Effects of torch configuration and welding current on weld bead formation in high speed tandem pulsed gas metal arc welding of steel sheets

Abstract

Undercut and humping bead are the common defects that limit the maximum welding speed of tandem pulsed gas metal arc (GMA) welding. In order to increase the maximum welding speed, effects of the inclination angle, interwire distance and welding current ratio between the leading wire and trailing wire on bead formation in high speed welding are investigated. The undercut and humping bead is attributed to the irregular flow of molten metal towards the rear part of the weld pool. This irregular flow can be prevented by the trailing wire with a push angle from 5° to 13° , which provides an appropriate component of arc force in the welding direction. The irregular flow is also related to the distance between the leading wire and the trailing wire, and the flow becomes regular when the distance is in the range 9–12 mm. Moreover, the stabilisation of the bulge of the weld pool between the two wires, the presence of enough molten metal below the trailing arc, and the reduced velocity of molten metal flow towards the rear part of the weld pool, are essential to increase the maximum welding speed. These conditions can be obtained by adjusting the ratio of the leading arc current to the trailing arc current. A maximum welding speed as high as 4–4·5 m min^?1 is achieved by setting the current ratio to a value ranging from 0·31 to 0·5.     

激光-电弧复合焊接咬边缺陷分析及抑制方法

为了提高激光-电弧复合焊接的可靠性,对复合焊接咬边缺陷成形机理及抑制方法进行了研究.结果表明,激光能够提高复合焊接的临界咬边速度,最高可达电弧焊接的5倍.在激光-电弧相互作用下,复合焊接存在两种抑制咬边的机理.一种是改变焊趾处固、液、气三相的表面张力状况,形成指向熔池外部的合力.另一种是通过提高熔池内温度梯度和热输入来增加熔池内由内向外的流动速度和时间,使熔化金属能够流向并填充焊趾,这种抑制机理作用更为显著.试验确定了复合焊接临界咬边速度的经验公式和电弧电压的合理调节范围.     

外加横向磁场对高速GMAW焊缝成形的影响

对于高速熔化极气体保护焊接（GMAW）过程,当焊接速度超过临界值后,会出现驼峰焊道,焊缝成形变差.研究证明,熔池中动量很大的后向液体流是产生驼峰焊道的主要原因.研发了外加横向磁场发生装置,通过产生的电磁力来抑制后向液体流的动量,从而抑制驼峰焊道的形成.应用特斯拉计测试和考察了工件上磁感应强度大小及分布的影响因素.通过开展焊接工艺试验分析了不同强度的外加磁场作用下的焊缝成形规律.结果表明,外加横向磁场能明显调控熔池流态,有效抑制驼峰焊道和咬边等缺陷,显著改善焊缝成形,提高临界焊接速度.     

耦合电弧钨极GPCA-TIG焊工艺

将耦合电弧钨极和GPCA焊方法结合,形成了耦合电弧钨极GPCA-TIG焊方法,该方法可实现深熔深高速度焊接.对比分析了在较高焊接速度时常规TIG焊、耦合电弧钨极TIG焊和耦合电弧钨极GPCA-TIG焊的焊缝表面成形和截面形貌,发现耦合电弧钨极GPCA-TIG焊可避免咬边和驼峰焊道的产生,并且焊缝熔深有所增加.耦合电弧钨极GPCA-TIG焊工艺试验表明,焊缝熔深和熔宽随焊接速度的减小和外喷嘴位置的升高而增大,随着弧长和外层氧气流量的增加先增加后略有减小;随着焊接速度的减小,弧长和外层氧气流量的增大,焊缝咬边减轻,外喷嘴相对高度变化时焊缝均未出现咬边.     

电子束点焊熔池的液态金属冲刷效应作用规律

为了更深入地探究电子束焊接过程中的机理问题,基于对电子束点焊熔池中液态金属冲刷效应的理论分析,利用边界层理论对该效应进行数学建模.使用有限体积法数值软件Fluent,对20 mm厚的2219铝合金电子束点焊熔池的温度场和流场进行三维瞬态数值模拟,研究了液态金属冲刷效应对熔池的作用规律.模拟结果表明,液态金属冲刷效应会对熔池温度场、匙孔稳定性、熔池流场和固液界面形状与位置四个方面产生影响.模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好,验证了数学模型的合理性.     

