Effect of heat treatment and interlayer on weld strength and microstructure of solid state joints between Cu and Al powder metallurgical preform tubes

Abstract

Solid state joints made between Cu and Al powder metallurgical preforms by cold extrusion were heat treated at various temperatures and for various times with and without an interlayer (Ni) to evaluate the interfacial microstructure and weld strength. The heat treatment conditions were optimised for highest weld strength without deleterious effects in terms of intermetallic compounds, Kirkendall voids, etc. Heat treatment of these joints made without an interlayer resulted in a 40% increase in the strength. However, under some processing conditions different intermetallic compounds and phases were formed during heat treatment without an interlayer. Application of an interlayer in the form of powder allowed partial interdiffusion of metal at the interface and this minor interdiffusion had no influence on the weld strength and microstructure. Finer interlayer particle size increased the weld strength by eliminating physical discontinuities and residual particles at the interface. The heat treatment of Cu–Al joints made using 1 μm Ni powder as the interlayer increased the strength by 82% in comparison with that in the as extruded condition.     

TiC金属陶瓷/钢钎焊接头的界面结构和连接强度

采用BAg45CuZn钎料对自蔓延高温合成的TiC金属陶瓷与中碳钢进行了真空钎焊连接,利用扫描电镜、电子探针、X射线衍射等分析手段对接头的界面结构和室温抗剪强度进行了研究.结果表明,利用BAg45CuZn钎料可实现TiC金属陶瓷与中碳钢的连接;接头的界面结构为TiC金属陶瓷/(Cu,Ni)固溶体/Ag基固溶体 Cu基固溶体/(Cu,Ni)固溶体/(Cu,Ni) (Fe,Ni)/中碳钢;在连接温度为850℃保温10min的钎焊条件下,接头的抗剪强度可达121MPa.     

Numerical simulation of iron/TiC ceramic tappet brazed with TiZrNiCu filler metal

1　INTRODUCTIONRecently ,withthedevelopmentofautoenginestothedirectionofhighspeedandpower ,theproper tiesofthetappetsusedinautoenginesbecomemoreandmoreimportant .Sohowtoimprovethewearre sistance ,fatigueresistanceandoilstorageofthetap petsbecomesamajorprojectintheautofield .Anewkindofcompoundtappetwasstudiedinthispaper .ItwasmadeofTiCceramic ,whichwasbrazedonthewearsurfaceofiron .ThiskindoftappetcanmakefulluseofgoodwearresistanceofTiCceramicandgoodtoughnessofmetal.Fig .1showsthemi crost…     

TiC增强Cf/SiC复合材料与钛合金钎焊接头工艺分析

采用Ag-Cu-Ti-（Ti＋C）混合粉末作钎料,在适当的工艺参数下真空钎焊Cf/SiC复合材料与钛合金,利用SEM,EDS和XRD分析接头微观组织结构,利用剪切试验检测接头力学性能.结果表明,钎焊后钎料中的钛与Cf/SiC复合材料发生反应,接头中主要包括TiC,Ti3SiC2,Ti5Si3,Ag,TiCu,Ti3Cu4和Ti2Cu等反应产物,形成石墨与钛原位合成TiC强化的致密复合连接层.TiC的形成缓解了接头的残余热应力,并且提高了接头的高温性能.接头室温、500℃和800℃高温抗剪强度分别达到145,70,39 MPa,明显高于Cf/SiC/Ag-Cu-Ti/TC4钎焊接头.     

Shear strength of CMT brazed lap joints between aluminum and zinc-coated steel

Higher shear strength and fusion line failure were measured in CMT brazed lap joint of aluminum alloy 6061 and zinc coated steels with high strength (DP600) or thick plate (1.2 mm). Lower shear strength and interface failure were observed only if aluminum was brazed with low strength (270 MPa) and thin steel sheet (0.7 mm). A numerical model was developed for the prediction of shear strength and failure modes of the CMT lap joints. The maximum principle stress and deformation energy at the interface layer of the CMT joints were adopted as failure criteria for interface failure prediction. The equivalent plastic strain in the weld metal, HAZ and base metal of aluminum side of the CMT brazed joints was used as a criterion for failure prediction occurred on the fusion line. The shear strength of CMT joints and the two failure modes can be accurately estimated by the developed numerical model.     

