CO_2激光拼焊的光与声信号分析

采用自行研制的多传感器激光焊接实时监测系统,以CO2激光拼焊过程中的蓝紫光辐射（400~440 nm）、红外辐射（1 200~1 700 nm）以及可听声（20~20 kHz）等三种信号作为被检测参量,进行了信号的在线采集与记录,通过时域、频域以及时频分析,实现信号中有效信息的挖掘.结果表明,7 000 Hz以上的高频...     

CO2激光焊接的同轴检测与熔透控制I.熔透状态特性及其同轴检测

对激光深熔焊的熔透状态进行了分类,指出了“仅熔池透”和“适度熔透”的形成条件和焊缝成形特征。建立了一套CO2激光深熔焊熔透状态的同轴检测系统,研究了焊接工艺参数和熔透状态发生变化时等离子体同轴光信号的变化规律。发现在板厚不变的条件下,随热输入的变化,焊接过程由“仅熔池透”达到“适度熔透”时,同轴等离子体光信号强度的增量绝对值最大。     

CO2激光焊接的同轴检测与熔透控制(Ⅱ)熔透状态同轴光信号的频域分析

利用CO2激光深熔焊等离子体光信号的同轴检测系统,提出了频谱重心的概念井以此来分析等离子体光信号的频谱特性,研究了平扳焊接时对应适度熔透状态时同轴光信号的顿域特征。结果表明,随激光功率增加或焊接速度减小,当焊接熔透状态从“适度熔透(小孔透)”变化到“仅熔池透”时对应2～6kHz段频谱重心位置向上(高额)跳变。     

激光焊接声信号与熔深的相关性

激光焊接过程伴随着强烈的声信号,这些声信号中包含焊接过程的重要信息,反映了焊缝质量.以平板激光堆焊为研究对象,详细地分析了焊接过程声信号的特征.研究发现,声信号的强度和功率频谱分布与焊缝熔深具有良好的对应关系.声信号功率频谱主要集中在2～10kHz之间,并且具有明显的谱线族.随焊缝熔深的减小,声信号强度减弱,并且声信号频谱族由相对集中单一向分散多族化变化.以激光焊接过程产生的声信号特征作为传感信息,采用人工神经网络技术建立了声信号与焊缝熔深之间的关系模型.结果表明,该模型能够根据声信号特征定量地检测焊缝的熔深,为激光非熔透焊接熔深的实时检测提供一种有效的手段.     

Welding of titanium alloys with activating flux

Abstract

In the present paper, the effects of an activating flux on Ti–6Al–4V alloy welding were investigated. Tungsten inert gas welding was used to weld 8.0 mm thickness Ti–6Al–4V alloy plates. Results show that applying the activating flux on the Ti–6Al–4V alloy surface leads to an increase in weld penetration depth, whereas the corresponding weld bead width is reduced. It was also found that various welding conditions, particularly flux thickness, influence the effectiveness of the activating flux. Furthermore, a data acquisition system was used to monitor the current and voltage signals during welding. Results from monitoring of the welding current and voltage signals reveal that there is a clear correlation between the signals and the weld penetration when the welding arc is steady. Analysis of the acquired signals can be used to identify inconsistencies in weld penetration. In summary, to take advantage of the use of activating flux in Ti alloy welding, it is important that a uniform flux layer is present at the alloy plate surface and suitable welding parameters are selected.     

Analysis of arc voltage,current, and light signals in pulsed gas metal arc welding of aluminium

Abstract

The use of readily acquired weld arc data such as voltage, current, or light emissions to identify droplet transfer events or transfer mode, or for quality purposes such as seam tracking is of interest for thin section applications in arc welding of aluminium. In the present study, voltage, current, and light emission signals are acquired at high rates, and synchronised with high speed shadowgraphing. The usefulness of the various signals for identifying droplet detachment events and transfer modes during pulsed gas metal arc welding of aluminium is compared. It is found that individual droplet detachments are consistently identifiable during globular, spray, and streaming transfer, and during peak and background current detachment, using the voltage signal. Although the arc light signal also contains droplet detachment data, it is difficult to identify droplet detachments occurring during the background phase at low background current levels. Preliminary measurements show that these signals can also be used for seam location in thin section lap fillet welding.     

