Study of the Performance of Stainless Steel A-TIG Welds

The purpose of the present work was to investigate the effect of oxide fluxes on weld morphology, arc voltage, mechanical properties, angular distortion and hot cracking susceptibility obtained with TIG welding, which applied to the welding of 5 mm thick austenitic stainless steel plates. A novel variant of the autogenous TIG welding process, oxide powders (Al₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, TiO₂, SiO₂ and CaO) was applied on a type 304 stainless steel through a thin layer of the flux to produce a bead on plate welds. The experimental results indicated that the increase in the penetration is significant with the use of Cr₂O₃, TiO₂, and SiO₂. A-TIG welding can increase the weld depth to bead-width ratio, and tends to reduce the angular distortion of the weldment. It was also found that A-TIG welding can increase the retained delta-ferrite content of stainless steel 304 welds and, in consequence, the hot-cracking susceptibility of as-welded is reduced. Physically constricting the plasma column and reducing the anode spot are the possible mechanism for the effect of certain flux on A-TIG penetration.     

铝合金活性TIG焊熔池表面化学反应分析

针对铝合金交流A-TIG焊、FB-TIG焊和FZ-TIG焊,研究活性剂与熔池表面金属或表面氧化膜之间的化学反应,对于确定这些焊接方法的可行性和指导活性剂配方开发具有重要意义.通过焊缝表面焊渣XRD分析,并采用物质吉布斯自由能函数法进行反应热力学计算分析了熔池表面发生的化学反应.发现采用FZ108+SiO2的FZ-TIG焊发生了活性剂FZ108与熔池金属之间的吸热反应,能起到收缩电弧增加熔深的作用;对于采用FZ108的A-TIG焊,反应所吸收或放出的热量少,对收缩电弧的作用也很小;对于采用SiO2的FB-TIG焊,未发生活性剂与熔池金属和表面氧化膜之间的化学反应,不会通过该反应过程影响电弧.     

Effects of Flux Precoating and Process Parameter on Welding Performance of Inconel 718 Alloy TIG Welds

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of activating flux on the depth-to-width ratio (DWR) and hot cracking susceptibility of Inconel 718 alloy tungsten inert gas (TIG) welds. The Taguchi method is employed to investigate the welding parameters that affect the DWR of weld bead and to achieve optimal conditions in the TIG welds that are coated with activating flux in TIG (A-TIG) process. There are eight single-component fluxes used in the initial experiment to evaluate the penetration capability of A-TIG welds. The experimental results show that the Inconel 718 alloy welds precoated with 50% SiO₂ and 50% MoO₃ flux were provided with better welding performance such as DWR and hot cracking susceptibility. The experimental procedure of TIG welding process using mixed-component flux and optimal conditions not only produces a significant increase in DWR of weld bead, but also decreases the hot cracking susceptibility of Inconel 718 alloy welds.     

SiO2增加铝合金交流A-TIG焊熔深的机理

采用单组元活性剂进行铝合金交流A-TIG(Activating flux TIG)焊时,SiO2增加熔深最明显,对其增加熔深的机理进行了研究.进行正散焦真空电子束焊试验,SiO2对焊缝成形几乎没有影响;进行系列直流正接A-TIG焊试验,研究了活性剂对电弧的影响,发现SiO2使得氧化膜厚度增加,电弧极性区收缩,弧柱区扩展,电弧电压升高;进行氦气保护交流A-TIG焊试验,发现SiO2使活性剂或金属蒸发的区域变窄且蒸发量变小,熔池表面凹陷,并且在焊接过程中SiO2涂层始终存在于熔池表面,只在熔池凹陷中央区域出现很窄的裂缝,蒸气主要集中在电弧中下部.认为电弧极性区收缩和热输入增加是SiO2增加铝合金交流A-TIG焊熔深的主要机理.     

