Metal transfer and arc behaviour of novel consumable and non-consumable electrode indirect arc droplet welding

Abstract

The consumable and non-consumable electrode indirect arc droplet welding is a novel method that applies an indirect arc generated between a consumable electrode and a non-consumable electrode to welding. It was successfully used to overlap join the thin zinc coated steel plate. In the point to point (consumable electrode and non-consumable electrode) configuration, the stable metal transfer was obtained. The globular, projected spray and streaming spray transfer modes were promoted. With the increase in welding power, the metal transfer became faster and more stable. At the same time, the indirect arc became brighter, smaller and more stable. The arc self-regulation guaranteed the stable burning of the indirect arc. The desire stability was observed from the fluctuation of the welding current and the arc voltage waveforms. The side concentrated melting on the root of the droplet produced high pinch effect, which facilitated the detachment of the droplet.     

带状电极MAG焊工艺熔滴过渡分析

采用氙灯背光高速摄像系统对带状电极MAG焊的熔滴过渡进行了研究.试验发现,随焊接工艺参数的增大,钢带端部熔化变得均匀,由多个熔滴并存转变为只产生一个熔滴.熔滴在长大过程中沿钢带端部移动,过渡位置不定.随焊接参数由小到大变化,熔滴依次呈现短路过渡、大滴过渡、射滴过渡、射流过渡和旋转射流过渡等形式.结果表明,射滴过渡是带状电极MAG焊熔滴过渡的主要方式;电流、电压波形与熔滴过渡形式之间有很好的对应关系;由于其特殊的电极形状和熔滴过渡特点,带状电极MAG焊适合大电流高速焊,可以提高焊接效率.     

带状电极MAG焊电弧行为

用高速摄像系统和电流电压采集模块对带状电极MAG焊工艺电弧行为进行了研究.结果表明,带状电极MAG焊电弧呈非柱对称分布,电弧截面从钢带端部到母材逐渐由椭圆形过渡到圆形.随焊接工艺参数的增大,电弧能量提高,钢带端部由多个电弧共存转变为一个电弧燃烧,电弧沿钢带无规律的紊乱运动转变为较稳定的左右摆动,进而转变为不发生明显摆动...     

Metal transfer characteristics of tandem narrow gap GMAW for flat welding position

A series of experiments of tandem narrow gap GMAW for flat welding position were carried out. The arc behavior and metal transfer process were observed by a high-speed photography system. The effects of the welding parameters on the metal transfer were investigated. The results show that the arc behavior and metal transfer process of tandem narrow gap GMAW are different from these of bead-on-plate tandem GMAW. The arc behavior and metal transfer process are influenced by the distance between the two wires, the peak voltage, the pulse frequency and the peak time. With the increase of the distance between the two wires, the metal transfer mode gradually transforms from one pulse-multi droplets into one pulse-one droplet, and the average welding current increases. With the increase of the peak voltage, pulse frequency or peak time, the metal transfer mode transforms from one pulse-one droplet into one pulse-multi droplets, and the arc tends to occur between the wire and the sidewall.     

局部干法环境下GMAW横向焊接熔滴过渡特性

提出了一种水下结构件局部干法横向焊接方法,该方法通过对排水罩结构进行设计,使高压气体在排水的同时在排水罩内部形成向上流动的风场,利用风场对熔池的吹袭作用来抑制熔池下淌. 采用高速摄像技术研究了在侧向风场作用下GMAW焊的熔滴过渡特性. 结果表明,在短路过渡状态下,由于受到侧向风场的影响,更容易发生B型短路过渡. 在滴状过渡时,由于熔滴体积较大,侧向风场的支托作用不明显,熔滴沿焊丝倾斜向下过渡到熔池中. 在射流过渡时,侧向风场对电弧的影响较小,使熔滴略微向上偏斜,有助于减小熔池下淌程度,获得较好的焊缝成形质量. 研究结果对于水下结构件横向焊接质量控制有一定的参考价值.     

熔化极气体保护焊熔滴过渡检测方法现状与展望

熔化极气体保护焊熔滴过渡检测具有重要的实际意义。本文回顾了近年来国内外这一领域的研究现状,阐述了每一种检测手段的原理、优点及局限性。最后,对现有的熔滴过渡检测方法作出了综合评价。     

GMAW熔滴过渡数值模拟的研究进展

熔化极气体保护焊熔滴过渡数值模拟作为焊接学科的前沿领域和研究的热点之一，近年来已经取得了较大的进展。本文在综述了熔化极气体保护焊熔滴过渡数值模拟理论发展的基础上，详细的分析了目前最为广泛用于熔滴过渡数值模拟的流体动力学理论建模的关键技术，并展望了未来的发展趋势。     