激光焊接过程实时监测技术的研究现状及其发展

从监测信号和信号的处理方法两方面论述了激光焊接过程实时监测的发展现状。在激光焊接过程实时监测中常用的监测信号有声、光、热等信号，它们各具特点；信号处理和分析主要有阈值比较、时频分析、专家系统、模糊评判和人工神经网络等方法。展望了未来激光焊接过程实时监测技术的发展，提出了以传感信息融合技术为主的实时监测方式和基于高速摄影为主的实时监测方式。     

Microstructures and properties of laser/arc hybrid welds and autogenous laser welds in pipeline steels

Abstract

Lasers are capable of producing welds with deep penetration, low distortion and faster travel speeds, compared to arc welding. More recently, laser/arc hybrid welding processes have also been generating interest for industrial fabrication. In this paper, six carbon–manganese, mainly pipeline, steels were welded using both autogenous Nd:YAG laser welding, and Nd:YAG laser/MAG hybrid welding. The improvements in weld microstructures and weld metal toughness that are possible when using the hybrid process are described and illustrated. Laser/arc hybrid welding is shown to be a process that can generate good quality welds in commercially available pipeline steels. It also has the potential to complete girth welds in these steels with significantly fewer welding passes than are currently required for arc welded pipelines, reducing the joint completion time.     

Influence of pre- and post-weld heating on weldability of modified 9Cr–1Mo(V–Nb) steel pipe under shielded metal arc and tungsten inert gas welding processes

Abstract

Welding of modified 9Cr–1Mo(V–Nb) steel pipes has been carried out via shielded metal arc (SMA) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding processes. The weld joints have been produced using different preheating temperatures, followed by post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) at various temperatures. The microstructures of the weld and of the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the weld joints have been studied under the optical microscope and correlated with the preheating and PWHT. The average hardness of the weld and different regions of the HAZ, and tensile properties of the weld joints have also been studied and correlated with the preheating and PWHT. The tensile properties of the SMA and TIG weld joints produced using preheating and PWHT at various temperatures are compared and correlated with their microstructures. It is noted that a comparatively high preheating temperature of the order of 573 K is beneficial, and PWHT is necessary to reduce the susceptibility to cold cracking of weld joints of the present steel. The PWHT at 1123 K enhances ductility to fracture, but decreases the tensile strength of the base material, causing fracture of both the SMA and TIG weld joints from this region close to the HAZ. The tensile properties of SMA welds are found to be superior to those of the TIG welds, especially for PWHT at temperatures up to 1023 K.     

K418与42CrMo异种金属激光焊接接头组织与力学性能

试验研究了额定功率为3 kW的连续波Nd:YAG激光焊接热输入对激光焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属焊缝形貌的影响.通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、硬度仪、万能试验机及X衍射对激光焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属焊缝接头组织、元素分布、相组成及接头的力学性能进行分析.结果表明,在焊接热输入恒定的条件下,高功率、高焊速的匙孔焊接比低功率、低焊速的热传导焊接更能增加焊缝熔深.通过扫描电镜在焊缝区域观察到了颗粒状物和针状物,能谱分析表明,颗粒状物Nb,Ti,Mo元素聚集,Fe,Ni元素减少;针状物Ti,Nb元素聚集.K418与42CrMo异种金属激光焊接工艺参数优化后的焊缝抗拉强度高于42CrMo母材.     