奥氏体不锈钢TIG焊用活性剂的研制

应用正交试验法对奥氏体不锈钢TIG焊用活性剂配方进行了试验研究.采用所研制的活性剂,在不开坡口的情况下,当热输入E=1.01kJ/mm时,可一次焊透5 mm厚奥氏体不锈钢板;当E=1.95 kJ/mm时,可一次焊透8 mm厚奥氏体不锈钢板,焊接过程中电弧稳定,焊缝成形良好.活性剂对焊接过程中合金元素的烧损有一定的抑制作用,所得焊缝中Cr、Ni元素的含量与母材的相比只略有下降.A-TIG焊缝的显微组织结构与TIG焊缝的相比几乎没有差别,但前者的硬度高于后者.     

TIG and A-TIG welding experimental investigations and comparison with simulation

Abstract

In this part II, the comparison of physical mechanisms between tungsten inert gas (TIG) and active TIG (A-TIG) welding is shown. The plasma was monitored by a high speed camera to present the arc constriction phenomena while passing from TIG to A-TIG. The elemental analysis and the arc temperature measured by optical emission spectroscopy were performed according to the type of welding and the different fluxes in A-TIG welding. The two-dimensional axial symmetric model presented in part I was used to simulate the flow behaviour in the melting pool realised on a stainless steel disc (304L) melted by a stationary heat source and to study the influence of energy density.     

ZnCl2和TiO2活性剂对镁合金TIG焊的影响

进行了单侧涂敷活性剂和两侧涂敷活性剂焊接镁合金的研究,分析了不同活性剂对焊缝及电弧的影响.结果表明,在单侧涂覆活性剂和两侧涂敷活性剂试验中,ZnCl2活性剂增加熔深的效果均优于TiO2活性剂.涂敷同样的活性剂,熔深增加的效果随着涂敷活性剂偏移量或间隙量的增大而减小.在单侧涂敷活性剂试验中,ZnCl2活性剂对熔池的偏移作用更明显.热稳定性差的ZnCl2活性剂改变电弧导电通道,使电弧形态发生明显改变.而热稳定性好的TiO2活性剂没有改变电弧导电通道,其电弧形态未发生明显改变.     

铝合金气体输送活性钨极氩弧焊方法

针对铝合金,提出了一种气体输送活性钨极氩弧焊,即GTFA-TIG焊(gas transfer flux activating TIG welding).该方法改变了活性元素的引入方式,通过自动送粉装置将活性剂输送到保护气体中,由保护气体将其引入电弧-熔池系统进行施焊,使得电弧收缩,熔池金属流态改变,熔深增加,同时省却了涂覆活性剂工序,实现了焊接过程自动化.进行了普通交流TIG焊和8种单组元活性剂的GTFA-TIG表面熔焊,分析了不同活性剂对焊缝成形、拉伸性能以及缺陷的影响.结果表明,大多数卤化物和氧化物活性剂都能使熔深增加到传统TIG焊的2.5~3倍以上,单质碲增加熔深效果较差.采用V₂O₅的焊缝抗拉强度接近母材金属,而采用MnCl₂和AlF₃的焊缝有一定程度降低.焊缝X射线探伤结果表明,采用V₂O₅,MnCl₂和AlF₃的焊缝评片结果均为Ⅰ级,而采用碲的焊缝为Ⅲ级.     

活性化TIG电弧光谱分布的特征

逐点测试了活性化TIG焊(A-TIG)电弧光谱的频域及空间分布，分析了A-TIG电弧光谱的构成．A-TIG光谱的频域分布为连续光谱背景下的线光谱；Ar和活性剂粒子分布在整个电弧空间，其中活性剂元素谱线在电弧中部最强，其次是钨极前方，在熔池上方最弱；活性剂元素谱线线形及重现性好；与常规TIG焊相比，电弧中的Fe谱线明显增多，大多数分布在熔池上方和电弧中部区域；电弧周围分布着很多活性剂粒子；电弧中心Ar谱线强度提高说明电弧中心温度有所提高。     

低碳钢A-TIG焊接方法的研究

对一种高效的TIG焊方法（A－TIG）进行了初步研究。A－TIG即在在先准备好的施焊材料上涂敷一层表面活性剂，对其进行系列堆试验。结果表明：在相同焊接参数下，涂敷表面活性剂后焊接电弧有明显收缩，熔池浓度也有显著增加，而熔宽稍有减少。着重介绍了活性剂成分的调配及活性剂成分对熔深变化的影响，并且对熔溶增加机理进行了初步研究。     

