腰果酚接枝丁腈橡胶及其改性酚醛树脂基摩擦材料的制备与性能

利用溶液接枝法制备腰果酚(Cardanol)接枝液体丁腈橡胶(C-g-LNBR);并分别以LNBR、C-g-LNBR为增韧体,通过原位聚合制备改性酚醛树脂(PF);再以改性PF为基体,采用热压成型制得摩擦材料。利用红外光谱法和称量法对Cg-LNBR进行表征;采用光学显微镜观察橡胶相在基体中的分散性,用差示扫描量热与热重分析基体的热性能;研究了LNBR与C-g-LNBR对PF基摩擦材料的力学、摩擦性能影响;利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察磨损面的形貌。结果表明,Cardanol与LNBR发生了接枝反应,接枝率为4.22%;2%C-g-LNBR比2%LNBR在基体中具有更好的分散性,而2%-Cg-LNBR/PF比纯PF和2%-LNBR/PF的固化温度(Tcure)分别降低了3.3℃和2.6℃;与纯PF基和2%-LNBR/PF基摩擦材料相比,2%-C-g-LNBR/PF基摩擦材料的冲击强度分别提高了14.8%和7.3%,体积磨损率分别降低了13.6%和15.4%。通过SEM照片观察发现,2%-C-g-LNBR/PF基摩擦材料磨损面中的凹坑明显减少,磨损面连续性较好。     

腰果酚接枝丁腈橡胶及其改性酚醛树脂基摩擦材料制备与性能

利用溶液接枝法制备腰果酚(Cardanol)接枝液体丁腈橡胶(C-g-LNBR);并分别以LNBR、C-g-LNBR为增韧体,通过原位聚合制备改性酚醛树脂(PF);再以改性PF为基体,采用热压成型制得摩擦材料.利用红外光谱法和称量法对C-g-LNBR进行表征;采用光学显微镜观察橡胶相在基体中的分散性,用差示扫描量热与热重分析基体的热性能;研究了LNBR与C-g-LNBR对PF基摩擦材料的力学、摩擦性能影响;利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察磨损面的形貌.结果表明,Cardanol与LNBR发生了接枝反应,接枝率为4.22％;2％ C-g-LNBR比2％ LNBR在基体中具有更好的分散性,而2％-C-g-LNBR/PF比纯PF和2％-LNBR/PF的固化温度(Tcure)分别降低了3.3℃和2.6℃;与纯PF基和2％-LNBR/PF基摩擦材料相比,2 ％-C-g-LNBR/PF基摩擦材料的冲击强度分别提高了14.8％和7.3％,体积磨损率分别降低了13.6％和15.4％.通过SEM照片观察发现,2％-C-g-LNBR/PF基摩擦材料磨损面中的凹坑明显减少,磨损面连续性较好.     

树脂基纤维增强摩阻材料研究进展

综述了国内外目前树脂基纤维增强摩阻材料的研究进展,主要介绍了树脂基摩阻材料的摩擦学特性及摩擦磨损机理;树脂基体的改性研究成果,归纳了填料种类对摩阻材料摩擦学特性的影响.对常用的增强纤维性能作了对比,尤其是对天然植物剑麻纤维及其增强材料特性作了总结.笔者首次研究了剑麻纤维增强汽车刹车片,认为将剑麻纤维应用于摩阻材料将会是一个新的研究热点.     

石墨烯/酚醛树脂纳米复合材料的热解行为

将氧化石墨烯与自制酚醛树脂乳液(PF)共混,经水合肼还原和热固化制备石墨烯/酚醛树脂(GNS/PF)纳米复合材料。利用AFM、SEM、FTIR和TG-DTG技术考察石墨烯对GNS/PF复合材料的形貌、结构、热稳定性和残炭率的影响。结果表明,石墨烯片均匀分布在PF中,没有发生团聚,且石墨烯片与PF间具有良好的界面结合。石墨烯薄片对PF基体强烈的吸附作用增加了PF分子链的活性和有序性,显著提高了GNS/PF纳米复合材料内PF基体的固化交联密度,进而提高了PF基体的耐热性和高温残炭率。在300~450℃条件下,纯酚醛树脂的热分解峰值温度为382.7℃,添加质量分数0.65%的GNS后,热分解峰值温度提高到408℃。在隔绝空气下900℃热处理,纯酚醛树脂的残炭率为46.2%,添加0.65%氧化石墨烯后残炭率增至59.4%,提高了13.2%。     

