Development of boron white cast iron

Abstract

With boron substituting for carbon in cast iron composition and eutectic borides substituting for eutectic carbides in microstructure as the hard wear resistant phase, a new kind of wear resistant white cast iron has been developed. The microstructure and mechanical properties of this new white cast iron both in the as cast state and after appropriate heat treatments were studied. The results show that the as cast microstructure of the boron white cast iron comprises a dendritic matrix and interdendritic eutectics, and the eutectic compound is that of M₂B or M′_0˙9Cr_1˙1B_0˙9 type, where M represents Fe, Cr or Mn and M′ represents Fe or Mn. The morphology of the eutectic borides is much like that of carbide in high chromium white cast iron, but the hardness of boride is higher than that of carbide. The matrix in as cast microstructure comprises martensite and pearlite. After austenitising and quenching, the matrix mostly changes to lath type martensite and the eutectic borides remain unchanged. In addition, two different sizes of particles, with different forming processes during heat treatment, appear in the matrix. The boron white cast iron possesses higher hardness and toughness than conventional white cast iron and nickel hard white cast iron, and has a better balance between hardness and toughness than high chromium white cast iron.     

含钨量对铸态290Cr26MoW耐磨铸铁组织和硬度的影响

铸态合金耐磨铸铁适用于大型或复杂结构耐磨件。通过金相组织观察、X射线衍射相结构分析、图像分析仪定量金相测试和力学性能检测,研究了含钨量对铸态290Cr26MoW耐磨铸铁组织、结构和硬度的影响规律。结果表明,在含0～2.79%W的范围内,随着含W量的增加,铸态290Cr26MoW耐磨白口铸铁的初生基体数量减少,共晶团数量增加,共晶碳化物数量增加;铸态290Cr26MoW耐磨白口铸铁的碳化物结构类型没有改变,M7C3型碳化物为共晶碳化物;铸态290Cr26MoW耐磨白口铸铁基体的奥氏体比例增加,马氏体减少。马氏体多位于共晶团,即共晶碳化物周围。铸态290Cr26MoW耐磨白口铸铁的硬度由共晶碳化物数量和硬度以及基体中奥氏体和马氏体数量比共同决定。     

团球状共晶体奥氏体-贝氏体钢抗冲击磨料磨损行为

采用ＴＥＭ，ＳＥＭ；电子探针和 ＭＤＬ－１０型动载磨料磨损实验机研究 Ｍｇ－Ｃｅ－ＡＩ复合变质团球状共晶体奥－贝钢（简称ＡＢＮＥ钢）复相组织的形成及抗冲击磨料磨损行为结果表明，钢中贝氏体组织由板条铁素体与残余奥氏体组成，团球状共晶体是（Ｆｅ， Ｍｎ）３Ｃ和奥氏体两相伪共晶组织 ＡＢＮＥ钢在中、低冲击工况下耐磨性优于奥－贝钢、奥－贝球铁、团球状碳化物中锰钢，其原因与国球状共晶体可有效地减轻磨料的侵入深度和阻碍微切削作用，以及磨损表面形成大量纳米晶粒和非晶态组织。在亚表层存在形变马氏体与形变贝氏体组织有关     

Inoculation and its effect on primary solidification structure of hypoeutectic grey cast iron

Abstract

The solidification of grey cast iron is controlled by the addition of inoculants. This is done in order to provide nucleation sites and hence facilitate the formation of eutectic cells and decrease the degree of undercooling. The number of eutectic cells and the graphite morphology affect the final properties of the casting. Preceding the nucleation of graphite and the eutectic cells is the nucleation of the primary austenite. It was found that the addition of inoculants also influences the primary solidification. The largest effect on the primary dendrites is obtained by inoculation using pure iron powder. It was also shown how the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) depends on the number of equiaxed dendrites per unit volume. In addition, the primary structure was found to influence the eutectic solidification. The relationship between the secondary dendrite arm spacing and the eutectic cell size was found to correlate well with the work of others.     

