Alumina coating formed on medical NiTi alloy by micro-arc oxidation

Al₂O₃ coatings were prepared on NiTi alloy by micro-arc oxidation in an aluminate solution. Thin-film X-ray diffraction (TF-XRD) indicated that the coating consisted of only Al₂O₃ crystal phase. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) showed that there was about 2.53 at.% Ni in the surface layer, which was greatly lower than that of NiTi substrate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the coating exhibited a typical porous surface and excellent adhesive interface between the coating and the substrate. Direct pull-off test showed that the coating had a mean coating-substrate bonding strength of 28 ± 2 MPa. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study and potentiodynamic polarization test indicated that the corrosion resistance of the coated sample was increased by two orders of magnitude compared with uncoated sample.     

In situ formation of Al2O3–ZrO2–Y2O3 composite ceramic coating by plasma electrolytic oxidation on ZAlSi12Cu3Ni2 alloy

In situ formation of Al₂O₃–ZrO₂–Y₂O₃ composite ceramic coating on ZAlSi12Cu3Ni2 aluminum alloy was successfully prepared by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technology in a zirconate electrolytic solution. The morphologies, phase components, the thermal diffusion coefficient and thermal conductivity of the composite coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and laser pulse tester. The results indicate that the composite coatings are relatively dense and uniform in thickness, and predominantly composed of Al₂O₃, c-Y0.15Zr0·85O1·93Vo0·07(Vo-oxygen vacancies), monoclinic ZrO₂ (m-ZrO₂) and littleY₂O₃. The composite coatings exhibit a gradient distribution in phase component from the surface to the inner part. With the increase of the applied voltage, the micropores, the discharges products, thickness and the ZrO₂ content of the composite coatings increase. With the oxidation time increasing, the surface of coating generates oxide ceramic particles around the holes and accumulates repeatedly. The content of zirconium is the higher on the surface and interface. The content of Al is less and it shows that the ceramic coating contains mainly the zirconium oxide. This is attributed to the presence of micropores and microcracks, plus the extremely fine grain size and the presence of an amorphous phase. When considered in conjunction with the possible thickness range, it’s clear that this PEO coatings offer considerable promise as thermal barriers.     

Effect of laser glazing on the thermo-mechanical properties of plasma-sprayed LaTi2Al9O19 thermal barrier coatings

Conventional duplex (DL) and functionally graded (FG) LaTi₂Al₉O₁₉ (LTA) coatings were deposited over C263 nickel alloy by air plasma spray (APS) and compared with subsequent laser glazing processes. The effect of laser glazing on adhesion strength and thermal barrier performance was investigated. The thermal barrier effect was measured using the temperature difference technique involving infrared (IR) rapid heater and the adhesion strength was measured using the scratch tester. The surface morphology and microstructure were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and 3D profilometer. Based on the experimental results, the laser glazing showed a remarkable temperature drop after IR rapid heating. The changes in porosity and grain refinement make more contributions to the temperature drop of the laser-glazed coatings than that of as-sprayed coatings. The temperature drop is about 110°C for laser-glazed LTA FG coating after 100?s of IR flash, while the drop in DL as-sprayed coating is 60°C compared to the base material.     

Processing and Characterization of Plasma Spray Coatings of Glass Microspheres Premixed with Al2O3 Particles

Various ceramics and metals are being deposited as functional, protective, and near-homogenous coatings on engineering components by exploiting the characteristic properties of plasma medium. Such coatings are known to exhibit improved wear, thermal, and corrosion resistance. Although a lot of studies have been reported on coatings made up of a large number of metals and ceramic particles, hardly any effort is made to coat glass microspheres on metals despite their high hardness. In view of this, the present work was undertaken to study the preparation and characterization of a new class of coatings made up of borosilicate glass microspheres (BGM) premixed with micro-sized aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) in different proportions. Deposition of these BGM and BGM/Al₂O₃ coatings is carried out at five different levels of torch input power. Coatings are characterized in terms of their thickness, hardness, adhesion strength, and porosity. The coatability of BGM and the BGM/Al₂O₃ mixture on metallic substrates is assessed by evaluating the coating deposition efficiency. This work reveals that the torch input power and the Al₂O₃ content in the feedstock affect the major coating characteristics, and premixing of Al₂O₃ with BGM results in better coating properties.     