Effect of laser spot weld energy and duration on melting and absorption

Abstract

To facilitate pulse Nd–YAG laser spot weld development, it is common practice to adjust the pulse energy, duration, and focus spot size. An accurate understanding of the effect of these parameters on melting, weld appearance, and heat input is thus required. Calorimetric measurements of the net heat input to 304 stainless steel workpieces for laser spot welds have been completed. A pulse Nd–YAG laser was used with varying pulse energies from 1 to 5·5 J, and pulse durations of 2·2 and 7·0 ms. Measurements showed the absorption for spot welds produced using the pulsed Nd–YAG laser to vary from 38 to 67% and to be relatively insensitive to beam intensity. Analysis of the continuous point source equation for conduction heat flow in solids was used to predict the weld size for the pulse energy and duration measured in the experiment. Calculations of the weld pool volume from the weld metallography were used to determine the melting for each spot weld. Comparisons of the measured weld size with the three-dimensional model predicted size indicated that the observed weld pools are larger than is expected from the measured workpiece energy. Analysis of the experimental data and the theoretical model has revealed a substantial increase in melting for short duration pulses versus long duration pulses of the same energy. The benefit of laser spot welding parameter optimisation is hence indicated.     

Laser welding of high hardness armour steel

Abstract

A feasibility study of laser welding of high hardness steel (HHS) armours has been carried out at SMC DERA. The main issues investigated were weldability using different fillers and various combinations of beam power and travel speed; heat affected zone (HAZ) size and hardness; Charpy toughness; and ballistic behaviour. The best results in terms of a combination of cracking resistance and toughness were obtained in the autogenous weld, the filler wires tested clearly not being ideally suited to laser welding. A relationship emerged between the weld hardness profiles, in respect of both weld metal hardness and variable HAZ width and softening with beam travel speed, and their ballistic performance.     

选区激光熔化成形过程监测技术研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

选区激光熔化(SLM)作为现代工业构件制造的一种主流技术,广泛应用于汽车、航空航天及医学等领域,对SLM工艺的监测及闭环控制方式进行系统梳理变得极为重要。针对SLM技术原理及熔池变化,从SLM成形过程中的熔池温度和形貌特征综述选区激光熔化监测技术发展进程及不足,分析闭环反馈技术的研究现状。研究表明:SLM加工过程中熔池的变化状态是影响成形件质量的重要因素,通过光信号、声信号或多信号传感器可对熔池状态进行有效监测,而闭环控制需要算法分析、机器学习及传感器的协同配合才能实现实时反馈及控制。根据当前监测技术的实时性较差及系统反馈控制不够完善等问题,提出未来智能监测技术与实时闭环控制等发展方向,可为未来SLM成形高质量零件提供参考借鉴。     

用时频分析法研究铝合金电阻点焊过程中的声音信号

研究了铝合金点焊过程中声音信号的时频域能量分布，并应用它来识别点焊的熔核状态。点焊过程中的声音信号包含着熔核形成信息，是点焊质量监控的重要参数。为了能够确定熔核的变化状态，作者尝试采用非平稳过程的时频分析方法对声音信号进行研究，试验与计算结果表明，Choi-williams时频分布是一种较好的铝合金点焊声音分析方法，可以区分不同熔核状态，其计算结果可作为铝合金点焊过程的监控参数和质量检验的依据，具有一定的实用价值，同时它对其它焊接方法中的信号分析与处理也有较高的参考价值。     

Online quality inspection of resistance spot welded joint based on electrode indentation using servo gun

Abstract

Resistance spot welding is one of the major joining techniques widely used for car body assembly. Weld quality may significantly influence the durability and reliability of the automobile body. Automotive manufacturers often rely on destructive testing and monitoring variables which indirectly reflected weld quality to assess the weld quality and control the welding process. However, these approaches have inherent limitations and are difficult to be implemented in plant environments. Therefore, it is imperative to develop an online inspection method to evaluate weld quality. In the present study, a method of producing a series of substantially uniform spot welds between two metal parts using a servomotor driven movable electrode and an axially opposing fixed electrode is proposed. The indentation in the workpiece surface is suitably measured by the displacement of the movable electrode as it applies an electrode force and welding current is passed through the weld site of the workpiece. The optimal indentation range is determined by peel test and metallographic examinations with respect to various sheet gages and grades. Consequently, online weld quality inspection results are achieved based on developed optimal indentation range.     