Fe-C-Cr-Mn系亚稳奥氏体基耐磨铸造合金的开发

亚稳奥氏体基加Ｍ７Ｃ３型共昌碳化物双相结构白口铁基铸造合金具有良好的耐磨性和较高的冲击韧性。利用该理论开发了Ｆｅ－Ｃ－Ｃｒ－Ｍｎ系新型亚稳奥氏体基耐磨合金。通过滑动磨损试验发现，它们的耐磨性优于传统耐磨材料Ｃｒ２５这种新材料的使用对节省能源有重要意义。     

Effects of secondary carbide precipitation and transformation on abrasion resistance of the 16Cr-1Mo-1Cu white iron

The relationship between secondary carbide precipitation and transformation of the 16Cr-1Mo-1Cu white iron and abrasion resistance were investigated. The results show that secondary carbide precipitation and transformation at holding stage play an important role in the hardness and abrasion resistance. After being held for a certain time at 853 K for subcritical treatment, the grainy secondary carbide, (Fe,Cr)₂₃C₆, precipitated first and then Fe₂MoC or MoC carbides precipitated in the alloy, both of which improve the bulk hardness and abrasion resistance of the alloy. The reasons for these improvements are the secondary carbide precipitates from the austenite and the retained austenite transforms into the martensite, both make the matrix strengthen. So the matrix has more effective support to the harder eutectic carbide against exterior abrasion. With expanding the holding time, the in situ transformation from the granular (Fe,Cr)₂₃C₆ carbide into laminar M₃C carbide causes the formation of the pearlitic matrix and an associated decrease of the alloy abrasion resistance.     

孕育与变质处理对高Ni-Cr铸铁的影响

研究了75SiFe孕育和REMg变质对金属型铸造高Ni-Cr铸铁铸态和回火态的组织与硬度的影响。结果表明,75SiFe孕育处理使石墨析出数量增多,增加了奥氏体+石墨的共晶体数量,石墨片长度增加,而板条状碳化物数量减少。REMg变质促进点球状石墨析出,石墨析出数量减少,碳化物转变为断网分布,即呈岛状和骨骼状,高冷却速度弱化REMg的变质作用。75SiFe孕育回火处理促进奥氏体分解,回火后残余奥氏体较多。75SiFe孕育降低高Ni-Cr铸铁的铸态和回火态硬度,而REMg变质可略提高高Ni-Cr铸铁的铸态和回火态硬度。     

Microstructure and fatigue properties of plasma transferred arc alloying TiC-W-Cr on gray cast iron

In this paper, TiC-W-Cr powders were alloyed on grey cast iron by plasma transferred arc (PTA). The alloying samples were characterized the microstructure, microhardness, fatigue life and fatigue crack growth. From the results, it is indicated that two distinguishing region: alloying zone, heat affected zone are formed on the surface after PTA alloying. The alloying zone mainly consists of primary austenite, martensite, a eutectic of (Fe,Cr)₇C₃ carbide and austenite as well as the uniformly distributed un-melted TiC particles. PTA alloying TiC-W-Cr eliminates the stress concentration at the edge of graphite and produced hard carbide, resulting in frequent crack deflection. As a result, the Weibull distribution of fatigue life demonstrates that PTA alloying TiC-W-Cr exhibits longer lives compared to matrix and PTA hardening without reinforcement, but more scattered. In addition, on the basis of the careful observation of fatigue crack growth, it is shown that the fatigue crack growth rate could be retarded by PTA alloying TiC-W-Cr at low stress intensity.     

Influence of inoculation on solidification in cast iron

Abstract

Inoculation of cast iron has been mainly studied for the nucleus materials and the development of new inoculants. The effect is widely recognised; nevertheless, the mechanism was not fully understood. Inoculation leads to a decrease in chill depth, depressed the formation of D type graphite to form A type graphite and increase in the eutectic cell number. The transition from A type to the D type graphite is also accelerated by Ti addition; therefore we used Ti added samples for the study of D type graphite formation. The increase in the eutectic cell number produces a decrease in the cell size, namely the radius; nevertheless, the solidification time of the castings does not change by inoculation. Therefore, the solidification rate of the cell, namely the linear solidification rate, should decrease with inoculation and the decrease produces a depression in the chill and D type graphite due to the smaller undercooling. Therefore, we have to consider the three-dimensional solidification rate for discussing the cooling curve.     

