单目视觉中基于IEKF,DD1及DD2滤波器的位姿和运动估计

用单摄像机所获取的二维(2D)图像来估计两坐标之间的相对位姿和运动在实际应用中是可取的,其难点是从物体的三维(3D)特征投影到2D图像特征的过程是一个非线性变换,把基于单目视觉的位姿和运动估计系统定义为一个非线性随机模型,分别以迭代扩展卡尔曼滤波器(IEKF)、一阶斯梯林插值滤波器(DD1)和二阶斯梯林插值滤波器(DD2)作非线性状态估计器来估计位姿和运动.为了验证每种估计器的相对优点,用文中所提方法对每种估计器都作了仿真实验,实验结果表明DD1和DD2滤波器的特性要比IEKF好.     

双目视觉基于修正卡尔曼滤波器的运动估计

研究了目标物体的远程运动估计.首先,建立了一种双目视觉系统的基于卡尔曼滤波器的目标物体运动估计的运动学模型,并且证明了双目视觉系统同步的各自连续两帧图像中至少三个对应图像点能完全确定刚性物体的运动参数和空间位置;然后,通过对状态向量中的速度分量进行再估计,提出了一种修正卡尔曼滤波器对目标物体远程运动估计的算法,与直接卡尔曼滤波器的远程运动估计相比,提高了估计的精度.将该方法运用到一种实时预测的实验中,其结果证明了该算法的有效性.     

Comparison of different pseudo-linear estimators for vision-based target motion estimation

Vision-based target motion estimation based Kalman filtering or least-squares estimators is an important problem in many tasks such as vision-based swarming or vision-based target pursuit. In this paper, we focus on a problem that is very specific yet we believe important. That is, from the vision measurements, we can formulate various measurements. Which and how the measurements should be used? These problems are very fundamental, but we notice that practitioners usually do not pay special attention to them and often make mistakes. Motivated by this, we formulate three pseudo-linear measurements based on the bearing and angle measurements, which are standard vision measurements that can be obtained. Different estimators based on Kalman filtering and least-squares estimation are established and compared based on numerical experiments. It is revealed that correctly analyzing the covariance noises is critical for the Kalman filtering-based estimators. When the variance of the original measurement noise is unknown, the pseudo-linear least-squares estimator that has the smallest magnitude of the transformed noise can be a good choice.     

A two-level estimator for time varying parameters

A crucial part in an adaptive control system is the estimation of the unknown parameters of the process. The estimation is often done using a Kalman filter or an Extended Kalman filter. These estimators give good results if the parameters are not varying too fast. When the parameters are varying fast there are difficulties for the estimator to follow the variations.This paper outlines a new approach to the estimation problem. The new estimator consists of two parts. One conventional Kalman filter for fine estimation and one estimator for coarse estimation. The coarse estimator consists of a finite number of fixed a priori models and a decision mechanism which points out the model which best fits the data.The paper describes the two-level estimator and discusses its properties. Some numerical examples illustrate the behavior of the estimator.     

通信受限下网络化多传感器系统的Kalman融合估计

研究了一类通信受限下网络化多传感器系统的 Kalman 融合估计问题, 其中通信受限 是指系统在一个采样周期内只允许有限个传感器与融合中心通信. 首先, 提出了一种周期性分组传输的通信策略, 并将每组传感器所对应的局部估计系统描述成一个离散周期子系统模型. 其次, 每个子系统根据最新测量信息的更新时刻, 选择相应的 Kalman 估计器 (滤波器或预报器), 从而得到各子系统在每一时刻的一个局部最优估计, 再通过矩阵加权线性最小方差最优融合准则得到最优融合估计,并给出了Kalman融合估计器的设计方法. 最后, 通过一个目标跟踪例子验证所提方法的有效性.     

兼具柔顺与安全的助行机器人运动控制研究

针对助行机器人的柔顺性和安全性问题,基于多传感器系统融合技术,本文提出了一种能够兼具柔顺与安全的助行机器人运动控制方法.首先介绍了助行机器人的机械结构、控制原理以及多传感器系统,然后根据机器人多传感器系统,设计出各传感器相对应的用户意图估计方法,提出了一种基于多传感器融合的助行机器人柔顺运动控制算法.分析用户可能发生的跌倒模式,使用基于卡尔曼滤波（Kalman filter,KF）的序贯概率比检验（Sequential probability ratio test,SPRT）方法和决策函数来判断用户是否会跌倒,并判断处于哪种跌倒模式.最后,通过助行机器人柔顺运动控制实验和用户跌倒检测实验验证了算法的有效性.     

