Repair welding of cracked turbine shroud using matching composition consumables

Abstract

Repair welding of a crack in the III-stage shroud of a high pressure turbine, was carried out using matching composition ER 410 filler wire by the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process with ultra high purity argon as shielding and backing gas. The development of the repair welding procedure involved laboratory studies for the selection of a suitable ER410 filler wire, optimisation of welding parameters and PWHT. Mock up welding under simulated on-site constraints confirmed the feasibility to produce in situ sound weld joint. In situ repair welding and localised PWHT was carried out successfully. NDT and in situ metallography of the repair-welded region confirmed adequate tempering of the martensitic weldment during the localised PWHT.     

Mechanical properties of 422 stainless steel repaired via wire feed laser welding

Abstract

Laser welding with filler wire additions could be used in restoration of components that are of high cost or sometimes difficult to procure, such as steam turbine blades in fossil fuel power plants. In the present work, machined V groove specimens were employed to simulate laser repair of Carpenter 636 stainless steel (SS), which has a similar composition to a blade material, type 422 SS. Before repair welding, a heat treatment procedure including solution and temper treatments of the specimens was carried out according to the mechanical and microstructural analyses of a used blade after 20 years service at about 540° C. Tensile, impact, and fatigue crack growth tests of weld repairs using 410 SS filler wire were conducted. The weld repairs exhibited an impact toughness similar to that of the base metal and a lower fatigue crack growth rate than the base metal. However, the lower hardness associated with 410 SS filler metal led to tensile fracture in the weld metal of repaired specimens. Accordingly, the use of 410 SS filler metal for repair welding type 422 SS components should be limited to regions under low stress.     

Effect of the chemical composition of the Sv-08G2S welding wire on the impact toughness of deposited metal

The calculated values of the impact toughness of Mesnager specimens at +20, ?40 and ?60 °C for the sorbite-like metal, deposited in CO₂ with Sv-08G2S wire and similar wires produced by different manufacturers, are presented. The effect of the chemical elements present in the Sv-08G2S wire on the impact toughness of the deposited metal is presented. It is shown that Sv-08G2S welding wire has a considerable reserve to increase the impact toughness of the deposited metal as a result of the optimization of the chemical composition.     

Effect of filler wire on the joint properties of AZ31 magnesium alloys using CO2 laser welding

Laser welding with filler wire of AZ31 magnesium alloys is investigated using a CO2 laser experimental system. The effect of three different filler wires on the joint properties is researched. The results show that the weld appearance can be effectively improved when using laser welding with filler wire. The microhardness and tensile strength of joints are almost the same us those of the base metal when ER AZ31 or ER AZ61 wire is adopted. However, when the filler wire of ER 5356 aluminum alloy is used, the mechanical properties of flints become worse. For ER AZ31 and ER AZ61 filler wires, the microstructure of weld zone slws small dendrite grains. In comparison, for ER 5356 filler wire, the weld shows a structure of snowy dendrites and many intermetallic compounds and eutectic phases distribute in the dendrites. These intermetallic constituents with low melting point increase the tendency of hot crack and result in fiagile joint properties. Therefore, ER AZ31 and ER AZ61 wire are more suitable filler material than ER 5356 for CO2 laser welding of AZ31 magnesium alloys.     

Microstructure and Properties of Lap Joint Between Aluminum Alloy and Galvanized Steel by CMT

Lap joining of 1-mm-thick Novelist AC 170 PX aluminum alloy to 1.2-mm-thick ST06 Z galvanized steel sheets for automotive applications was conducted by cold metal transfer advanced welding process with ER4043 and ER4047 filler wires. Under the optimized welding parameters with ER4043 filler wire, the tensile shear strength of joint was 189 MPa, reaching 89% of the aluminum alloy base metal. Microstructure and elemental distribution were characterized by optical metalloscope and electron probe microanalysis. The lap joints with ER4043 filler wire had smaller wetting angle and longer bonded line length with better wettability than with ER4047 filler wire during welding with same parameters. The needle-like Al-Fe-Si intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were spalled into the weld and brought negative effect to the tensile strength of joints. With increasing welding current, the needle-like IMCs grew longer and spread further into the weld, which would deteriorate the tensile shear strength.     