A-TIG焊接熔深增加机理

活性化氩弧焊(A-TIG)焊接方法与传统TIG焊相比,具有明显的熔深增加作用.模拟了Nimonic 263 A-TIG焊接流场温度场,并对试验与模拟焊缝形状进行了对比.结果表明,同一焊接电流下,与TIG焊缝相比,A-TIG焊缝的熔深较深而熔宽较小.随着焊接电流的增加或者焊接速度的降低,A-TIG焊缝熔深呈线性增加,且比TIG焊的熔深增加效果明显.通过分析流体流动方式,进一步推测了A-TIG熔深增加机理:熔池内液体流动方式是熔深增加的主要原因,熔池中心处液体的流速明显高于熔池边缘,中心由外向内的环流为熔池内液体流动的主导方向.这个方向的环流将高温液体带到熔池底部,使熔池底部的熔化速度较熔池边缘有了明显的增加,且随着焊接电流的增加,熔深增加效果也不断提高.     

Alternative current flux zoned tungsten inert gas welding process for aluminium alloys

Abstract

A new variant of activating flux tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process called flux zoned TIG (FZ-TIG) welding is proposed to weld aluminium alloys based on the mechanism of activating flux constricting welding arc. This process can not only increase weld penetration but also obtain perfect weld surface appearance simultaneously. An alternative current FZ-TIG welding is made using SiO₂ as the side region material and flux FZ108 developed by the authors with uniform design method as the central region coat material. The weld penetration can reach above three times that of the conventional alternative current TIG welding. All the weld shape, weld microstructure and weld mechanical properties are fine. Except for argon shielding gas flowrate, other welding parameters, including welding current, welding speed, central coat width, central coat content and solvent, have great effect on the weld penetration of alternative current FZ-TIG welding for aluminium alloys.     

金属单质活性剂对镁合金A-TIG焊的影响

以4种金属单质镉、锌、钛和铬作为镁合金A-TIG焊的活性剂,分析了不同金属单质对焊缝形貌、电弧形态及电弧电压的影响.结果表明,与常规TIG焊相比,镉和锌活性剂均增加焊接熔深,钛活性剂对焊接熔深不起作用,铬活性剂反而减少焊接熔深;涂敷镉和锌时,焊接过程中电弧形态收缩,电弧电压增加;涂敷钛和铬对电弧形态和电弧电压基本没有影...     

Evaluation of TIG flux welding on the characteristics of stainless steel

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of specific oxide fluxes on the surface appearance, weld morphology, retained δ ferrite content, hot cracking susceptibility, angular distortion and mechanical properties obtained with the tungsten inert gas (TIG) process applied to the welding of 5 mm thick austenitic stainless steel plates. An autogenous gas tungsten arc welding process was applied to stainless steels through a thin layer of activating flux to produce a bead on plate welded joint. The MnO₂ and ZnO fluxes used were packed in powdered form. The experimental results indicated that the 80% MnO₂–20% ZnO mixture can give full penetration and also a satisfactory surface appearance for type 304 stainless steel TIG flux welds. TIG welding with MnO₂ and/or ZnO can increase the measured ferrite number in welds, and tends to reduce hot cracking susceptibility in as welded structures. It was also found that TIG flux welding can significantly reduce the angular distortion of stainless steel weldments.     

活性剂对镁合金直流正接A-TIG焊熔深的影响

分别以单质Te,Ti和Si,氧化物SiO2,TiO2和V2O5,卤化物MnCl2,CdCl2和ZnF2作为表面活性剂进行了镁合金直流正接A-TIG焊,研究了活性剂对焊缝熔深的影响规律.Te能显著增加熔深熔宽,分别达到传统TIG焊的2.5倍和1.4倍,而Ti和Si对熔深熔宽影响较小;V2O5和SiO2都使得熔深熔宽同时增加,其中SiO2增加熔深熔宽效果最明显,分别达到传统TIG焊的2.0倍和1.6倍,而TiO2对熔深熔宽影响较小;ZnF2,CdCl2和MnCl2都使熔深熔宽显著增加,其中ZnF2的熔深熔宽增加最明显,分别达到传统TIG焊的4.0倍和1.6倍.认为活性剂增加镁合金直流正接A-TIG焊熔深主要与活性剂收缩电弧所导致的热输入增加有关.     