A study on centrifugal casting of high speed steel roll

High speed steel (HSS) rolls can replace traditional rolls such as alloyed cast iron rolls and powder metallurgical (PM) hard alloy rolls. The main reasons for the replacement are that the wear resistance of low-cost alloyed cast iron rolls is poor and the cost of high-quality PM hard alloy rolls is very high. By means of centrifugal casting, HSS rolls having excellent wear resistance have been manufactured. The hardness of the HSS roll is 65～ 67 HRC, the range of variation is smaller than 2 HRC and its impact toughness is 15 J/cm2. The wear rate of HSS rolls used in the pre-finishing stands of high-speed hot wire-rod rolling mill reaches 2.5 × 10-4 mm per ton steel. Furthermore, the manufacturing cost of HSS rolls is significantly lower than that of PM hard alloy rolls; it is only 30 percent of that of PM hard alloy rolls.     

Effects of high temperature and cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and abrasion resistance of a high chromium cast iron

Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure, hardening and abrasion resistance behaviors of 16Cr1Mo1Cu cast iron subjected to destabilization treatment were investigated. The results show that the cryogenic treatment can effectively reduce the retained austenite after destabilization heat treatment, but cannot make retained austenite transform completely. Cryogenic treatment can markedly improve bulk hardness and abrasion resistance of the high chromium cast iron. In the course of destabilization treatment and then cryogenic treatment, the amount of precipitated secondary carbide, M₂₃C₆, was more than that in air cooling. The additional fine secondary carbide precipitated during the cryogenics treat after destabilization heat treatment comparing with air cooling, is the main reason for the increase of the bulk hardness and wear resistance.     

微量Sn对灰铸铁组织和性能的影响

Sn作为一种合金化元素,在灰铸铁中既可强烈促进珠光体的生成,又可细化珠光体.在实际生产中,由于某些生铁中含有过量的Sn,铸件易产生裂纹或显微裂纹,导致铸件报废.制备了不同Sn含量的铸件试样,并测定了其抗拉和抗弯强度,用金相显微镜观察不同Sn含量对铸件的石墨形态和基体组织的影响,同时详细考察了其铸造性能.结果表明:适量的Sn会促进珠光体基体的形成、细化共晶团,而对石墨的组织和形态无明显的不良影响.同时微量的Sn溶于奥氏体中,降低了发生先共析铁素体和珠光体的温度范围,使收缩率降低.但过量的Sn增加碳化物和磷共晶的数量,同时使灰铸铁的白口宽度增加,使铸件产生硬脆性,从而导致热裂和冷裂,这是铸件产生裂纹的主要原因.在生产中,应采取措施使铸铁中Sn含量控制在0.102％以下,并结合孕育处理等措施改善铸件的组织,提高力学性能.     

DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR IN HIGH TEMPERATURE PHASES OF CAST IRON

The distribution of subversive element sulfur in high temperature phases during solidificationof cast iron was investigated by means of liquid quenching method and autoradiography.Theresults show that in grey cast iron,sulfur is concentrated in the liquid,flake graphite and in theperipherial area of D-type supercooled graphite eutectic cells,but less sulfur is in austenite.Besides,the content of sulfur in A-type graphite is higher than that in D-type graphite,andsulfur content in eutectic austenite is a little higher than that in primary austenite.While,innodular graphite cast iron less sulfur is in liquid and austenite,but more in nodular graphite.The blackness of the spots on the emulsion film corresponds to the atomic percentage ofradioactive substances located on the surface of the specimen.     

Influence of graphite morphology on dry sliding wear of flake graphite cast irons

Abstract

Four flaky graphite cast irons of different graphite structures with a pearlitic matrix were prepared to clarify the graphite structure's influence on the dry sliding wear property. Two melts of cast iron with different carbon contents were solidified at two different cooling rates. The four resultant samples had type A flaky graphite or type D eutectic graphite structure with different graphite volume fractions and fully pearlitic matrixes. A pin on the disc type wear test evaluated the four samples' dry sliding wear properties. Results showed that the type D graphite structure wore down faster than the type A graphite structure did. The type of graphite morphology influenced the specimen wear rate as strongly as the graphite volume fraction did in flaky graphite cast irons of this experimental range.     