Improving 410NiMo weld metal toughness by PWHT

Highlights of the present study is the importance of choosing suitable temperatures for two stage PWHT to achieve desirable toughness in the weld metals produced by ER 410NiMo filler wire. Weld pads prepared using this filler wire was used for extensive metallurgical characterization of the weld metal. Results indicate by choosing appropriate temperatures for the PWHT, it is possible to obtain toughness in the weld metal which is comparable to the toughness reported for the base metal of similar composition. Good toughness of the weld metal is attributed to the presence of retained austenite in the weld metal. Two stage PWHT that gave excellent toughness for the weld metal was employed for repair of cracked shrouds of a steam turbine in a nuclear power plant. The metallurgical characterization of the mock up weld pad prepared prior to actual repair confirmed that microstructure and hardness of the weld metal are similar to those obtained during the welding procedure development.     

填充金属对2205双相不锈钢TIG焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用TIG工艺,选取焊接电流为100 A,分别选用直径为2. 0 mm的ER308,Ni317焊丝对2205双相不锈钢进行双面焊,研究了焊接接头的金相组织、拉伸性能、显微硬度和腐蚀性能。结果表明,在焊接电流为100A时,在选取的两种焊丝条件下,焊缝组织均为枝晶状,填中金属中Ni元素有促进奥氏体形成作用,采用ER308焊丝得到的接头具有更好的塑性及抗拉强度,采用Ni317焊丝得到的接头比采用ER308焊丝得到的接头更耐腐蚀。     

Suppressing type IV failure via modification of heat affected zone microstructures using high boron content in 9Cr heat resistant steel welded joints

Abstract

Creep rupture strength at 923 K and microstructural evolution of welded joints have been investigated for high boron–low nitrogen–9Cr heat resistant steels developed at the National Institute for Materials Science (Japan). Welded joints were prepared from plates containing 47–180 ppm boron using gas tungsten arc welding and Inconel type filler metal, and showed superior creep properties to those of welded joints of conventional high chromium steels such as P92 and P122. No type IV failure was observed in the boron steel welded joints. A large grained microstructure was observed in the heat affected zone heated to Ac ₃ (Ac ₃ HAZ) during welding, whereas the grains are refined at the same location in conventional steel welded joints. The simulated Ac ₃ HAZ structures of the boron steels have a creep life almost equal to that of the base metal. Large grained HAZ microstructures and stabilisation of M₂₃C₆ precipitates are probable reasons for suppression of type IV failure and improved creep resistance of the boron steel welded joints.     

Development of autocompleting friction welding method

Abstract

This paper describes an autocompleting friction welding method that was carried out to weld with an insert piece set between fixed base metals. The base metal was low carbon steel, and the faying surface of the fixed specimen had a 10 mm diameter. The effect of the thickness of the insert piece (insert thickness) on the joining phenomena was investigated. When the insert thickness was 3˙2 mm and the friction welding conditions were a friction speed of 27˙5 s^–1 and friction pressure of 36 MPa, the insert piece had a shear fracture toward the circumferential direction in the peripheral portion of the weld interfaces by the initial peak produced during the friction process. The joint also had cracks at the adjacent region of the weld interfaces, although it had the same tensile strength as the base metal. On the other hand, the joint made using the insert piece with a groove on its peripheral portion had the same tensile strength as the base metal, where it fractured. This joint also had 90° bend ductility without cracks. In this case, the optimum insert thickness was 4˙0 mm, and the thickness at the bottom of the grooves (groove bottom thickness) was 1˙2 mm with an 11 mm inner groove diameter, and the friction welding conditions were a friction speed of 27˙5 s^–1 and friction pressure of 36 MPa. In conclusion, a sound friction welded joint was made by an autocompleting friction welding method.     

Chemical activity of a ceramic flux in surfacing with 15Kh18N12S4TYu strip

Abstract

The strength and notch impact toughness properties of pure weld metal and weld metal from welded joints deposited from the TGL 39 671 filler wires 10 MnSi 6, 10 MnSi 8 and similar welding wires are evaluated. The notch impact toughness is found to be determined in the main by the manganese content of the welding wires, lower manganese contents resulting in higher toughness values.     