High emissivity coatings on titanium alloy prepared by micro-arc oxidation for high temperature application

Micro-arc oxidation coatings were prepared on Ti6Al4V alloy in Na₃PO₄-based electrolyte with different additives such as FeSO₄, Co(CH₃COO)₂, Ni(CH₃COO)₂, and K₂ZrF₆. The composition, structure, surface morphology, and chemical state of the coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis system, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The spectral emissivity of the coating was measured by Fourier transform spectrometer apparatus. The bonding strength between the ceramic coating and substrate was studied by tensile strength test and shear strength test. The thermal shock resistance of the coatings was evaluated too. The results showed that the thermal emission of the coatings increased significantly with adding additives. The average spectral emissivity value of the coating with adding Co(CH₃COO)₂ is about 0.91 at wavelength of 3–20 μm. All the coatings showed a tensile strength higher than 30 MPa, and a shear strength higher than 10 MPa. In addition, after subjected to severe thermal shocking for 40 cycles, there was no peeling off of the coating occurred, the coatings possessed good thermal shock resistance.     

Electrochemical behavior of nano-iron oxide modified alkyd based waterborne coatings

A nano-composite coating was formed using nano-Fe₂O₃ as pigments in different concentrations, to a specially developed alkyd based waterborne coating. The nano-Fe₂O₃ based composite coatings were applied on mild steel substrate by dipping. The dispersion of nano-Fe₂O₃ particles in coating system was investigated by SEM and AFM techniques. The effect of addition of these nano-pigments on the electrochemical behavior of the coating was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Coating modified with higher concentration of nano-Fe₂O₃ particles showed comparatively better performance as it was evident from R_po and C_c values after 30 days of exposure. In general, the study showed an improvement in the corrosion resistance of the nano-particle modified coatings as compared to the neat coating, confirming the positive effect of nano-particle addition in coatings.     

Failure morphologies of cyclically oxidized ZrO2-based thermal barrier coatings

Abstract

Advanced and baseline thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were thermal cycle tested in air at 1163°C until delamination or spallation of the ceramic top coat. The top coat of the advanced TBC’s consisted of ZrO₂ with various amounts of Y₂O₃, Yb₂O₃, Gd₂O₃, or Nd₂O₃ dopants. The composition of the top coat of the baseline TBC was ZrO₂-8wt.%Y₂O₃. All top coats were deposited by air plasma spraying. A NiCrAlY or NiCoCrAlY bond coat was deposited by low pressure plasma spraying onto a single-crystal, Ni-base superalloy. The TBC lifetime for the baseline coatings was approximately 190 cycles (45 minutes at 1163°C per cycle) while the lifetime for the advanced coatings was as high as 425 cycles. The fracture surfaces and sample cross sections were examined after TBC failure by SEM and optical microscopy, and the top coats were further examined by X-ray diffraction. These post-test studies revealed that the fracture path largely followed splat boundaries with some trans-splat fracture. However, there were no obvious distinguishing features which explained the difference in TBC lifetimes between some of the advanced and baseline coatings.     

Improvement of adhesion of plasma-sprayed Al2O3 coatings by using dry-ice blasting

Dry-ice blasting, as an environment-friendly method, was introduced for the first time into atmospheric plasma spraying for improving properties of Al₂O₃ coatings. The tensile adhesion of the coating was examined. The microstructure of the coating was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The temperature evolutions during the spraying were measured using an infrared pyrometer measurement system. The adhesive strength of Al₂O₃ coating deposited with dry-ice blasting exceeded 60 MPa, which was nearly increased by 30% compared with that of the coating deposited with conventional air cooling. The comparison of adhesions and microstructures of Al₂O₃ coatings plasma-sprayed with dry-ice blasting and with air cooling revealed that dry-ice blasting can optimize the coated substrate besides a cooling effect, and consequently resulted in the improved adhesion of plasma-sprayed Al₂O₃ coatings.     