CO_2激光焊接的同轴检测与熔透控制I.熔透状态特性及其同轴检测

对激光深熔焊的熔透状态进行了分类 ,指出了“仅熔池透”和“适度熔透”的形成条件和焊缝成形特征。建立了一套CO2 激光深熔焊熔透状态的同轴检测系统 ,研究了焊接工艺参数和熔透状态发生变化时等离子体同轴光信号的变化规律。发现在板厚不变的条件下 ,随热输入的变化 ,焊接过程由“仅熔池透”达到“适度熔透”时 ,同轴等离子体光信号强度的增量绝对值最大。     

Effect of weakly ionised plasma on penetration of stainless steel weld produced with ultra high power density fibre laser

Abstract

A weakly ionised plasma can be generated in stainless steel welding with a 10 kW fibre laser beam at the ultra high power density of ～1 MW mm^–2 in Ar shielding gas. The objectives of this study are to obtain a fundamental knowledge of optical interaction between a fibre laser beam and the weakly ionised plasma, and to evaluate effects of the plasma on weld penetration. The optical interaction was investigated by the high speed video observation or the power meter measurement of another probe fibre laser beam, which passed horizontally through the weakly ionised plasma induced during bead on plate welding of a 20 mm thick type 304 plate with a 10 kW fibre laser beam of 0˙9 MW mm^–2 in power density. The probe laser observed was refracted at 0˙6 mrad angle in average, which was much lower than the 90 mrad divergence of the focused fibre laser beam. The attenuation of the probe laser was measured to be ～4%, which was not mainly caused by Inverse Bremsstrahlung but by Rayleigh scattering. Moreover, a stable laser welding process could be produced at such ultra high power density that 11˙5 mm deep penetration was obtained even if the laser peak power was modulated 1 ms periodically from 10 to 8˙5 kW. It was consequently considered that the optical interaction between the 10 kW fibre laser beam and the weakly ionised plasma was too small to exert the reduction in weld penetration.     

Pulsed laser welding of Steelite,a steel polypropylene laminate

Abstract

Laminated products are gaining importance as structural materials and it is becoming increasingly important to join them quickly and effectively. The possibility of using pulsed laser welding to join Steelite, a steel polypropylene steel sandwich structure, has been examined, and in the present paper, the authors describe how various combinations of focal spot diameter, pulse duration and pulse power influence the weld. The most important factors contributing to the final weld dimensions are pulse energy, pulse duration and focal spot size. It is shown that although the polymer core affects the final weld dimensions, the development of the weld is comparable with that in monolithic materials. Furthermore, a smaller focal spot diameter was shown to result in more reliable results, a smaller heat affected zone, and reduced damage to the polypropylene core. The results for single spot welds demonstrate the feasibility of using overlapping spot welds to make butt joints in metal polymer laminates.     

On-line prediction of quality and shear strength of spacer pad welds of nuclear fuel pins by applying neural network analysis of acoustic emission signals

Abstract

In the present study, the development of an acoustic emission technique (AET) based methodology is reported for online prediction of quality and shear strength of spacer pad welds of nuclear fuel pins of pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWRs). The quality evaluation of spacer pad welds was made by classification of different weld categories using cluster analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) study of acoustic emission signals generated during welding. The ANN approach was also effective in arriving at the quantitative estimation of percentage correct classification between any two classes. For assessment of shear strength of individual coins of spacer pad welds by ANN, the properties of basic sigmoidal function were exploited and this could predict the strength of each coin with an accuracy of 97%. The results assume significance because instrumentation methodology is suitable for online application and complement the currently followed statistical quality control approaches for spacer pad weld assessment.     

Determination of laser weld properties for finite element analysis of laser welded tailored blanks

Abstract

The present paper details two techniques that were employed to determine laser weld material properties, and outlines how the weld properties were used in the finite element analysis simulation of simple small scale axisymmetric tests. From these simulations, an understanding of some fundamental laser welded tailored blank formability issues was gained, which would otherwise have required substantial practical tests to be conducted. The materials studied in the present paper were high strength steels, including a relatively newly developed ultrahigh strength steel, for application in structural body in white components.