相相互交错排列.另外,局部热处理消除了焊缝和热影响区的硬度突变.同焊后状态相比,局部热处理后焊接接头的整体性能沿焊缝垂直方向得到了均衡和提高,拉伸试样的断裂位置由焊后状态时的热影响区和母材的交界处转移到未经历热处理的母材区域.     

Tensile properties and strengthening mechanisms of Mo-Si alloy

Pure Mo and Mo-Si alloys with different silicon content were fabricated by powder-metallurgical and thermo-mechanical processing. Tensile properties of the pure Mo and Mo-Si alloys were measured at room temperature and the fracture surface was analyzed after test. The results indicate that Si can effectively reduced the grain size and improve the yield strength of Mo-Si alloys. With the decrease in grain size, the dominant fracture morphology is changed from intergranular to transgranular. The strengthening mechanisms were discussed and the yield strength was analyzed described with respect to grain size, solid solution hardening and Mo₃Si particle strengthening. Calculations show that the yield strength of Mo-Si alloys is governed by grain size.     

钛及钛合金的焊接

钛及钛合金因其优异的综合性能和独特功能被广泛应用于航空航天和海洋工程等重要领域,而不同类型的钛及钛合金的性能各不相同。介绍钛及钛合金的分类及其焊接特性,分别描述工业纯钛、α型钛合金、α+β型钛合金、近β和β型钛合金的分类方法、添加元素及基本特性,综述不同类型的钛及钛合金的国内外焊接研究现状,重点关注各种钛及钛合金的焊接方法、焊后组织和性能,归纳总结各种钛及钛合金的主要焊接方法为TIG焊、激光焊和电子束焊。     

超声冲击法对钛合金焊接接头疲劳性能的改善

利用自行研制的HJ-II型超声冲击装置, 研究了超声冲击处理对BT20钛合金焊接接头的疲劳性能的影响, 并对TIG焊与电子束焊接接头的焊态及冲击处理态进行了对比疲劳试验. 结果表明 超声冲击处理使BT20钛合金TIG焊接接头(拉伸载荷)的疲劳强度提高了27%, 寿命延长了3～10倍; 而电子束焊接接头的疲劳强度提高了38%, 寿命延长了29～40倍.     

Microstructure and high-temperature mechanical properties of laser beam welded TC4/TA15 dissimilar titanium alloy joints

The microstructure evolution and high-temperature mechanical properties of laser beam welded TC4/TA15 dissimilar titanium alloy joints under different welding parameters were studied. The results show that the weld fusion zone of TC4/TA15 dissimilar welded joints consists of coarsened β columnar crystals that contain mainly acicular α′ martensite. The heat affected zone is composed of the initial α phase and the transformed β structure, and the width of heat affected zone on the TA15 side is narrower than that on the TC4 side. With increasing temperature, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the TC4/TA15 dissimilar welded joints decrease and the highest plastic deformation is obtained at 800 °C. The tensile strength of the dissimilar joints with different welding parameters and base material satisfies the following relation (from high to low): TA15 base material > dissimilar joints > TC4 base material. The microhardness of a cross-section of the TC4/TA15 dissimilar joints reaches a maximum at the centre of the weld and is reduced globally after heat treatment, but the microhardness distribution is not changed. An elevated temperature tensile fracture of the dissimilar joints is located on the side of the TC4 base material. Necking occurs during the tensile tests and the fracture characteristics are typical when ductility is present in the material.     

Tribological properties of titanium aluminides coatings produced on pure Ti by laser surface alloying

Titanium aluminides coatings were in-situ synthesized on a pure Ti substrate with a preplaced Al powder layer by laser surface alloying. The friction and wear properties of the titanium aluminides coatings at different normal loads and sliding speeds were investigated. It was found that the hardness of the titanium aluminides coatings was in the following order: Ti₃Al coating > TiAl coating > TiAl₃ coating. Friction and wear tests revealed that, at a given sliding speed of 0.10 m/s, the wear volume of pure Ti and the titanium aluminum coatings all increased with increasing normal load. At a given normal load of 2 N, for pure Ti, its wear volume increased with increasing sliding speed; for the titanium aluminides coatings, the wear volume of Ti₃Al coating and TiAl coating first increased and then decreased, while the wear volume of TiAl₃ coating first decreased and then increased with increasing sliding speed. In addition, the friction coefficients of pure Ti and the titanium aluminides coating decreased drastically with increasing sliding speed. Under the same dry sliding test conditions, the wear resistance of the titanium aluminium coatings was in the following order: Ti₃Al coating > TiAl coating > TiAl₃ coating.     

TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头高温性能与组织

通过高温拉伸试验、高温持久拉伸试验以及金相分析对TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头的显微组织和高温性能进行了研究.结果表明,用电子束焊接TC4钛合金可获得高温性能良好的焊接接头,其焊接接头的高温抗拉强度为630 MPa,与母材相当.高温持久拉伸时焊接接头在400 ℃下100 h的持久强度大于600 MPa,不低于TC4钛合金母材同等条件下的持久强度.TC4钛合金母材室温下的组织为典型的轧制状态组织,即拉长了的针状α β组织,焊缝组织是由原始β相转变而成的α'相,即针状马氏体.经高温拉伸和高温持久拉伸后焊缝晶粒均明显长大,但其晶粒的长大程度与高温持续时间无关.     

工业纯钛光纤激光-MIG复合焊接工艺及性能

采用光纤激光与熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊(MIG焊)复合焊接工业纯钛,分别对激光焊、MIG焊和复合焊接头的焊缝表面成形、横断面进行了观察,并进行了激光焊和复合焊接头的拉伸试验及杯突试验.结果表明,复合焊的电弧稳定性比MIG焊显著提高,焊接速度可提高7倍;复合焊与激光焊接头的抗拉强度高于母材;复合焊接头的杯突值优于激光焊接头的杯突值,这是因为复合焊焊缝的微观组织有利于接头的塑性.因此,采用光纤激光-MIG电弧复合焊接方法很好地实现了工业纯钛的高速焊接,焊缝成形良好,接头的塑性优于单一激光焊的塑性.

Abstract：

Fiber laser-metal inert gas (MIG) arc hybrid welding was used to weld the commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti). The weld appearance, cross section, tensile strength, Erichsen value and microstructure of the CP-Ti welded joints were studied. The results show that the arc stability is substantially improved and the welding speed can be increased to 7 times by fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding. The welded joints by laser welding and the hybrid welding exhibit the higher ultimate tensile strength than those of the base metal. In addition, the welded joint by the fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding has higher Erichsen values than that by laser joints. The difference in plasticity is attributed to the microstructure changes in the welded joint of hybrid welding. Thus, the fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding of CP-Ti can be carried out suecessfully at higher welding speed with a good combination of weld bead appearance and plasticity.     

激光沉积修复TA15钛合金疲劳性能研究

采用激光沉积修复技术对铣切沟槽损伤的TA15钛合金锻件进行修复,研究了修复件的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展特性。采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分析了试样疲劳断口以及纵截面。结果表明,修复后试样均断裂于修复区,其疲劳行为具有很强的组织敏感性,疲劳源区有与α片层集束尺寸和形貌相同的解理断裂面和撕裂特征。稳定扩展区的裂纹沿着α片层边界扩展,有的垂直于α片层,有的平行于α片层;固溶时效热处理后,组织敏感尺寸达到了单个片层尺寸的细小组织个体,表现为沿不同滑移方向分离的单个α/β片层撕裂和α′片层清晰排列的痕迹。细小、取向更多的片层集束使裂纹更容易偏转,增加了裂纹扩展路径的长度,从而消耗更多的裂纹扩展能量。     

Mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of a commercially pure titanium

The mechanical behavior of a commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) is systematically investigated in quasi-static (Instron, servohydraulic) and dynamic (UCSD's recovery Hopkinson) compression. Strains over 40% are achieved in these tests over a temperature range of 77–1000 K and strain rates of 10⁻³–8000/s. At the macroscopic level, the flow stress of CP-Ti, within the plastic deformation regime, is strongly dependent on the temperature and strain rate, and displays complex variations with strain, strain rate, and temperature. In particular, there is a three-stage deformation pattern at a temperature range from 296 to 800 K, the specific range depending on the strain rate. In an effort to understand the underlying mechanisms, a number of interrupted tests involving temperature jumps are performed, and the resulting microstructures are characterized using an optical microscope. Based on the experimental results and simple estimates, it is concluded that the three-stage pattern of deformation at temperatures from 296 to 800 K, is a result of dynamic strain aging, through the directional diffusion of dislocation-core point defects with the moving dislocation at high strain rates, although the usual dynamic strain aging by point defects segregating outside the dislocation core through volume diffusion is also observed at low strain rates and high temperatures. The microscopic analysis shows that there is substantial deformation twinning which cannot be neglected in modeling the plastic flow of CP-Ti. The density of twins increases markedly with increasing strain rate, strain, and decreasing temperature. Twin intersections occur, and become more pronounced at low temperatures or high strain rates. In sum, the true stress–true strain curves of CP-Ti show two stages of deformation pattern at low temperatures, three stages at temperatures above 296 K, and only one stage at temperatures exceeding 800 K, although all three stages may exist even at 1000 K for very high strain rates, e.g. 8000/s. While the dislocation motion is still the main deformation mechanism for plastic flow, the experimental results suggest that dynamic strain aging should be taken into account, as well as the effect of deformation twinning.