直流叠加脉冲型TIG焊电弧─熔池特性分析

针对乏燃料后处理溶解器腐蚀裂纹等缺陷的快速、一次性、可靠焊接修复工程技术需求,提出一种直流叠加脉冲型TIG深熔焊接方法,在10和16 mm厚304不锈钢板上进行了系列平板堆焊工艺试验.以电弧-熔池特性变化为研究对象,对比分析脉冲电流作用和直流叠加脉冲型电流作用的电弧行为、熔池流动行为及温度场的变化规律,探讨了直流叠加至...     

外加横向磁场对304不锈钢焊接熔池影响机理分析

为了改善焊缝成形及提高焊接零件组织和性能,文中采用有限元法对外加磁场作用下的304不锈钢焊接熔池进行电磁场和热流场之间的耦合分析,得到了有无外加横向磁场作用下熔池内液态金属流动的速度矢量分布. 结果表明,外加磁场使熔池横截面最大流速分布由单一的熔池中心中部改为熔池中心上表面略靠下和熔池底部;熔池纵截面最大流速由首尾端漩涡交汇处改为沿两个漩涡流动方向较均匀分布,这是由于电磁压力抵消了部分表面张力,使表面张力的作用位置更靠近熔池中心位置. 在304不锈钢上进行堆焊试验,焊道横截面组织形貌证实了上述模拟结果.     

The humping phenomenon during high speed gas metal arc welding

Abstract

A commonly observed welding defect that characteristically occurs at high welding speeds is the periodic undulation of the weld bead profile, also known as humping. The occurrence of humping limits the range of usable welding speeds in most fusion welding processes and prevents further increases in productivity in a welding operation. At the present time, the physical mechanisms responsible for humping are not well understood. Thus, it is difficult to know how to suppress humping in order to achieve higher welding speeds. The objectives of this study were to identify and experimentally validate the physical mechanisms responsible for the humping phenomenon during high speed gas metal arc (GMA) welding of plain carbon steel. A LaserStrobe video imaging system was used to obtain video images of typical sequences of events during the formation of a hump. Based on these recorded video images, the strong momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool that typically occurred during high speed welding was identified as the major factor responsible for the initiation of humping. Experiments with different process variables affecting the backward flow of molten weld metal were used to validate this hypothesis. These process variables included welding speed, welding position and shielding gas composition. The use of downhill welding positions and reactive shielding gases was found to suppress humping and to allow higher welding speeds by reducing the momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool. This would suggest that any process variables or welding techniques that can dissipate or reduce the momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool will facilitate higher welding speeds and productivity.     

单电弧TIG焊咬边影响机理的数值模拟研究

避免咬边是提高焊接速度的关键问题.通过对TIG焊温度场进行数值模拟,找到TIG焊在不同焊接速度时熔池成形规律.研究表明:焊接熔池中熔宽最大的位置滞后于熔深最大的位置,影响咬边产生的关键在于动态深宽比.在对模型校核的基础上,从动态深宽比的角度分析了TIG高速焊接时的咬边问题,指出在焊接电流相同的条件下,随着焊接速度的提高,熔深和熔宽都将减小,但熔深减小更多,所以动态深宽比减小,熔池表面张力向内的合力增大,容易产生咬边.即使在保证熔深相同的前提下,随焊接速度的提高,熔池的动态深宽比也会越来越小,导致咬边倾向增加.     

A study on V-groove GMAW for various welding positions

This study performed three-dimensional transient numerical simulations using the volume of fluid method in a gas metal arc V-groove welding process with and without root gap for flat, overhead, and vertical welding positions. The elliptically symmetric arc models for arc heat flux, electromagnetic force and arc pressure were used to describe the more accurate molten pool behaviors. The numerical models not only formed a stable weld bead but also simulated the dynamic molten pool behaviors such as overflow which was not described before. This study analyzed these molten pool flow patterns for various welding positions and validated the numerical models used by comparing the simulation results with experimental ones.     