硫在铸铁高温各相中的分布

采用液淬法配合自射线照相研究了反球化元素硫在铸铁凝固过程各高温相中的分布。结果表明:灰铸铁中,硫在液相及片墨中的浓度较高,在奥氏体中最低,在D型石墨共晶团的周边有富集。在球铁中,球墨中硫的浓度相对较高,液相及奥氏体中则较低。粗片墨(A型)中硫的浓度比细片墨(D型)中的高,共晶奥氏体中硫的浓度高于先共晶枝晶奥氏体。 自射线照相中乳胶的感光代表放射性物质的原子百分浓度。     

铌铬白口铸铁中碳化物的形态及其对性能的影响

介绍了铌铬白口铸铁中的碳化物形态及分布规律。认为铌在白口铸铁中以NbC形式与奥氏体形成共晶体,在共晶体内,NbC呈条形放射状;在铌铸铁中加入钛,TiC先于NbC析出,随后NbC围绕TiC结晶,最终形成团块状,使这种白口铸铁具有更高的抗磨性能和更高的韧性。     

MICRODISTRIBUTION OF NODULIZER IN VARIOUS PHASES OF CAST IRON

应用有机电解液低温电解及放射性测量方法,测定了普通铸铁及高纯Fe-C-Si合金中的合金化Ce量及石墨中的Ce量,石墨中的Ce量大都略高于或相近于基体中的Ce量,在Ce含量相同的情况下,铸铁中的合金化Ce量比钢中多。 涂层法自射线照相结果表明:Ce在片状石墨中呈均匀分布,而在球状石墨中的分布却是多样的。开花状石墨中的Ce多于片状石墨及球状石墨中的Ce.球状石墨周围的铁素体及珠光体是贫Ce.远离球状石墨的珠光体及莱氏体是富Ce.初生奥氏体枝晶转变形成的珠光体和蜂窝状莱氏体都含有较少的Ce,而板状渗碳体型莱氏体含Ce较多.Ce明显富集于共晶时最后凝固的区域。球状石墨的形成主要取决于原铁水中的反球化剂(硫)含量,它的影响比球化剂的残留量或合金化量的作用更大。     

Microstructure and properties of austempered ductile cast iron with refined graphite nodules

Abstract

The present study examined the influence of refinement of graphite nodules on microstructure and tensile properties of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI). A casting technique using deoxidation treatment enabled manufacture of thin walled castings made of ductile cast iron without ledebulite. The thin walled casting (t=2 mm) was subjected to extreme refinement of graphite nodules, where the number of graphite nodules was 1750 mm^?2. Decrease in graphite nodule diameter resulted in refinement of ausferrite and γ-pool structures in ADI and rapid reaction of austempering. The significant increase in the number of graphite nodules resulted in a remarkable drop in the tensile strength and elongation of ADI. These results can be explained by the graphite nodule distance.     

亚共晶白口铸铁塑性变形行为的观察和分析

用金相显微镜，扫描电镜和透射电镜对经锻造和轧制等塑性变形的亚共晶白口铸铁组织进行了观察和分析，提示了共晶碳化物和基体的塑性变形行为，特别展示了被认为不能性变形的硬脆相共晶碳化物在变形应力驱使下由位错的运动，晶体滑移，扭转进行塑性变形的机制。为菜氏体钢铁材料塑性变形的研究提供了科学的证据。     

含钨白口铸铁共晶碳化物团球化研究

研究了Ce、K、Na复合变质处理对含钨白口铸铁组织和性能的影响,提出了评价碳化物变质效果的圆度概念,并讨论了共晶碳化物团球化对力学性能和耐磨性能的影响。变质处理后,由于共晶碳化物形态的改善,含钨白口铸铁的力学性能,尤其是冲击韧性大幅度提高,抗冲击磨损性能也显著提高。经变质处理的含钨白口铸铁轧辊使用寿命比高铬铸铁轧辊提高20%以上,生产成本降低30%以上。