碳纤维/芳纶浆粕摩阻复合材料初步研究

以丁睛橡胶改性酚醛树脂为基体,以碳纤维和芳纶浆粕为增强材料,研究了组分含量不同时的摩擦磨损性能。通过试验揭示了组分含量对摩擦磨损性能影响的规律,同时优化了具有良好耐热性、冲击韧性和摩擦性能新型无石棉摩阻复合材料的组分含量。      

剑麻纤维/纳米酚醛树脂复合材料的动态力学性能和热性能

分别采用碱、硅烷偶联剂(KH-550)对剑麻纤维(SF)进行表面处理,选用无机纳米SiO2改性的酚醛树脂(PF)作为基体树脂,通过模压成型工艺制备剑麻纤维/纳米酚醛树脂复合材料。分别采用动态力学分析(DMA)、热重分析(TG)研究纳米SiO2的加入及剑麻纤维处理方式对SF/PF复合材料动态力学、蠕变、应力松弛性和热性能的影响。结果表明,与未添加纳米SiO2的SF/PF复合材料相比,SF/纳米PF复合材料的储能模量达到4783MPa,提高了46.8%;与未改性SF/纳米PF复合材料相比,经过碱处理的SF/纳米PF复合材料玻璃化转变温度(Tg)达到261℃,提高了14℃;热失重研究结果表明,纳米SiO2的加入及剑麻纤维改性均能显著提高SF/PF复合材料的热分解温度。     

蒙脱土插层改性酚醛树脂复合材料及其摩擦磨损性能

利用单体原位插层的方法制备酚醛树脂/蒙脱土复合材料,研究了蒙脱土的有机化改性和不同有机化蒙脱土含量对酚醛树脂耐热性的影响,以及改性后的酚醛树脂对摩擦材料性能的影响,结果表明:经改性的酚醛树脂的耐热性能要明显优于未改性的酚醛树脂,初始分解温度达487.1℃,比未改性的提高了60.9℃,600℃时的质量剩余率达54.84%,提高了38%。100~350℃摩擦系数为0.33~0.40,250℃时未改性树脂基摩擦材料磨损率为0.56×10-7/N·m,改性后树脂基摩擦材料磨损率为0.44×10-7/N·m,下降了27.2%。     

半金属摩阻材料中铜纤维摩擦磨损行为的研究

用扫描电子显微镜(SME)和X-射线能谱分析法(EDX)对铜纤维增强的半金属摩阻材料与灰铸铁对偶滑摩后的摩擦表面进行了分析,研究了摩阻材料中铜纤维的摩擦磨损行为.结果表明,在摩擦磨损过程中,摩阻材料摩擦表面上铜的分布更加弥散化,并且铜纤维具有集铁作用,因而摩阻材料摩擦表面上形成了富铁贫铜表面工作层;铜能从摩阻材料摩擦表面转移到对偶摩擦表面,故对偶摩擦面上分布一定量铜,这是摩擦副具有稳定摩擦系数和良好耐磨性的关键因素;铜纤维取向对摩阻材料摩擦磨损行为有显着影响.     

钼改性酚醛树脂的制备与表征

采用钼改性酚醛树脂(PF),结果表明,钼改性PF的耐热性比纯PF有明显提高,当钼含量为5%时,合成的PF耐热性最好,初始分解温度约为362℃,比纯PF提高112℃;切线法得到的外延分解温度约为410℃,比纯PF升高了117℃;500℃时失重约38%,比纯PF有明显提高;红外光谱表明钼元素以钼氧键的形式引入到PF结构中。     

酚改性二甲苯甲醛树脂的热分解动力学

用热重法(TGA)分析了酚改性二甲苯甲醛(XF)树脂的热分解过程。运用Ozawa和Kissinger法进行动力学研究,得到其热分解活化能。结果表明:与普通线性酚醛树脂相比,苯酚改性XF树脂和双酚A改性XF树脂这两种改性树脂在热分解过程中的活化能都高,热分解温度也较高,热失重率降低;其中双酚A改性XF树脂的热分解活化能和热分解温度最高,热失重率最低;这说明双酚A改性XF树脂具有优异的耐热性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.