2A14铝合金直流A-TIG焊接技术

依据某型号的铝合金焊接构件对焊后表面的高平面度要求,自主研制活性剂,实现2A14铝合金的直流A-TIG焊接. 并通过直流A-TIG焊缝的表面成形、X射线、微观组织观察及力学性能等方面开展2A14铝合金直流A-TIG焊接技术研究. 结果表明,当活性剂浓度为15%时可以获得表面成形、内部质量及力学性能良好的2A14铝合金直流A-TIG焊缝;与交流TIG焊相比,焊缝力学性能略高,微观气孔数量明显降低.     

Ferritic stainless steel welding with the A-TIG process

The main advantage of the TIG with flux process (A-TIG welding) is the possibility of obtaining greater penetration of the weld bead while employing the same welding parameters as conventional TIG welding. Various studies have shown the influence of active fluxes on the geometric characteristics of stainless steel austenitic welds. However, little is known about the influence of this process on the geometric and metallurgical characteristics of the weld beads in ferritic stainless steels. In this work, different types of flux are applied when welding ferritic stainless steel with the objective of verifying possible influences on the weld bead's profile, on its visual appearance, on the microstructure, on the hardness of the welded zone and on the impact resistance (Charpy test). The bead-on-plate welds were produced without using any addition metal. Six types of flux were used – one being an oxide produced in a laboratory (TiO₂) and five commercial fluxes. The results showed that use of the flux allows an increase in penetration with significant changes in the appearance of the weld bead. It was also confirmed that the microstructure and the hardness of the weld bead for the steel studied were not affected by the type of flux used, with the microstructure analysed under an optical microscope. The steel in the study showed a high degree of fragility at ambient temperature.     

Oxide contributions on arc plasma in tungsten inert gas welding of magnesium alloy

Abstract

To study the effects of oxide activating flux on the arc plasma, the investigation is carried out in tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding on magnesium alloy. In this study, five oxides, ZnO, MnO₂, Cr₂O₃, CeO₂ and CdO, are selected to study the roles of activating flux on the plasma characteristics (shape, electron temperature and electron density) and the arc voltage. The mechanism is also discussed by comparisons between single TIG welding processes with and without fluxes. Results reveal that the electron temperature of arc plasma decreases sharply under the influence of oxide; however, the electron density and the arc voltage get enhanced. The reasons for the increase in arc voltage are the greater electricity resistances that result from the improved welding current density and the constriction of conduction channel.     

铝合金分区活性TIG焊接法研究

针对铝合金材料,提出了一种新型活性焊接方法--FZ-TIG焊(Flux Zoned TIG Welding).在传统TIG焊接前,在待焊焊道表面中心区域涂敷低熔沸点低电阻率活性剂,在两侧区域分别涂敷高熔沸点高电阻率活性剂,然后进行正常焊接,可以同时保证焊接熔深显著增加和焊缝表面成形良好.以自行研制的FZ108活性剂进行了FZ-TIG焊,并与传统TIG焊、采用FZ108作为活性剂的A-TIG焊、采用SiO2作为活性剂的FB-TIG焊进行了对比.发现在相同参数下,采用FZ-TIG焊进行焊接,焊缝熔深明显大于传统TIG焊、A-TIG焊和FB-TIG焊,达到TIG焊熔深的3倍以上,并且焊缝成形良好,焊缝组织细化,力学性能改善.     

钛合金活性焊剂氩弧焊接头组织分析

采用北京航空制造工程研究所研制的FT-01钛合金活性焊剂进行了A-TIG焊及常规TIG焊焊接TC4钛合金工艺对比试验.利用金相试验方法对两种焊接接头的结晶组织形貌进行了详细的对比和分析,并对焊接接头区域的化学组成进行了测试和分析.结果表明,钛合金活性焊剂对焊接接头的宏观组织形貌有明显影响,但对焊接接头的化学组成没有影响.