SiC陶瓷真空钎焊接头界面结构及机理分析

采用Ti-Zr-Ni-Cu钎料对SiC陶瓷进行了真空钎焊,研究了SiC陶瓷真空钎焊接头的界面显微组织和界面形成机理.试验中采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对接头组织进行了观察,并进行了局部能谱分析.结果表明,接头界面产物主要有TiC,Ti₅Si₃,Zr₂Si,Zr(s,s),Ti(s,s)+Ti₂(Cu,Ni)和(Ti,Zr)(Ni,Cu)等.接头的界面结构可以表示为:SiC/TiC/Ti₅Si₃+Zr₂Si/Zr(s,s)/Ti(s,s)+Ti₂(Cu,Ni)/(Ti,Zr)(Ni,Cu).钎焊过程分为五个阶段:钎料与母材的物理接触;钎料熔化和陶瓷侧反应层开始形成;钎料液相向母材扩散、陶瓷侧反应层厚度增加,钎缝中液相成分均匀化;陶瓷侧反应层终止及过共晶组织形成;钎缝中心金属间化合物凝固.在钎焊温度960℃,保温时间10 min时,接头抗剪强度可达110 MPa.     

SiC陶瓷真空钎焊接头界面结构及机理分析

采用Ti-Zr-Ni-Cu钎料对SiC陶瓷进行了真空钎焊,研究了SiC陶瓷真空钎焊接头的界面显微组织和界面形成机理.试验中采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对接头组织进行了观察,并进行了局部能谱分析.结果表明,接头界面产物主要有TiC,Ti₅Si₃,Zr₂Si,Zr(s,s),Ti(s,s)+Ti₂(Cu,Ni)和(Ti,Zr)(Ni,Cu)等.接头的界面结构可以表示为:SiC/TiC/Ti₅Si₃+Zr₂Si/Zr(s,s)/Ti(s,s)+Ti₂(Cu,Ni)/(Ti,Zr)(Ni,Cu).钎焊过程分为五个阶段:钎料与母材的物理接触;钎料熔化和陶瓷侧反应层开始形成;钎料液相向母材扩散、陶瓷侧反应层厚度增加,钎缝中液相成分均匀化;陶瓷侧反应层终止及过共晶组织形成;钎缝中心金属间化合物凝固.在钎焊温度960℃,保温时间10 min时,接头抗剪强度可达110 MPa.     

石墨与铜真空钎焊接头的组织与强度

采用Ag-Cu-Ti钎料对石墨与铜进行了真空钎焊连接,利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和室温压剪试验等分析手段对接头的微观组织和室温抗剪强度进行了研究.结果表明,利用Ag-Cu-Ti钎料可以实现石墨与铜的连接;接头的界面结构为石墨/TiC/Ag-Cu共晶组织+铜基固溶体/铜基固溶体/铜;随着钎焊温度的提高或保温时间的延长,Ti...     

Microstructure and strength of brazed joints of TiB2 cermet to TiAl-based alloys

In this study, TiB2 cermet and TiAl-based alloy are vacuum brazed successfully by using Ag-Cu-Ti filler metal.The microstructural analyses indicate that two reaction products, Ti ( Cu, Al ) 2 and Ag bused solid solution ( Ag ( s. s ) ) , are present in the brazing seam, and the iuterface structure of the brazed joint is TiB2/TiB2 Ag ( s. s ) /Ag ( s. s ) Ti ( Cu,Al)2/Ti( Cu, Al)2/TiAl. The experimental results show that the shear strength of the brazed TiB2/TiAl joints decreases us thebrazing time increases at a definite brazing temperature. When the joint is brazed at 1 223 K for 5 min, a joint strength up to 173 MPa is achieved.     

钛基非晶态钎料钎焊高强石墨与铜的界面特征

石墨在核工业中得到广泛应用,铜与其连接起到加强散热的作用,二者间的连接问题成为必须要解决的技术关键.采用非晶态TiZrNiCu钎料箔真空钎焊紫铜与普通高强石墨,研究了工艺参数对接头界面组织的影响.结果表明,接头室温剪切和拉伸时均断于石墨母材侧,经接头微观组织分析,认为高强度的结合界面是由于钎料与石墨反应生成了TiC薄层,钎缝主要是以固溶体为基,由金属间化合物相间其中的组织结构形成的.     