多传感器集中式增量卡尔曼滤波融合算法

在单个传感器的状态估计系统中,标准的增量卡尔曼滤波方法可以有效消除量测系统误差。对于多传感器情况,标准算法失效。针对该问题,提出了多传感器集中式增量卡尔曼滤波融合算法,即:增量卡尔曼滤波的扩维融合算法和增量卡尔曼滤波的序贯融合算法。在标准增量卡尔曼滤波算法的基础上,结合扩维融合和序贯融合的思想来实现多传感器数据的融合。实验结果表明,当存在量测系统误差时,提出的集中式融合算法与传统的集中式融合算法相比,提高了滤波精度,并且能够成功地消除量测系统误差。     

噪声方差未知情况下多传感器航迹融合

在多传感器信息融合中,已有的航迹融合算法都是在噪声方差已知情况下基于最优的卡尔曼滤波算法的,而实际应用中噪声方差往往是未知的.针对上述问题,基于扩展记忆因子递推最小平方(EFRLS)估计的滤波方程,研究了噪声方差未知情况下集中式、分布式、混合式多传感器航迹融合方法.并对三种航迹融合算法的跟踪性能和卡尔曼滤波融合算法的性能进行了仿真比较.由于多级式多传感器的航迹融合方法可由本文的方法直接推广,所以只需研究两级的情况就可.     

用于胎压监测系统的一种改进贝叶斯估计数据融合算法的研究

针对小型汽车胎压监测系统(TPMS)利用单一传感器测量数据不确定性的问题,提出一种将贝叶斯估计和卡尔曼滤波相结合的多传感器数据融合的方法.设计满足系统功能要求的方案,运用贝叶斯估计对SP370轮胎模块中传感器采集的数据进行融合,排除失效的数据以及故障的传感器,提高系统的精度.结合卡尔曼滤波器优化融合的结果,消除噪声信号.研究结果表明,采用上述的数据融合方法能够有效的解决单一传感器测量数据的局限性,抑制传感器引入的噪声,并通过仿真验证了本系统的可行性、可靠性.     

带不确定方差乘性和加性噪声系统鲁棒加权 融合稳态Kalman估值器

本文研究带不确定方差乘性和加性噪声和带状态相依及噪声相依乘性噪声的多传感器系统鲁棒加权融合估计问题.通过引入虚拟噪声补偿乘性噪声的不确定性,将原系统化为带确定参数和不确定加性噪声方差的系统,进而利用Lyapunov方程方法提出在统一框架下的按对角阵加权融合极大极小鲁棒稳态Kalman估值器(预报器、滤波器和平滑器),其中基于预报器设计滤波器和平滑器,并给出每个融合器的实际估值误差方差的最小上界.证明了融合器的鲁棒精度高于每个局部估值器的鲁棒精度.应用于不间断电源(uninterruptible power system,UPS)系统鲁棒融合滤波的仿真例子说明了所提结果的正确性和有效性.     

高速水面艇视觉系统电子稳像算法

针对高速水面艇视觉系统在采集视频过程中, 由于高速运行、水流运动和风力影响等因素造成的视频图像抖动问题, 根据高速水面艇视频图像运动特点, 例如同时含有平移、旋转和变焦运动等, 采用尺度不变特征变换算法提取视频图像中的特征点, 利用仿射模型求解运动参数, 运用Kalman滤波对视频图像中的正常扫描进行滤波, 最后用相邻帧补偿法对每帧图像进行补偿, 实现高速水面艇的视频图像稳像处理。算法用于高速水面遥控艇采集到的视频上进行对比验证分析, 结果表明算法对高速水面艇视觉系统下的视频图像稳像处理快速、有效。     

Passivity-based Visual Motion Observer with Panoramic Camera for Pose Control

This paper considers the vision-based estimation and pose control with a panoramic camera via passivity approach. First, a hyperbolic projection of a panoramic camera is presented. Next, using standard body-attached coordinate frames (the world frame, mirror frame, camera frame and object frame), we represent the body velocity of the relative rigid body motion (position and orientation). After that, we propose a visual motion observer to estimate the relative rigid body motion from the measured camera data. We show that the estimation error system with a panoramic camera has the passivity which allows us to prove stability in the sense of Lyapunov. The visual motion error system which consists of the estimation error system and the pose control error system preserves the passivity. After that, stability and L ₂-gain performance analysis for the closed-loop system are discussed via Lyapunov method and dissipative systems theory, respectively. Finally, simulation and experimental results are shown in order to confirm the proposed method.     