Steps toward a new classification of metal transfer in gas metal arc welding

This paper is reviewing the metal transfer according to the progress made in the welding sources and techniques development. It critically analysis the actual classification of the metal transfer in GMA welding, describing the relevant phenomenon and proposing improvements, to make the understanding and the work easier in the field of arc welding. Basic concepts are overviewed and defined or re-defined: fundamental transfer modes, natural vs. controlled transfer mode, variants vs. variances, mixed vs. combined modes, drop spray transfer. The new classification is simpler, without loosing the logic of numbering, both from fundamental point of view (the physics of the transfer) and the technological one (the increasing of the values of the welding parameters). It is extremely important for all the specialists involved in study, design or industrial applications of the arc welding technologies to have know–how about the metal transfer and its implications on the process and weld parameters.     

GMAW熔滴过渡数值模拟的研究进展

熔化极气体保护焊熔滴过渡数值模拟作为焊接学科的前沿领域和研究的热点之一,近年来已经取得了较大的进展。本文在综述了熔化极气体保护焊熔滴过渡数值模拟理论发展的基础上,详细的分析了目前最为广泛用于熔滴过渡数值模拟的流体动力学理论建模的关键技术,并展望了未来的发展趋势。     

GMAW短路过渡过程的二次引弧现象

传统的短路过渡过程一般认为整个过程只存在一次引弧. 但是文中通过对GMAW短路过渡的高速摄像照片进行观察发现了一个新现象——即短路过渡过程并不是一次引弧完成的,而是存在二次引弧现象. 结果表明,当熔滴颈缩断裂的瞬间,焊丝端部与脱落熔滴尾部之间存在一定浓度的高温金属蒸气,会发生一次短暂的电弧燃烧过程. 此电弧随着脱落熔滴逐渐没入焊接熔池而消失. 随后会以保护气体作为介质进行下一次引弧(二次引弧),此次引弧也是传统短路过程的引弧阶段. 由电流波形可知,在熔滴颈缩附近存在两次短路电流波形,一次波形为传统的短路峰值电流,二次波形则是由于金属蒸气短暂引弧造成的.     

环境压力对高压干法GMAW熔滴过渡影响分析

采用红外激光作为背光源,应用高速摄像系统对高压干法GMAW熔滴过渡进行了研究.通过0.4 MPa以内氩气环境的试验发现,环境压力超过临界压力后熔滴过渡形式会发生转变.随着环境压力的增加,在小电流情况下,过渡形式先由大滴过渡转变为短路过渡,进而转变为排斥过渡;在焊接电流较大情况下,熔滴依次呈现射流过渡、短路与射流混合过渡、排斥过渡.并从熔滴受力的角度分析了压力环境熔滴过渡形式转变机理.指出产生排斥过渡的原因是在环境压力的作用下电弧与弧根收缩,改变了熔滴的受力状态而产生的.     

脉冲GMAW熔滴过渡动态过程的解析模型

在脉冲GMAW过程中，电流的突然转变会引起熔滴在焊丝末端的明显振荡，合理的利用向下振荡的动量可控制熔滴过渡。该文基于熔滴受力分析，建立了脉冲GMAW熔滴过渡的解析模型，并对熔滴的振荡和脱离过程进行分析，定量计算焊接工艺参数对熔滴过渡过程动态行为的影响，可用于指导脉冲GMAW主动控制模式下一脉一滴过渡工艺参数的优化设计。     

短路过渡GMAW系统中参数变化的预测分析

在建立了短路过渡GMAW系统动态模型的基础上，研究了与GMAW短路过渡过程有重要关系的动态参数，特别涉及到一些无法通过试验获取的参数的动态变化，并进一步讨论了有关参数间的内在联系。焊丝熔化速度与焊接电流变化规律一致，但在燃弧和短路的交替瞬间发生跳变；焊丝熔化速度直接影响到焊丝干伸长的变化和短路液桥高度的变化；短路期液桥的体积同时受到焊丝熔化和液桥金属向熔池过渡的影响。     

激光增强GMAW熔滴短路过渡行为分析

高能量密度的激光照射熔滴,使熔滴局部产生强烈蒸发,利用蒸发反力驱动熔滴受迫短路,促进熔滴脱离焊丝.以低碳钢为研究对象,搭建激光增强GMAW短路过渡焊接试验系统,对比研究了激光增强GMAW短路过渡焊接过程中激光入射位置、电弧高度对熔滴短路过渡行为的影响规律.结果表明,在焊接过程中施加一定功率的激光对熔滴短路过渡行为有明显的改善作用,可以通过激光改变熔滴的受力状态,控制过渡熔滴的尺寸,熔滴短路时间减小,燃弧时间增加,增加过渡频率,提高了焊接过程中的稳定性,激光增强后,焊缝表面成形均匀饱满,焊缝成形良好.     