铝合金TIG电弧横焊接头缺陷及控制

重型运载火箭燃料贮箱要求对铝合金进行立式装配焊接,TIG电弧横焊是能够较好满足制造要求的方法之一.对铝合金TIG电弧横焊接头的成形特点和焊接缺陷进行分析,利用平板堆焊试验研究焊接电流、焊接速度和焊枪角度对焊缝正面偏移量的影响,最后研究焊接电流频率对气孔缺陷的影响规律.结果表明,采用较小的焊接电流、较快的焊接速度有助于降低焊缝正面的不对称性,利用电弧分力可以抑制熔池下淌,焊接频率为100 Hz时气孔缺陷最少.结合上述试验结果提出了铝合金横焊缺陷的控制措施并进行了试验验证.     

Dynamic observations of welding phenomena and finite element analysis in high-frequency electric resistance welding

High-frequency electric resistance welding (hereinafter referred to as HFW) pipes and tubes are used for high-grade line pipes. To cope with the high need for weld seam reliability, the clarification of welding phenomena is important. To clarify the HFW phenomena, at first we developed a HFW simulation system by using electromagnetic, heat conductive and elastic plastic finite element analysis (FEA) methods. Continuous electromagnetic and heat conduction analysis was conducted by subdividing the cross section containing the electrode and the welding point into a large number of two-dimensional models. The temperature distribution in the HFW pipe welding procedure can be successfully simulated by this system. The deformation behaviour in which a portion of the weld rises to the inner and outer surfaces as the result of pressurization from welding rolls can be analysed with this system. Secondly, HFW phenomena have been visualized dynamically using a high-speed video camera technique. The high-intensity part visualized by high-speed images has good accordance with the temperature distribution of the FEA result. High-speed images have visualized the dynamic phenomena of molten metal flow and sputtering of molten steel. Very rapid movement of molten metal in the forming direction along the welding line was observed at the V-convergence point with a speed of 2–50 m s^?1, which was far faster than the welding speed. This rapidly moved molten metal generated the peculiar sputtering which spread the molten metal particles as describing an arc perpendicular to the welding line. These phenomena were assumed to be caused by the electromagnetic force concerning the molten steel at the V-convergence point.     

局部干法环境下GMAW横向焊接熔滴过渡特性

提出了一种水下结构件局部干法横向焊接方法,该方法通过对排水罩结构进行设计,使高压气体在排水的同时在排水罩内部形成向上流动的风场,利用风场对熔池的吹袭作用来抑制熔池下淌. 采用高速摄像技术研究了在侧向风场作用下GMAW焊的熔滴过渡特性. 结果表明,在短路过渡状态下,由于受到侧向风场的影响,更容易发生B型短路过渡. 在滴状过渡时,由于熔滴体积较大,侧向风场的支托作用不明显,熔滴沿焊丝倾斜向下过渡到熔池中. 在射流过渡时,侧向风场对电弧的影响较小,使熔滴略微向上偏斜,有助于减小熔池下淌程度,获得较好的焊缝成形质量. 研究结果对于水下结构件横向焊接质量控制有一定的参考价值.     

磁控焊接技术的研究现状

介绍了磁控焊接技术的基本原理及装置,并从其对电弧形态、熔滴过渡形式、熔池内液态金属温度场及流动状态等的影响进行了阐述。与普通的焊接技术相比,磁控焊接技术将磁场产生的磁场力引入到焊接过程中并对其进行干涉,通过调节磁场的方向和大小能够改善焊缝成形、改变接头组织及提高力学性能等。因此开展磁控焊接技术的研究具有很高的工程实用价值。     

Effect of welding current and speed on occurrence of humping bead in high-speed GMAW

The developed mathematical model of humping formation mechanism in high-speed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is used to analyze the effects of welding current and welding speed on the occurrence of humping bead. It considers both the momentum and heat content of backward flowing molten jet inside weld pool. Three-dimensional geometry of weld pool, the spacing between two adjacent humps and hump height along humping weld bead are calculated under different levels of welding current and welding speed. It shows that wire feeding rate, power intensity and the moment of backward flowing molten jet are the major factors on humping bead formation.     

