油田开发后期油井清蜡防蜡方法

油田开发过程中油井结蜡现象普遍存在，严重影响了油井的正常生产。为此，分析了油田开发后期油井的结蜡机理和影响因素。简要介绍了国外最新应用的清蜡、防蜡方法，诸如油井油管注入阀清蜡、负压冲击清蜡、井下就地产热清蜡、油井直接电加热清蜡和使杆管表面亲水防蜡等。指出了只有正确认识油田开发规律，采取有针对性的清防蜡方法，才能保证油田的正常生产。     

姬塬油田黄9井区油井清蜡与防蜡技术应用效果分析

采用理论分析和现场生产实践相结合的方法，分析油井结蜡的过程及影响结蜡的因素，通过一系列油井清蜡与防蜡措施的实施，稳定了油井的产量，延长了油井结蜡的时间，保障油井的正常生产。     

油管电热清防蜡技术在强水敏油田的应用

江苏油田的庄 2、韦 2油田属强水敏油田 ,采用热 (水 )洗油井和化学清防蜡效果较差 ,两油田每年因洗井造成地层污染影响的产量损失在 5 0 0 0t以上 ,约占油田产量的 4 5 %。根据集肤效应 ,采用油管电热清蜡技术 ,在含水小于 6 0 %、井斜小于 4 0°的油井上可正常使用 ,一般通电加热 4 0～ 80min后 ,油井井口温度能达到 5 0℃左右 ,最高可达到 6 5℃以上 ,连续加热 5～ 6h即可达到清蜡目的 ,电热清蜡为周期 6 0～ 90d。影响电热清蜡主要指标因素是油井的产液量 ,产液量越小 ,所需要的加热电流和加热电压也越小 ,井口温度达到最高值越低 ,清蜡效果越差。试验的 7口井平均年度投入产出比达到 1∶5 ,经济效益和社会效益十分明显。     

宁东油田清蜡、防蜡技术分析

在原油开采过程中,随着温度、压力的降低和气体的析出,溶解的石蜡便以结晶体析出、逐渐长大聚集最终沉积在管壁等固相表面上,即出现所谓的结蜡现象.结蜡会堵塞产油层,降低油井产量,同时也会增大油井负荷,造成生产事故.油井结蜡是影响油井高产、稳产的主要因素之一,清蜡和防蜡是高含蜡油井常规管理的重要内容.通过收集整理现场资料、分析原油性质和综合评价不同清防蜡技术的经济效果,确定宁东油田采用热力清蜡和化学防蜡技术较为合适.     

油井清防蜡剂的国内研究进展

综述了油井结蜡的机理及影响因素,详细地介绍了化学清蜡剂和化学防蜡剂的国内进展及各种清防蜡剂的优缺点,指出了未来研究的重点方向是高效、稳定、环保、适用性强、多功能的清防蜡剂。     

油井结蜡和清防蜡剂

概述了蜡的基本组成、影响结蜡的因素以及各种化学清蜡剂和防蜡剂及其作用的基本原理.     

固体防蜡块清防蜡技术应用

油井在生产过程中,由于原油含蜡量高、凝固点高及地层出泥砂等原因,结蜡十分严重。往往造成抽油杆、抽油管和抽油泵卡、堵和断脱。为维护油井正常生产,不得不定期对结蜡井采用清防蜡措施。清防蜡技术在油田现场应用效果明显,但每种技术均有各自的适用范围。中国石油冀东油田公司应用新型固体防蜡块技术,弥补了化学加药施工和采油管理复杂等不...     

