Characterizing pairwise contact patterns in human contact networks

We use a counting process representation of the pairwise contact process to analyze pairwise contact patterns. Studying two real-world traces, we find that the pairwise contact patterns have three characteristics. First, human contact patterns are influenced by daily and weekly cycles of activity. Second short time intervals with intensive contact event (bursts) are separated by long periods with few contact events. Third, the pairwise contact process exhibits long range dependence. We introduce a Markov modulated Poisson process (MMPP) as a flexible model for pairwise contact process exhibiting both regular structure and irregular bursts of activity. Using standard statistical techniques, we demonstrate that the proposed model is consistent with the empirical data. Our work has significant implication for mobility modeling and performance analysis in human contact networks.     

蜂窝移动网中基于MMPP业务输入模型的系统性能分析

文章针对现有的以Poisson过程作为输入业务流模型分析系统性能的不足,提出采用马尔可夫调制泊松过程(MMPP)作为输入业务流来分析系统的呼叫阻塞率和掉话率.数值和仿真结果表明,MMPP能够较好的对蜂窝移动网中的业务输入流近似建摸,它考虑了业务流本身的相关特性和突发特性,可以更加准确的用于分析系统性能.     

基于攻击路径的漏洞风险评估模型

论文从漏洞评估的原理、攻击路径及漏洞本身,提出一种基于攻击路径的漏洞风险评估模型。结合Markov与Poisson过程改进攻击路径的转换方式,形成基于其上的评估数学模型。     

Graceful Degradation FEC Layer for Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service in LTE Mobile Systems

This paper proposes an additional forward error correction (FEC) layer to compensate for the defectiveness inherent in the conventional FEC layer in the Long Term Evolution specifications. The proposed additional layer is called a graceful degradation (GD)‐FEC layer and maintains desirable service quality even under burst data loss conditions of a few seconds. This paper also proposes a non‐delayed decoding (NDD)‐GD‐FEC layer that is inherent in the decoding process. Computer simulations and device‐based tests show a better loss recovery performance with a negligible increase in CPU utilization and occupied memory size.     

Analysis of a discrete-time queue with integrated bursty inputs in ATM networks

In this paper, we carry out an exact analysis of a discrete-time queue system with a number of independent Markov modulated inputs in ATM networks, using a generating function approach. We assume that the queueing system has an infinite buffer with M servers. The cell arrival process is characterized by a number of independent Markov modulated geometrical batch arrival processes. We first obtain the generating function of the queue-size distribution at steady-state in vector form, then derive an expression for the average queue-size in terms of the unknown boundary probabilities. To obtain those unknown probabilities, we use the technique proposed in Reference 1. This involves decomposing the system characteristic function to evaluate the roots and solving a set of linear equations. One of the contributions of this paper is presented in Lemma 1, which characterizes the property of the underlying eigenvalues. For one special case of at least M-1 cell arrivals during one slot at one Markov state and of at least M arrivals at all other states, the determination of the unknowns is straightforward. If every Markov modulated arrival process can be further decomposed into a number of i.i.d. two-state, or three-state, or even four-state Markov modulated arrival processes, then each root can be obtained separately using an iterative algorithm. Numerical results are presented to validate the proposed traffic models against actual traffic measurements.     

前向纠错技术及其在现代通信系统中的应用

对在数字通信系统中广泛使用的前向纠错（FEC）技术进行了较为详细的介绍,重点描述了不同的编码方法,分析了各种信道编码技术及其对系统性能的影响。     

Modeling MPEG Coded Video Traffic by Markov-Modulated Self-Similar Processes

Markov modulated self-similar processes are proposed to model MPEG video sequences that can capture the LRD (Long Range Dependency) characteristics of video ACF (Auto-Correlation Function). The basic idea is to decompose an MPEG compressed video sequence into three parts according to different motion/content complexity such that each part can individually be described by a self-similar process. Beta distribution is used to characterize the marginal cumulative distribution (CDF) of the self-similar processes. To model the whole data set, Markov chain is used to govern the transitions among these three self-similar processes. In addition to the analytical derivation, initial simulations have demonstrated that our new model can capture the LRD of ACF and the marginal CDF very well. Network cell loss rate using our proposed synthesized traffic is found to be comparable with that using empirical data as the source traffic.     