Effects of TIG surface treating on microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of Al2O3–TiB2 coating by APS

Abstract

The pulsed DC tungsten inert gas (TIG) method was employed to post-spray treat an electroconductive Al₂O₃–TiB₂ coating by atmosphere plasma spraying (APS) Al₂O₃–30 wt-%TiB₂ powder. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings before and after treatment were comparatively investigated by scanning electron microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, X-ray diffraction, microhardness tester and block on ring wear tester. It was detected that the treated coating presented a two layer structure consisting of the remelted zone and the sintered zone, which was comprised of TiB₂ and single α-Al₂O₃; surface roughness of the treated coating exhibited a remarkable decrease while microhardness and wear resistance showed a significant increase. These experimental results could be ascribed to the effect of high heat input and discharge plasma during the pulsed DC TIG treating.     

A new high temperature resistant glass-ceramic coating for gas turbine engine components

A new high temperature and abrasion resistant glass-ceramic coating system (based on MgO-Al₂O₃-TiO₂ and ZnO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ based glass systems) for gas turbine engine components has been developed. Thermal shock resistance, adherence at 90°-bend test and static oxidation resistance at the required working temperature (1000°C) for continuous service and abrasion resistance are evaluated using suitable standard methods. The coating materials and the resultant coatings are characterized using differential thermal analysis, differential thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The properties evaluated clearly showed the suitability of these coatings for protection of different hot zone components in different types of engines. XRD analysis of the coating materials and the resultant coatings showed presence of a number of microcrystalline phases. SEM micrographs indicate strong chemical bonding at the metal-ceramic interface. Optical micrographs showed smooth glossy impervious defect free surface finish.     

等离子体喷涂氧化钛涂层的生物活性研究

以纳米TiO₂粉末为喷涂原料, 采用大气等离子体喷涂技术在医用钛合金上制备氧化钛涂层. 利用酸和碱溶液对氧化钛涂层表面进行生物活化处理, 体外模拟体液浸泡实验考察涂层的生物活性. 采用XRD、SEM、FTIR、EDS等测试技术对改性前后氧化钛涂层的生物活性进行表征. 结果表明: 氧化钛涂层和钛合金基体的结合强度较高, 其值高达40MPa, 涂层的耐模拟体液腐蚀性优于钛合金. 酸和碱溶液表面改性后的氧化钛涂层经模拟体液浸泡可在其表面生成含有碳酸根的羟基磷灰石(类骨磷灰石), 显示良好的生物活性.     

Application of fracture mechanics tofailure analysis and to residual life assessment of components operating at high temperatures

Abstract

MCrAlY overlay coatings have been successfully used as a means of improving the oxidation performance of gas turbine blades operating at elevated temperatures. However, depletion of aluminium can limit the ability of such coatings to form a protective oxide layer should spallation of the original α-Al₂O₃ oxide layer occur under thermal cycling conditions. It is the objective of the current research to evaluate the potential of NiAl₃ as a reservoir phase for a NiCrAlY overlay coating on a IN738LC superalloy substrate at 1,100°C in air. The morphologies and microstructures of the conventional NiCrAlY and NiAl3-modified NiCrAlY overlay coatings in the as-sprayed and oxidised conditions were characterised using SEM, EDX and XRD techniques.     

The effect of bond coat on mechanical properties of plasma-sprayed Al2O3 and Al2O3-13 wt% TiO2 coatings on AISI 316L stainless steel