花土沟油田清蜡周期预测及防蜡对策

花土沟油田目前清蜡维护的主要手段包括热洗、蒸汽洗井、清防蜡剂、检泵、措施作业等。针对花土沟油田原油含蜡高,部分油井油气比高,容易出现蜡卡的现状,根据层流模型,分析油井结蜡速度,确定结蜡周期,结合不同的井况,确定各油井清防蜡工作制度,为油田制定了一套有效的清防蜡方案和措施。     

油井清防蜡块技术在川口油田的应用

针时原油生产过程中由于油井结蜡影响油井正常生产的技术问题,文章通过大量的实验数据,详细介绍了川口油田如何利用清防蜡块技术降低修井成本、提高油井产量的有益经验。     

Experimental Investigations of the Mitigation of Paraffin Wax Deposition in Crude Oil Using Chemical Additives

Abstract

Wax deposition from crude oil is a very expensive problem for oil producers around the world. The objective of this study is to understand the characteristics of paraffin wax deposition and to test the effectiveness of solvents in the inhibition of the crystallization and subsequent precipitation of the paraffin wax and to test the most effective concentration of the solvent used. The oil used here is from the Dakota formation from the Fourteen Mile Field in the Big Horn Basin of Wyoming. Two paraffin inhibitors were tested for this crude oil on a horizontal flow system. The inhibitors are mixtures of solvents, pour point depressants, and wax crystal modifiers. These inhibitors were tested at different concentrations and temperatures and the deposition rates were obtained for each. One inhibitor especially designed for this crude oil was relatively successful, reducing the deposition by up to 59% depending on the temperature.     

油井清蜡降黏剂的室内研究

开发研制环保、高效、多功能的油井清蜡降黏剂,是未来清防蜡剂的发展方向。在对不同性能表面活性剂及助剂对蜡的分散性、清蜡性能以及对大港油田稠油的降黏效果评价基础上,筛选出了性能好的烷基苯磺酸盐ABL、酰胺非离子表面活性剂XE 和木质素磺酸盐EM,通过正交试验优选出油井清蜡降黏剂配方组成,并对其综合性能进行了评价。结果表明,配方F6（ABL、XE）样品溶液稳定,且对蜡沉积物的分散性能好,具有较好的清蜡性能和降黏性能,对混合蜡的清蜡率和对大港油田稠油的降黏率分别达到98%和99%.     

Prediction of Wax Deposition in an Insulation Crude Oil Pipeline

This study establishes an insulation crude oil pipeline wax deposition experimental device and describes the experimental method for insulation crude oil pipeline wax deposition. The experimental program is based on the operational plan of Tieling–Huludao insulation crude oil pipeline. The data are analyzed according to the effect of varying oil temperature, insulation thickness, and flow on wax deposition. Using SPSS software, a Daqing crude oil wax deposition rate model is derived from the linear regression. The use of the wax deposition rate model forecasts the wax deposition of the Tieling–Huludao insulation crude oil pipeline during different seasons.     

防蜡技术研究现状及展望

对声波、热力、表面能等防蜡技术进行了综述并分析了其优缺点,在此基础上,对防蜡技术提出了发展方向。     

低压水敏储层清防蜡技术

介绍了为解决低压水敏储层油井结蜡所开展的声波防蜡、微生物防蜡、磁防蜡技术的研究及应用。在对原油性质及储层特征进行研究的基础上,对油田常规热洗清蜡工艺进行了分析,提出了常规热洗清蜡工艺在解决低压水敏储层油井结蜡中存在的问题。通过几年的研究与应用,优选出适用于低压水敏储层油井的清防蜡工艺,确定了各清防蜡技术的技术界限。清防蜡新工艺与油井检泵周期结合,不仅达到杜绝储层污染、防止油井结蜡、保证油井稳定生产的目的,而且防蜡不影响油井正常生产,提高了油井生产时率、降低了油井清防蜡成本,提高了油田开发效率。现场共实施各种清防蜡措施456井次,减少热洗4256井次,节约热洗费用1414万元,创造经济效益1239万元,投入产出比达到1∶3。     

An Evaluation of the Performance of Selected Wax Inhibitors on Paraffin Deposition of Nigerian Crude Oils