Forward error correction applied to intelsat IDR carriers

Forward error correction (FEC) techniques are applied to INTELSAT intermediate data rate (IDR) services to reduce the transmitted power requirements relative to uncoded systems, thereby increasing the satellite transponder capacity. Properly designed FEC systems reduce data errors in the received digital stream with minimal impact to the protocols, operation and equipment involved with the communication system. This paper discusses the overall system impact of the addition of FEC to the IDR service. The appropriateness of the specific application of convolutional encoding combined with Viterbi decoding techniques is discussed. Basic concepts of convolutional encoding and Viterbi decoding are presented in order to provide understanding of the trade-offs involved in the specification of the coding technique for the IDR service. The details of the IDR FEC specification are presented. The implementation of a system based on a VLSI Viterbi decoder device which conforms to the INTELSAT requirements is described.     

On the combined effect of DPSK modulation level and block coding on cellular capacity

In this paper we consider how closely the theoretical limiting cellular capacity, given recently as a function of CIR (carier-to-interference ratio) by Gejji, may be achieved by commonly used modulation and coding schemes such as DPSK and BCH coding. Specifically, we consider the variation in channels/cell with CIR in the face of varying modulation level and block coding length. We also compare performance with the limit given recently. It is seen that the advantage of QPSK over 8PSK is reduced in the presence of coding compared to without coding. It is also seen that the ratio of actual capacity to the limiting value is constant over a range of CIR values.     

一种面向无线音频应用的片上系统平台

提出并实现了一种面向无线音频的高性能、低功耗Calliope SoC架构平台.该平台通过多媒体DSP指令扩展的CK510E处理器、前向纠错编解码ASIC IP和双协议(I2S和S/PDIF)数字音频接口IP,兼容多种音频编解码标准和数字音频传输标准,并可有效提高无线传输信道的容错性.基于Calliope SoC架构平台,给出了音频编解码算法的优化实现方法.实验证明:使用RS(32,24)的FEC使无线数字音频传输系统的丢包率在移动情况下由7.21%降到4.87%,有效提高了系统的准确稳定性.Calliope SoC平台可分别在40 MHz、80 MHz和70 MHz系统工作频率下实现SBC、MP2和FLAC三种不同音频实时编/解码运算.     

超大容量光传输系统

结合大量的实际测试结果,分析了目前最新的32/40×10Gbit/s波分复用(WDM)系统的性能及技术特点,并简要介绍了光通信领域的几项新技术及其发展趋势。     

基于停止集的喷泉编码有限长性能估计

喷泉编码是一类基于删除信道、面向数据分组的前向纠错编码技术。该文分析了停止集的尺度分布对固定码率喷泉编码解码性能的影响,提出了一种估算低误码条件下喷泉编码有限长性能的方法以及一种低复杂度的停止集尺度分布搜索算法。比较结果表明,该文给出的喷泉码解码性能上下界与实际仿真结果非常接近。     

快速Internet小波图像传输

图像通常利用无损协议（如ＴＣＰ／ＩＰ）在因特网上进行传输。无损协议需要重发丢失的数据包,而这必然引起传输时间的增加。本文介绍了压缩图像的一种快速有损因特网图像传输方案（ＦＬＩＩＴ）。它通过添加冗余比特保护图像的重要部分来消除重发时延。文中论述了一种高效地分配量化比特和冗余比特来控制量误差和预测数据包传输丢失的信源和信道联合编码算法。并讨论了这种算法的实现过程,以及将它在Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ上传输的性能     