ZrO_2陶瓷与Kovar合金钎焊接头的组织与性能

在钎焊温度825~960℃,保温时间1~60 min的条件下,采用自行设计制备的Ag-Cu-TiH2活性粉末钎料实现了ZrO2陶瓷和4J33 Kovar合金的钎焊.利用扫描电镜、能谱分析及X射线衍射分析的方法对接头的界面组织进行了分析.结果表明,接头典型界面结构为Kovar/Ag（s.s）＋Cu（s.s）＋TiFe2/...     

钎焊温度及保温时间对Sn-30Zn钎料钎焊Mg/Al异种金属组织和性能的影响

采用Sn-30Zn(质量分数,%)钎料对Mg/Al异种金属进行低温钎焊.并利用扫描电子显微镜、电子探针研究了钎焊接头在不同焊接工艺参数下的微观组织演变过程,同时采用维氏硬度仪及万能力学性能试验机对接头的显微硬度和力学性能进行了测试.结果表明,当钎焊温度为330℃,保温时间为5 s时,钎焊接头组织性能较好.接头组织主要分为近镁侧的Mg₂Sn化合物层、近铝侧的Al-Sn-Zn固溶体层、焊缝中心三个区.焊缝中心区以Sn-Zn的过共晶组织为基底,上面弥散分布着Mg₂Sn相,铝基固溶体相.接头的最佳平均剪切强度为60.47 MPa.     

Ti-Ni钎焊Cf/SiBCN陶瓷接头界面组织及机理分析

使用Ti-Ni高温钎料实现C_f/SiBCN陶瓷自身连接.分别研究了钎料成分、钎料箔片叠层方式以及钎焊温度对焊接界面组织形貌的影响.结果表明,在Ni元素含量超过50%且以Ni/Ti/Ni方式叠层得到的接头界面良好,其中Ni元素深入陶瓷基体,与Si元素发生反应,在陶瓷内形成扩散层结构,扩散层内的Ni,Si元素成梯度分布,而Ti元素以化合物的形式弥散分布在焊缝中间部分的钎料层中试验发现,提高钎焊温度有利于Ni元素的扩散,在以Ni/Ti/Ni叠层、Ni元素含量低于50%时,提高钎焊温度至1 300℃得到的接头没有显著裂纹,中间层的钛化合物分布更加弥散.     

不同钎料对Ti3Al基合金钎焊接头强度及界面微观组织的影响

研究了Ti3Al基合金真空钎焊及接头组织性能;分析了不同钎料对接头界面组织和剪切强度的影响,初步优选了钎料,优化了钎焊连接规范参数;利用电子探针、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等方法对接头进行了定性和定量分析.结果表明:采用NiCrSiB钎料连接时,在界面处有金属间化合物TiAl3、AlNi2Ti和Ni基固溶体生成,TiAl3和AlNi2Ti的生成降低了接头的剪切强度;采用TiZrNiCu钎料连接时,在界面处有金属间化合物Ti2Ni、Ti(Cu,Al)2和Ti基固溶体生成,Ti2Ni和Ti(Cu,Al)2的形成降低了接头的剪切强度;采用AgCuZn钎料连接时,在界面处生成TiCu、Ti(Cu,Al)2和Ag基固溶体,TiCu和Ti(Cu,Al)2的生成是降低接头剪切强度的主要原因;采用CuP钎料连接时,在界面处生成了Cu3P、TiCu和Cu基固溶体,CuaP和TiCu使接头的剪切强度降低;对于NiCrSiB钎料,当连接温度为1 373 K,连接时间为5 min时,接头的剪切强度最高为219.6 MPa对于TiZr-NiCu钎料,当连接温度为1 323 K,连接时间为5 min时,接头的最高剪切强度为259.6 MPa;对于AgCuZn钎料,当连接温度为1 173 K,连接时间为5 min时,接头的最高剪切强度为125.4 MPa;对于CuP钎料,当连接温度为1 223 K,连接时间为5 min时,接头的最高剪切强度为98.6 MPa;采用TiZrNiCu钎料连接Ti3Al可获得最大接头强度.     