Paraffin deposition in oil production constitutes a critical and difficult to control problem, in terms of productivity and production operation costs, going from the reservoir to surface facilities. In Nigeria, operators spend millions of dollars each year to control the deposition of paraffin and to deal with other paraffin deposition related problems. Expenditures of this magnitude obviously have a significant impact on profits. The main purpose of this work is to assess the net effect of many commercial wax inhibitors on paraffin deposition from a wide range of waxy crude oil systems in Nigeria for the selection of an efficient additive. Deposition from a wide range of waxy crude oil systems from Nigerian oilfields were examined with and without chemical wax deposition inhibitors. The devices used to produce the deposits investigated were cold spot and dynamic flow wax deposition apparatus capable of producing field-like deposits with relatively small volumes of oil in minutes. Results show that most of the commercial wax inhibitors tested could decrease the deposition of wax, but none has the economical capability to solve the paraffin deposition problem for an extended period of time. One intriguing result was that the addition of xylene improved the performance of three wax inhibitors tested. It was also observed that there are subtle differences in inhibitor performance depending on deposition tendencies of crude oil.     

延长管输原油的组分特征及其析蜡行为

为了研究延长原油不同组分的特征及其析蜡行为,利用柱色谱分离法、傅里叶红外光谱、紫外分光光度法（UV）、差示扫描量热法（DSC）和偏光显微分析等表征方法及手段,将采自延长油田的原油样品分离为13个组分(C1~C13),考察了各极性组分(C2~C13)对饱和烃组分(C1)结蜡行为的影响。结果表明,原油中含有可有效抑制蜡晶析出的组分。C1中分别加入其他不同极性组分(C2~C13)后,其结蜡行为与原油原始状态差异较大;在冷却结晶时,胶质、沥青质组分使C1的蜡晶颗粒数增多,尺寸相对减小,有效地减弱了蜡晶之间的联结强度,削弱了蜡晶缔合形成大块蜡晶聚集体的倾向。     

Paraffin Deposition Mechanism and Paraffin Inhibition Technology for High-carbon Paraffin Crude Oil From the Kazakhstan PK Oilfield

The compositions and structure of the Kazakhstan PK crude oil is analyzed in the methods of GC, ¹H-NMR, and DSC. It was found that the main reasons for paraffin seriously depositing on the well wall were the higher carbon numbers in the paraffin molecule, lower branched-chain degree in the paraffin molecule, the lower content ratio of asphaltene and resin to paraffin, wellhead temperature being lower than paraffin-appearing temperature, the higher gas-oil ratio, and lower water cut in the produced liquid. A new paraffin inhibitor whose paraffin inhibition rate is above 60% for the Kazakhstan PK crude oil was developed. Its paraffin inhibition mechanism is researched by using microscope and contact angle instrument. The paraffin inhibition mechanism is mainly to prevent formation of paraffin crystal with network structure by modifying paraffin crystals structure and to form the surface against paraffin deposition by changing the wettability of the paraffin deposition surface.     

输油管道蜡沉积试验新技术及装备

介绍了输油管道蜡沉积试验的一些新技术和装备。在析蜡点测量方面,主要介绍了旋转黏度计法、偏光显微镜法和差示扫描量热法;在蜡沉积量测定方面,主要介绍了清管法、拆管法、压降法、传热法、液体置换与检测法、超声波法和激光测厚法;在蜡沉积物组分测定方面,主要介绍了气相色谱法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术。这些新技术和装备为解决蜡沉积试验和工程中的问题提供有效手段。     

润滑油石蜡装置热联合流程浅析

对中国石油广西田东石油化工总厂有限公司润滑油石蜡装置能耗现状进行了分析.特别介绍了酮苯脱蜡装置由脱蜡改为脱蜡脱油联合装置,充分利用装置的高温热源,实现了酮苯脱蜡脱油、脱蜡油白土精制、石蜡精制间的热联合.并对热联合流程进行了总结.