Study on ac-PMIG welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy

Abstract

Welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy is carried out using alternating current pulsed metal inert gas (ac-PMIG) welding with 1·6 mm diameter of filler wire. Typical current waveform is used to make sure arc given an accurate energy input into filler wire. The arc characteristics, metal transfer forms, microstructure and mechanical property of ac-PMIG welding of AZ31B magnesium are investigated. The results show that a stable welding procedure and continuous joints can be obtained easily under a wide range of welding parameters. The most important factors for ac-PMIG welding are negative electrode (EN) ratio and pulse rework current, which give an accurate energy input into filler wire. The grain in fusion zone is much finer and more uniform, and grain size does not grow significantly in the heat affected zone compared with base metal. The average ultimate tensile strength of weld beads is 97·2% of base metal.     

On process–structure–property interconnection in anti-phase synchronised twin-wire GMAW of low carbon steel

The paper investigates process–structure–property interconnection in anti-phase synchronised twin-wire gas metal arc welded low carbon steel samples wherein process variation is achieved by using similar and dissimilar currents and diameters at lead and trail wires. Scanning electron microscopy and microhardness measurements are used as characterisation techniques. The investigation offers new observations on heat generation and distribution in twin-wire welding that affect weld bead and microstructure formation due to changes in arc phenomenon and molten metal flow in weld pool. Use of dissimilar currents facilitates effective utilisation of heat. The two-stage arcing in twin-wire welding facilitates slow heating and cooling that leads to weld metal and heat affected zone softening. A combination of polygonal ferrite, pearlite and bainite with varying compositions is observed across the weldment. A higher current value and larger wire diameter at the lead wire leads to coarsening of the grains thereby reducing the hardness.     

Postweld solution annealing effects on the ductility of ni-co-cr-base alloy gas tungsten arc welds

The welding characteristics of a commercial wrought alloy with a nominal composition of Ni-29Co-28Cr-2.75Si were investigated. Gas tungsten arc weldments with filler metal matching the chemistry of the alloy were found to have limited room-temperature ductility in the as-welded condition. Since welding is the main fabrication method of this alloy, the welding and postweld heat treatment (PWHT) characteristics were examined to provide guidelines for fabrication in the field. Metallographic evaluation revealed that the weld metal was characterized by the distribution of a continuous eutectic phase consisting primarily of (Si,Ti)_xNi_y The continuous eutectic phase in the as-welded deposit, which caused poor ductility of the welds, was successfully reduced or removed with proper PWHT. The PWHT is necessary if cold forming of a weldment is required after welding or if adequate joint ductility is a design requirement. The recommended PWHT temperature is 1050 °C.     

稀土元素对新型Al-Mg合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响

研究了Sc,Zr元素对新型Al-Mg合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响。建立了MIG电弧二维数值分析模型,模拟出电弧温度场的分布情况,电弧最高温度超过20 000 K,且温度分布存在较大的温度梯度,说明高温电弧对合金有益元素有一定的烧损作用。采用合金元素不同的焊丝ER5356,ER5B06和ER5B71作为填充材料,对2 mm厚新型Al-Mg合金进行MIG焊接试验,研究高Mg焊丝添加不同稀土元素对焊接性能及组织的影响。结果表明,使用3种焊丝均可获得性能优良的焊接接头,使用ER5B06焊丝的接头力学性能得到一定提升,但焊缝晶粒细化效果不明显;使用复合添加Sc,Zr微量元素的ER5B71焊丝,接头晶粒能够有效细化,力学性能进一步得到提升。3种焊丝中,采用ER5B71焊丝的焊接接头强度最高,焊接系数为83%,焊接接头中起到细化晶粒作用的析出相以Al3(Sc,Zr)为主。同时,无论采用哪种焊丝,焊接热影响区未发生明细的晶粒粗化,说明在母材中加入一定的Sc,Zr微量元素,可提升合金材料抗软化能力,有效抑制热影响区再结晶行为。 创新点： 采用电弧物理数值模拟和进行试验结合的方法,进行研究论证,使研究内容充实,有理论深度,更具说服力;选择具有稀土元素的铝合金和焊丝作为研究对象,对新材料及焊材的研发具有一定指导意义。     

Effect of welding parameters on residual stress in type 420 martensitic stainless steel

Abstract

The effect of welding parameters on residual stress induced by shrinkage of weldment and metallurgical phase transformation in type 420 martensitic stainless steel has been investigated. In this study, type 1018 low carbon steel was adopted as the base metal and type 420 martensitic stainless steel was used for the filler metal during submerged arc welding. The thermal cycles at various locations were recorded and dilatometry was used to examine the martensite phase transformation temperatures. The experimental results show that the residual stress increased with the heat input during welding. Using a higher welding heat input increased the amount of heat going into the weldment and elevated the martensite phase transformation temperature. Residual stresses could not be significantly reduced by increasing preheat (interpass) temperature while welding. Using higher preheat temperature conditions could elevate the equilibrium temperature and the martensite phase transformation temperature and increased the heat input to the weldment.     