Interface structure and mechanical property of the brazed joint of graphite and copper

A kind of self-made AgCuTiSn braze alloy powder was used to join graphite and copper. The whole brazing process was performed under vacuum circumstances at different temperatures (1033-1193 K) for several holding time (300-1800 s). According to scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA) results, the reaction products of the interface are TiC, Ti3Sn, Cu(s. s), Ag(s. s) and Cu-Sn compound. As the brazing parameters increase, the quantity of Ag(s. s) in the braze alloy and C fibers on graphite/AgCuTiSn interface reduce, while that of Cu (s. s) in the braze alloy improves. When the brazing temperature is 1093 K and holding time is 900 s, the joint can obtain the maximum room temperature shear strength 24 MPa.     

Comparison between the electrical resistance and the shear strength of brazed cemented carbides

Brazing is a suitable technology to join different materials such as cemented carbides and steel. Even though this technology has been investigated for many years, insufficient joints can occur easily, as the brazing process is very sensitive concerning the handling parameters. Defects such as voids and cracks are hard to detect by commonly used visual inspection methods. Other nondestructive methods such as radiography or ultrasonic testing are usually not economical for the examination of these joints. Studies proved that the electrical resistance has the potential to serve as an effective alternative for the evaluation of brazed joints. In this study, the authors have compared the electrical resistance and the shear strength. For this, cemented carbides were brazed to steel by means of induction heating at an ambient atmosphere. A silver-based filler metal ( BrazeTec 4900 / Ag 449) and a flux (BrazeTec spezial h / FH12) were selected to enable the brazing process. The brazing time and the temperature were varied in order to produce different joint qualities. After brazing, the resistance was measured on each joint with the 4-point probe method to facilitate a high accuracy. The results underline the possibility to use electrical resistance measurements as an effective tool for a quality control of brazed joints.     

Inoculation and its effect on primary solidification structure of hypoeutectic grey cast iron

Abstract

The solidification of grey cast iron is controlled by the addition of inoculants. This is done in order to provide nucleation sites and hence facilitate the formation of eutectic cells and decrease the degree of undercooling. The number of eutectic cells and the graphite morphology affect the final properties of the casting. Preceding the nucleation of graphite and the eutectic cells is the nucleation of the primary austenite. It was found that the addition of inoculants also influences the primary solidification. The largest effect on the primary dendrites is obtained by inoculation using pure iron powder. It was also shown how the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) depends on the number of equiaxed dendrites per unit volume. In addition, the primary structure was found to influence the eutectic solidification. The relationship between the secondary dendrite arm spacing and the eutectic cell size was found to correlate well with the work of others.     

Effect of pouring temperature,composition, mould strength and metal flow resistance on shrinkage cavities in spheroidal graphite cast iron

Abstract

Under the subject of this study, it was found that the growth of graphite in eutectic solidification is the most important factor. Also, shrinkage cavity increases in hypereutectic composition because the crystallisation volume of graphite in eutectic solidification becomes smaller. In addition, the Al amount contained in spheroidal agent or molten metal works negatively for shrinkage cavity, which could be said the same for P, Mo and Cr. As for the shrinkage cavity in non-alloyed ductile iron, the metal supply resistance P _MSR is the most significant element in regard to the occurrence of shrinkage cavity. For tight mould, there is no relationship between modulus and shrinkage cavity while the P _MSR of a product is the dominant factor. This theory of P _MSR can be applied to final solidification loops of products based on simulation. Based on this, it became possible to make shrinkage cavity free products without a riser.     

Correlation between brazed joint elevated strength,microstructure and brazing processing parameter of Inconel superalloy

This study investigates the influences of brazing temperature,brazing time and brazing clearance on microstructures and high temperature strength of Inconel superalloy.Bonding is performed in a high vacuum furnace using BNi-2 as filler metal.Brazing temperatures employed in this study are 1080 ℃,1110 ℃ and 1140 ℃.Holding times at the brazing temperature are 5 min,15 min and 45 min.At the same time,the investigated brazing clearances are 30 μm,60 μm and 100 μm.Microstructure of the brazed joints is analyzed ...