广播网络中基于补丁流的丢包恢复机制研究

现有的数字广播网络由于没有回传通道,发送端无法知悉传输过程中的丢包状况。接收端处在广播网络的不同位置,常常因处于小区边缘或受障碍物遮挡等原因造成信号减弱,从而导致丢包率提高。该文提出了一种基于pFEC (patching Forward Error Correction,补丁FEC)的丢包恢复机制,来解决单向广播网络的丢包问题。该方法利用蜂窝移动网络的双向信道来传输补丁流,提供自适应的FEC来降低丢包率。这种方式可以在广播业务中为不同位置的用户提供不同的丢包恢复能力。理论建模及仿真结果显示,在蜂窝移动网络丢包率不高的情况下,pFEC机制能够有效应对个别用户突发的丢包,从而提高广播业务整体的可靠性和服务质量。     

分组交换中分组流的概率特性与输出排队

本文分析快速分组交换中分组流的概率特性与输出排队。在输入分组流为复合泊松流的假设之下，论证了复合泊松流在分组交换过程中的叠加性、分解性、泊松性、马尔柯夫性、输出与输入的不变性等。然后，将输出分组流转换为连续时间的马尔柯夫链，分析了输出分组流的概率特性，并得到了输出排队长分布和充满缓冲器的概率。     

基于马尔科夫过程的半导体激光器空间辐射可靠性分析

通过对半导体激光器辐射效应的分析,得到了器件在空间环境中的损伤规律和退火规律.根据辐射效应的特点,将器件的性能退化表示为泊松过程与指数过程的结合,建立了基于马尔科夫过程的可靠性模型,利用一步概率转移矩阵获得了故障概率分布函数、可靠度函数以及平均故障前时间的计算方式.根据已有数据,对半导体激光器在空间辐射环境中的性能退化过程进行了仿真,得到了总测试时间为100 000 h时器件的故障概率分布曲线,计算得出平均故障前时间约为42 758.9 h,此时器件可靠度为0.451.分析了不同时间条件下器件的状态概率分布律,结果符合器件性能退化的一般规律,能够描述出器件的失效过程.     

一种无人值守接力的靶场安控系统

本文介绍一种L频段安控系统,它由“三站一中心”组成,用三站无线接力的方法来提高覆盖范围并解决地球曲率对通视的限制。系统中采用宽波束、前向纠错、新的L频段、综合基带、大的功率裕量、远程透明监控等措施提高了系统的安全可靠性,系统具有优良的性能。     

Estimation of accurate effective loss rate for FEC video transmission

We propose an algorithm for adjusting data transmission parameters, such as the packet size and the code rate of forward error correction (FEC), to obtain maximum video quality under dynamic channel conditions. When determining transmission parameters, it is essential to calculate an accurate effective loss rate that reflects FEC recovery failures and over-deadline packets. To this end, we analyze the delays caused by FEC coding and the potential packet size variations. In our analysis, we consider the effect of delayed transmission of video packets incurred by the parity packets as well as the encoder and decoder buffers. With the analysis reflecting the delay effect, we are able to accurately estimate the delay patterns of all video packets. Based on the analysis results, we establish an accurate model for estimating the effective loss rate. Simulations show that the proposed effective loss rate model accurately estimates the effective loss rate and significantly improves the reconstructed video quality at the receiver.     

基于上下文选择编码的小波图像编码算法

提出了基于上下文选择编码的小波图像编码算法:在独立同分布情况下,比较了直接对重要性信息进行算术编码、定长游程编码以及变长游程编码的理想平均比特损耗;分析了由于估计概率误差以及概率时变的存在从而导致了实际平均比特损耗增大;提出了新的上下文模型;根据上下文选择使用算术编码、定长游程编码或者变长游程编码.实验结果表明,在0.25bit/pixel下,新算法较算术编码方案编码时间节省了20%以上;与EBCOT相比,新算法提高了0～0.28dB;尤其适合于低码率应用.