Effects of Different Filler Metals on the Mechanical Behaviors of GTA Welded AA7A52(T6)

ER4043, ER5356, and AA7A52 on behalf of the Al-Si, Al-Mg, and Al-Zn-Mg-based welding material, respectively, were chosen as the filler metal to weld AA7A52(T6) plates by GTAW. The variance in mechanical performances of the joints caused by the various filler materials was investigated with reference to the SEM and EDS test results for the weld seam and the fracture surface. Failure was found in the seam for all the welded joints. With regard to the joint obtained with ER4043 welding wire, the total elongation was limited by the brittle intergranular compound Mg₂Si of which Mg was introduced by convection mass transfer. As for the other two welds, the content ratio of Zn and Mg was found to play the dominant role in deciding the mechanical properties of the intergranular Mg-Zn compounds which were responsible for the tensile behavior of the joints. The content ratio (wt.%) of beyond 2:1 gave birth to the strengthening phase MgZn₂ leading to a ductile fracture. Cr in the seam obtained with AA7A52 filler metal was found to enhance the strength of the joint through isolated particles.     

Hybrid laser arc welding of X80 and X120 steel grade

The aim of the present work was to investigate the possibilities of hybrid laser arc welding regarding reliable production of longitudinal welds of high strength pipe steels X80 and X120 and to evaluate achievable mechanical properties of laser hybrid welds. The study focused on weld toughness examination in low temperature range up to ?60°C. Suitable filler materials were identified in the context of this task. It could be shown that metal cored electrodes guaranteed sufficient Charpy impact toughness at low temperature for both investigated materials. Modern arc welding technologies such as modified pulsed spray arc were used to promote deeper penetration of the filler material into the narrow laser welding gap. Edge preparation with a 14 mm deep root face was considered as optimum, because no penetration of the filler material could be detected beyond this depth limit, and therefore, any metallurgical influences on the weld metal properties through the welding wire could be excluded.     

Laser welding of high hardness armour steel

Abstract

A feasibility study of laser welding of high hardness steel (HHS) armours has been carried out at SMC DERA. The main issues investigated were weldability using different fillers and various combinations of beam power and travel speed; heat affected zone (HAZ) size and hardness; Charpy toughness; and ballistic behaviour. The best results in terms of a combination of cracking resistance and toughness were obtained in the autogenous weld, the filler wires tested clearly not being ideally suited to laser welding. A relationship emerged between the weld hardness profiles, in respect of both weld metal hardness and variable HAZ width and softening with beam travel speed, and their ballistic performance.     

药芯焊丝焊接工艺对焊缝力学性能的影响

研究了焊接工艺时力学性能的影响,采用YCJ501-1(φ1.2 mm)焊丝焊接试板,研究了药芯焊丝的线能量、层(道)间温度对焊缝力学性能,焊丝干伸长度和气体流量对工艺性能的影响.通过试验对比发现,在一定工艺范围内,焊缝金属抗拉强度、屈服强度、低温冲击韧性随线能量的增加而增加,化学成分变化不大;随着层(道)间温度的降低,...     

一种T6态Al-13.0Si-0.7Mg合金的焊接性分析

分别采用ER4047和ER5183焊丝对T6态的Al-13.0Si-0.7Mg合金进行平板对接试验,为了降低热输入的影响,使用双脉冲MIG双面焊成形工艺,确定了两种焊丝对应的焊接工艺参数并且获得了良好的焊缝成形.鱼骨状热裂纹试验说明该种合金及两种焊丝对该合金的抗热裂性能良好.在此基础之上,对焊接接头进行金相组织观察和力学性能测试.结果表明,两种焊丝对应的焊接接头显微组织的差别较大;拉伸试验表明两种焊丝的接头强度为母材的70%左右,显微硬度测试结果表明焊缝热影响区存在软化现象.