In this study, Al₂O₃ and Al₂O₃-13 wt% TiO₂ were plasma sprayed onto AISI 316L stainless-steel substrate with and without Ni-5 wt% Al as bond coat layer. The coated specimens were characterized by optical microscopy, metallography and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Bonding strength of coatings were evaluated in accordance with the ASTM C-633 method. It was observed that the dominant phase was Al₂O₃ for both coatings. It was also found that the hardness of coating with bond coat was higher than that of coating without bond coat. Metallographic studies revealed that coating with bond coating has three different regions, which are the ceramic layer (Al₂O₃ or Al₂O₃-13 wt% TiO₂), the bond coating, and matrix, which is not affected by coating. The coating performed by plasma-spray process without bond coating has two zones, the gray one indicating the ceramic layer and the white one characterizing the matrix. No delamination or spalling was observed in coatings. However, there are some pinholes in coating layer, but they are very rare. The bonding strength of coatings with bond coat was higher than that of coating without bond coat. The strength of adhesion and cohesion was determined by means of a planemeter. It was seen that percentage of cohesion strength was higher than that of adhesion strength.     

Nanostructured Al2O3–TiO2 coatings for high-temperature protection of titanium alloy during ablation

Plasma-sprayed nanostructured Al₂O₃–13 wt.%TiO₂ coatings were successfully fabricated on titanium alloys (Ti–6Al–4V) using as-prepared feedstock. Ablation experiments for the titanium alloy samples with or without a coating were carried out using a Metco 9MB plasma gun. The microstructure, phase constituents and mechanical properties of the titanium alloys before and after ablation were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Vickers hardness tester. The surface morphologies, cross-sectional microstructure and hardness of titanium alloys with coatings are similar before and after ablation. In contrast, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the titanium alloy without coating are significantly changed after ablation. The surface coating is found to serve as a protective coating during ablation.     

Microstructural characterization in diffusion bonded TiC-Al2O3/Cr18-Ni8 joint with Ti interlayer

Ceramic matrix composite, TiC-Al₂O₂, and stainless steel, Cr18-Ni8, were joined at 1400 K by solid state diffusion bonding, making use of a Ti foil acting as thermal stress relief interlayer. The microstructure of the joint was thus formed. The diffusion bonded TiC-Al₂O₃/Cr18-Ni8 joint was investigated by a variety of characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicate that Ti foil is fully fused to react with elements from substrates and Ti₃Al, TiC and α-Ti are formed in the diffusion bonded TiC-Al₂O₃/Cr18-Ni8 joint. The interfacial shear strength is up to 99 MPa and the shear fracture occurs close to the ceramic matrix composite due to the application of Ti foil acting as thermal stress relief interlayer.     

Protective coatings on orthorhombic Ti2AlNb alloys

Abstract

The oxidation behaviour of an orthorhombic Ti–22Al–25Nb alloy, bare and with protective coatings, was investigated at 750°C in air under quasi-isothermal and thermal cycling conditions. As found by post-oxidation analysis, the uncoated substrate material was severely degraded by formation of spalling oxide scales and ingress of oxygen and nitrogen causing nitride precipitation, internal oxidation and interstitial embrittlement. Metallic Ti–51Al–12Cr coatings as well as nitride coatings based on Ti–Al–Cr–Y–N, either monolithically grown or with superlattice structure, provided an effective diffusion barrier against oxygen. The excellent oxidation resistance of the TiAlCr coatings was associated with the ternary Ti(Al,Cr)₂ Laves phase promoting the formation of a protective alumina scale. The different intermetallic phases formed in the interdiffusion zone caused neither cracking nor spallation of the protective coating. Both, monolithically grown TiAlCrYN and superlattice TiAlYN/CrN coatings, exhibited slow, but nearly linear oxidation kinetics at 750°C in air. In the subsurface region of the substrate a niobium rich phase and the α₂-phase formed. At the coating/substrate interface pores and a thin, fine-grained TiN layer were found.     

钛合金微弧氧化一步制备含石墨的减摩涂层

为了进一步提高钛合金表面微弧氧化陶瓷涂层的摩擦磨损性能,在石墨分散的Na2CO3-Na2SiO3-KOH电解液溶液中一步制备了含自润滑微粒的微弧氧化复合涂层.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了未添加和添加石墨微弧氧化涂层的相组成和微结构,采用往复式球-盘试验机评价了两种涂层的摩擦学性能.结果表明:加入到电解液中的石墨在微弧氧化过程中进入到涂层中,从而得到含有固体润滑微粒的复合涂层;在干摩擦条件下,含石墨的微弧氧化涂层相比于不含石墨的涂层具有更小的摩擦系数.     