焊丝自转式MAG焊焊接过程与接头组织分析

提出了通过焊丝自转搅动熔池进而细化焊缝组织的MAG焊接新方法.试验中采集了焊接过程电信号和熔池形态,分析了焊丝转速对低碳钢表面堆焊接头组织特征的影响.结果表明,焊丝自转可以增加短路过渡的频率,使焊接过程更稳定,熔滴过渡近似熵的计算也证明焊接过程的稳定性可以明显地提高.利用钨颗粒示踪技术可以发现焊丝自转能够显著增加熔池金属流动性,熔池宽度随着焊丝自转速度的改变先变大后变小,焊缝金相组织分析也证明熔池流动性的改变可以有效细化焊缝金属晶粒,减少联生结晶的生成.     

PA position full penetration high power laser beam welding of up to 30 mm thick AlMg3 plates using electromagnetic weld pool support

Abstract

Full penetration 15 kW Yb fibre laser butt welding of thick AlMg3 (AW 5754) plates was performed in PA position. A contactless inductive electromagnetic weld pool support system was used to prevent gravity dropout of the melt. The welding speed needed to achieve 20 mm penetration was ～0·5 m min^?1. An ac power supply of ～244 W at 460 Hz was necessary to completely suppress gravity dropout of the melt and eliminate sagging of the weld pool root side surface. The oscillating magnetic field can suppress the Marangoni convection in the lower part of the weld pool. The system was also successfully used in the full penetration welding of 30 mm thick AlMg3 plates.     

A-TIG焊接熔深增加机理

活性化氩弧焊(A-TIG)焊接方法与传统TIG焊相比,具有明显的熔深增加作用.模拟了Nimonic 263 A-TIG焊接流场温度场,并对试验与模拟焊缝形状进行了对比.结果表明,同一焊接电流下,与TIG焊缝相比,A-TIG焊缝的熔深较深而熔宽较小.随着焊接电流的增加或者焊接速度的降低,A-TIG焊缝熔深呈线性增加,且比TIG焊的熔深增加效果明显.通过分析流体流动方式,进一步推测了A-TIG熔深增加机理:熔池内液体流动方式是熔深增加的主要原因,熔池中心处液体的流速明显高于熔池边缘,中心由外向内的环流为熔池内液体流动的主导方向.这个方向的环流将高温液体带到熔池底部,使熔池底部的熔化速度较熔池边缘有了明显的增加,且随着焊接电流的增加,熔深增加效果也不断提高.     

Correlation between weld formation and processing parameters in CO2 laser welding of steels

Abstract

Laser welding, which has undergone rapid development in the past few decades, is one of the most important applications in laser materials processing. Although some general data are available, precise welding parameters are equipment specific. In the present study, a series of autogenous laser welds on mild and stainless steels has been investigated, using a Trumpf 3·0 kW CO² laser system, to establish welding parameter windows. The correlation between laser power, welding speed, and weld bead profile for bead on plate welding has been obtained. For a constant laser power, penetration depth reaches a stable value as welding speed exceeds 11 000–13 000 mm min^-1. This value is defined as the penetration threshold. Lower welding speed produces deeper penetration. However, under such conditions, the unstable keyhole and weld pool could result in undercut and porosity. The maximum penetration achievable for sound welds on both mild steel and stainless steel was investigated. The correlation between penetration threshold and power level was also established. The parameter windows established for autogenous welds can be adopted effectively on butt jointsif welding speed is reduced by 25%.     

活性MAG焊电弧特征及熔池流动分析

提出了活性熔化极气体保护焊新方法,可增加焊接熔深,改善难熔焊接结构的熔合不良,获得高质量的焊接接头.对活性熔化极气体保护焊电弧状态和熔池表面形态进行了采集和分析,用钨粒子示踪法进行试验,分析了电弧形态和熔池流动.结果表明,活性熔化极气体保护焊电弧收缩显著,电弧形态更加集中,熔池内部液态金属的流动方向为从熔池周边向中心流动,熔池流动更为有序.对于钢的活性熔化极气体保护焊方法,熔池流动行为改变是增加焊接熔深的主要因素.