Low-resolution color-based visual tracking with state-space model identification

A novel tracking method is proposed to resolve the poor performance of color-based tracker in low-resolution vision. The proposed method integrates vector autoregression (VAR) with a conceptual frame of state-space model (SSM) to achieve an appropriate model that clearly describes the relation between high-resolution tracking results (states) and corresponding low-resolution tracking results (observations). Here, the parameters of SSM are calculated by the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator to optimize the SSM and minimize its model error. By using the Kalman filter, known as an effective filter of SSM, to estimate the states of the tracked object from its incomplete observations, it is observed that the estimated states are closer to their actual values than their observations or estimates by other unoptimized SSMs. Therefore, the proposed method can be used to improve low-resolution tracking results. Moreover, it can decrease computational complexity and save on processing time.     

A mathematical model for computer image tracking

A mathematical model using an operator formulation for a moving object in a sequence of images is presented. Time-varying translation and rotation operators are derived to describe the motion. A variational estimation algorithm is developed to track the dynamic parameters of the operators. The occlusion problem is alleviated by using a predictive Kalman filter to keep the tracking on course during severe occlusion. The tracking algorithm (variational estimation in conjunction with Kalman filter) is implemented to track moving objects with occasional occlusion in computer-simulated binary images.     

多传感器噪声方差未知情况下的异步航迹融合

针对分布式多传感器数据融合系统,提出了一种多传感器异步航迹融合算法。现有的多传感器信息融合算法大都基于Kalman滤波器,要求噪声方差已知,并且假定各传感器同步采样,不考虑通信延迟。本文在分布式处理的模式下,基于各传感器在扩展记忆因子递推最小平方(EFRLS)估计形成本地航迹的基础上,提出了一种融合误差均方差矩阵的迹最小意义下的异步目标航迹融合算法。仿真实验结果表明,这种融合算法是有效的,算法接近集中式融合算法的精度。     

Tracking moving objects during low altitude flight

A computer-vision system to assist pilots during low-altitude flight has been developed in this research study. During this critical section of flight, a system that can detect various objects on the ground would be very useful both for enhancing the safety of navigation and for relieving pilots of a part of their workload in flight control. Such tasks can generally be automated by computer-vision-based methods, which provide the ability for object detection and tracking. This paper describes the algorithms developed for accomplishing such tasks. There are two main stages in the vision system. First, independently moving objects in the scene are detected and segmented from the background. Then, they are tracked from frame to frame, and their 3D motion parameters are recursively estimated with Kalman filtering techniques. Experiments using real-world image sequences have been carried out, and the results show that tracking moving objects is successful and the estimation of object's motion parameters are quite accurate.     

A robust optical/inertial data fusion system for motion tracking of the robot manipulator

We present an optical/inertial data fusion system for motion tracking of the robot manipulator, which is proved to be more robust and accurate than a normal optical tracking system（OTS）. By data fusion with an inertial measurement unit（IMU）, both robustness and accuracy of OTS are improved. The Kalman filter is used in data fusion. The error distribution of OTS pro-vides an important reference on the estimation of measurement noise using the Kalman filter. With a proper setup of the system and an effective method of coordinate frame synchronization, the results of experiments show a significant improvement in terms of robustness and position accuracy.     

基于立体视觉的非合作航天器相对导航

非合作航天器其没有可交互的传感器,传统的相对导航方法难以满足精度要求。根据非合作航天器相对导航特点,提出一种基于立体视觉的空间非合作目标相对导航算法。方法使用安装在追踪航天器上的立体视觉相机作为测量传感器,实现目标在追踪航天器体坐标系下相对位置的测量。在惯性坐标系下建立航天器相对运动方程,并离散化作为系统的状态方程,利用立体视觉的测量信息作为量测值,在此基础上设计基于卡尔曼滤波(Kalman filter)的两步滤波相对导航算法,实现航天器间相对导航状态的实时估计,仿真结果显示算法实时性、有效性,导航方法收敛速度较快,精度高,满足相对导航要求。     

异类传感器融合跟踪系统配准偏差的在线补偿

针对多传感器融合跟踪系统的时变配准偏差补偿问题,提出了一种配准偏差的在线估计和补偿算法.该算法首先依据多传感器提供的测量和跟踪信息,建立配准偏差的动态模型,然后利用极小化似然函数结合卡尔曼滤波方法在线估计系统偏差,利用估计的配准偏差,补偿和修正跟踪器的测量信息,实现多传感器的融合跟踪.最后针对异类传感器(雷达、红外)组成的多传感器跟踪系统,给出了应用该方法的仿真结果.