Si、Ti、Mo添加剂对自蔓延防护涂层性能的影响

为了提升自蔓延涂层的各项性能,拓宽自蔓延涂层的应用领域,本文实验制备了两种自蔓延防护涂层,即Al和Fe₂O₃的自蔓延铝热涂层和含有Si、Ti、Mo添加剂的低温自蔓延铝热涂层,借助X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等技术对不同成分涂层的组织形貌和物相组成进行了对比分析。利用显微硬度计、万能实验机、多功能摩擦磨损试验机研究了两种涂层的力学性能和摩擦性能。研究表明,添加剂使得涂层的孔隙率降低了66.7%,结合强度提高32.3%,常温下显微硬度提高17.6%,断裂韧性提高了28%,耐磨性能提高约25%。两种涂层均呈现出以Al₂O₃相为主的陶瓷层、金属过渡层与基体的3层结构,Si、Ti、Mo添加剂使得涂层中出现了SiC、TiC、MoSi₂等硬质相,且反应更为充分,结合强度、硬度、断裂韧性、摩擦性能均得到提升。     

Synthesis of Fe based ZrB2 composite coating by gas tungsten arc welding

Abstract

ZrB₂/Fe composite coating was in situ synthesised by gas tungsten arc welding cladding process on AISI 1020 steel. Zr, B₄C and Fe–B alloy powders were used as precursor powders. The phase composition and microstructure were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Microhardness of ZrB₂/Fe composite coating at room temperature was examined. Main phases obtained from Zr and B₄C precursor are ZrB₂ and α-Fe, and those obtained from Zr and Fe–B precursor are ZrB₂ and FeB. In the upper part of these composite coatings, ZrB₂ phase mainly grows along temperature gradient direction. The middle part of these composite coatings has the highest ZrB₂ content and highest microhardness. Gradient dispersions of ZrB₂ reinforcements appeared in the composite coating from the middle to the bottom, leading to gradient dispersions of microhardness. With decreasing dilution rate, ZrB₂ content and microhardeness increase.     

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of Ni-based alloy laser coatings with nanosize CeO2 addition

Abstract

Micron-size Ni-base alloy (NBA) powders were mixed with both 1.5 wt.% (hereinafter %) micron-size CeO₂ (m-CeO₂) and also 1.5% and 3.0% nano-size CeO₂ (n- CeO₂) powders. These mixtures were coated on low-carbon steel (Q235) by 2.0 kW CO₂ laser cladding. The effects on the microstructures, phases and electrochemical corrosion of the coatings upon the addition of m- and n- CeO₂ powders to NBA (m- and n- CeO₂ /NBA) have been investigated. The results showed that a smooth coating was prepared under suitable processing parameters (P= 2.0 kW, V= 180 mm min^{- 1}) by adding 1.5% n- CeO₂. In addition to the primary phases of γ-Ni, Cr₂₃ C₆ and Ni₃ B in the Ni-base alloy coating, CeNi₃ was formed in Ni-base alloy coatings with both n- CeO₂ and m-CeO₂ particles, and CeNi₅ appeared in the coating upon decreasing the size of CeO₂ particles. Well-developed dendrites were observed in the Ni-base alloy coating; directional dendrites grew at the interface in the coating upon the addition of m-CeO₂, whereas fine and multioriented dendrites grew upon decreasing the size of CeO₂ particles to the nanoscale. Actinomorphic dendrites and compact equiaxed dendrites grew from the interface to near the surface upon increasing the content of n- CeO₂ from 1.5 to 3.0%. In strongly acidic HNO₃ solution, the severe corrosion of dendrites occurred and there were many corrosion pits in the Ni-base alloy coating; intercrystalline corrosion also has a dominant role upon the addition of m-CeO₂, whereas uniform corrosion occurs in the coating as the size of CeO₂ particles is decreased to nanoscale.