Interchangeable metal transfer phenomenon in GMA welding: Features,mechanisms, classification

Metal transfer modes in arc welding processes have previously been classified as Natural or Controlled Metal Transfer. Modern laboratory techniques have helped to establish a new transfer classification mode in GMAW of carbon steels, which has been termed Interchangeable Metal Transfer. In order to characterize the new mode, a series of specimens was welded at different combinations of welding current (wire feed speed), arc voltage and gas composition. Laser backlighting techniques and high speed filming were employed to study metal transfer. The video was synchronized with the welding current and arc voltage signals to aid the understanding of the transfer behaviour. The results showed that this new interchangeable metal transfer class is distinguished from the Natural or Controlled Metal Transfer class because of its unique characteristic of periodical changes in the transfer mode induced by changes in welding parameters (a self-sustained behaviour). The characteristic feature of the interchangeable metal transfer class was shown to comprise of two or more natural transfer modes occurring in a regular repetitive sequence. The metal transfer sequence occurs without interference from the operator or the adaptive control system of the power source. Phenomenological explanations based on arc physics are given to justify the main governing factors for the particular metal transfer characteristics.     

基于脉冲激光的GMAW熔滴过渡解耦控制

实现电流解耦的熔滴过渡,在足够低的焊接电流下仍能获得稳定的细颗粒或射滴过渡,将从根本上提升熔化极气体保护焊（GMAW）过程的稳定性和焊接质量.为此,文中提出了一种采用激光脉冲照射熔滴,利用蒸发反冲力驱动熔滴过渡的新方法.首先试验观测了光致蒸发现象,初步分析了激光蒸发反冲力的特征.进而观测分析了小电流下脉冲激光控制熔滴过渡的效果.结果表明,采用激光脉冲照射能够实现熔滴过渡与焊接电流的完全解耦,熔滴过渡随激光脉冲表现为一脉一滴的形式,熔滴飞行轨迹沿激光入射方向有一定偏转,但对焊缝成形无不良影响.     

Influence of oxides on cold lap formation in tandem GMAW

Abstract

The connection between the formation of cold laps and the presence of Mn–Si oxides was studied. The underlying purpose is to understand the fundamental mechanisms of cold lap formation and to avoid it. Tandem gas metal arc welding (GMAW) was used to produce welded specimens in two different shielding gases (pure Ar and pure CO₂) with base metal S355 MC (EN-10149-2) and wire G3Si1 (EN ISO 14341-A). Cross-sections of welds in the cold lap location were evaluated by light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the Mn–Si oxides significantly enhanced cold laps formation, especially the overlap type cold lap formation. The Mn–Si oxides originated from oxidation of the droplets. These oxides transfers to the surface of the weld pool at the weld toe, where they contributed to the formation of the cold laps.     

焊丝直径和保护气体对GMAW熔滴过渡形态的影响

综述了焊丝直径和保护气体对GMAW熔滴过渡影响的新发现。研究表明,对于直径小于0.90 mm焊丝,转变电流后熔滴的平均直径并未小于原来的焊丝直径。随着焊丝直径的减小,临界电流呈减小趋势,但超细焊丝未测出这种趋势。直径小于0.90 mm的焊丝,增大电流不发生转变,是因为焊丝直径不能明显改变阳极斑点面积,电弧无法爬上熔滴。CO_2对较细焊丝熔滴过渡转变的影响,并未遵循随着CO_2含量的增大,转变电流提高的一般焊丝的模式。无论焊丝直径如何,用含30﹪以上的CO_2保护气体时,排斥过渡仍占主导地位。     

Arc light sensing of droplet transfer in pulsed GMAW process and its mechanism

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镀锌板单旁路耦合电弧GMAW高速焊接方法

为了解决镀锌板上锌层易受热烧损,无法使用大电流MIG焊接方法进行高速焊接的问题,采用了一种低热输入高效率的焊接方法——单旁路耦合电弧GMAW(DE-GMAW)用于镀锌板的焊接。搭建了该焊接方法的试验平台,对镀锌板堆焊和搭接接头的高速焊接方法进行试验研究。结果表明,通过调整旁路电流值,单旁路耦合电弧GMAW方法降低了镀锌板上的焊接热输入,并可以在大电流和高焊速的条件下实现镀锌板堆焊和搭接接头的焊接,所得焊缝成形良好,母材变形小,焊接过程稳定无飞溅。焊后镀锌层的烧损与同等热输入条件下的普通MIG焊相比明显降低,保证了镀锌板焊后的耐腐蚀性能。