一种基于子载波合并的多播资源调度算法

针对无线OFDM多播系统,该文提出一种基于子载波合并的多播资源调度算法。该算法通过提前将子载波分组,避免了不必要的子载波配对;自适应地选择子载波合并\非合并,在分集和复用两种模式中选取最优方案;同时根据子载波功率分配的特点,将其解耦为配对子载波集合内功率分配和集合间功率分配两个子问题,进一步优化了算法性能。仿真结果表明,与现有方案相比,所提方案能够在复杂度较低的情况下,较好地提升系统性能。     

雷达通信一体化子载波和功率联合分配方法

雷达通信一体化系统是缓解无线电频谱拥塞和频谱资源短缺的高效解决方案。在雷达的最小信号噪声比和最小通信传输速率的约束条件下,通过构建混合整数非线性优化模型,提出了子载波和功率联合分配方法,实现系统总发射功率的最小化。首先将优化模型转化为线性模型并添加罚因子,然后选择用于雷达或通信目的的子载波。考虑到雷达性能和通信性能评价标准的差异,对用于雷达或通信目的子载波设置不同的发射功率约束,最终通过循环优化实现子载波和功率的联合分配。数值仿真结果表明,所提方法显著节约了功率资源。     

Chunk‐based and fairness‐based resource allocation in multicast distributed MISO‐OFDMA systems

The resource allocation problem for the downlink of orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access (OFDMA) wireless multicast systems is investigated. It is assumed that the base station consists of multiple antennas in a distributed antenna system (DAS), whereas each user is equipped with a single antenna. The multicasting technology is able to support several groups of users with flexible quality of service (QoS) requirements. The general mathematical formulation is provided, but achieving the optimal solution has a high computational cost. In our approach, the allocation unit is not the subcarrier, as in conventional OFDMA systems, but a set of contiguous subcarriers, which is called ‘chunk’. For practical implementation, a suboptimal but efficient algorithm is proposed in order to maximize the sum of the maximum attainable data rates of multicast groups of users, subject to total available power and proportional maximum attainable data rate constraints among multicast groups of users. Simulation and complexity analyses are provided to support the benefits of chunk‐based resource allocation to multicast OFDMA DASs, supporting that the proposed algorithm can be applied to latest‐generation wireless systems that provide QoS guarantees. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多用户OFDM系统中一种新颖的自适应功率分配方案

针对多用户正交频分复用(OFDM)系统自适应资源分配的问题,提出了一种新的自适应子载波分配方案。子载波分配中首先通过松弛用户速率比例约束条件确定每个用户的子载波数量,然后对总功率在所有子载波间均等分配的前提下,按照最小比例速率用户优先选择子载波的方式实现子载波的分配;在功率分配中提出了一种基于人工蜂群算法和模拟退火算法(ABC-SA)相结合的新功率分配方案,并且通过ABC-SA算法的全局搜索实现了在所有用户之间的功率寻优,同时利用等功率的分配方式在每个用户下进行子载波间的功率分配,最终实现系统容量的最大化。仿真结果表明,与其他方案相比,所提方案在兼顾用户公平性的同时还能有效地提高系统的吞吐量,进而证明了所提方案的有效性。     

Adaptive subcarrier bandwidth and power in OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems for high mobility applications

OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems are spectrally flexible and efficient, but they are vulnerable to intercarrier interference (ICI), especially in high mobility environments. High mobility of the terminal causes large Doppler frequency spread resulting in serious ICI. Such ICI severely degrades the system performance, which is ignored in the existing resource allocation of OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems. In this paper, an adaptive subcarrier bandwidth along with power allocation problem in OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems for high mobility applications is investigated. This adaptive subcarrier bandwidth method should choose the suitable subcarrier bandwidth not only to balance the tradeoff between ICI and intersymbol interference but also to be large enough to tolerate an amount of Doppler frequency spread but less than the coherence bandwidth. The power budget and interference to primary users caused by cognitive radio users are imposed for primary users' protection. With these constraints, a joint optimization algorithm of subcarrier bandwidth and power allocation is proposed to maximize the bandwidth efficiency of OFDM‐based cognitive radio systems in such conditions. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed algorithm could maximize the system bandwidth efficiency and balance this tradeoff while satisfying the constraints. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

QoS-Driven Jointly Optimal Subcarrier Pairing and Power Allocation for Decode-and-Forward OFDM Relay Systems

In this paper, we investigate the quality-of-service (QoS) driven subcarrier pairing and power allocation for two-hop decode-and-forward (DF) OFDM relay systems. By integrating the concept of effective capacity, our goal is to maximize the system throughput subject to a given delay-QoS constraint. Based on whether the destination can receive the signal transmitted by the source, we consider two scenarios, i.e. OFDM DF relay systems without diversity and OFDM DF relay systems with diversity, respectively. For OFDM DF relay systems without diversity, we demonstrate that the jointly optimal subcarrier pairing and power allocation can be implemented with two separate steps. For OFDM DF relay systems with diversity, we propose an iterative algorithm to achieve jointly optimal subcarrier pairing and power allocation. Furthermore, we find that the analytical results show different conclusions for the two types of OFDM relay systems. For OFDM relay systems without diversity, the optimal power allocation depend on not only the channel quality of subcarriers but also the delay QoS constraints, while the optimal subcarrier pairing just depends on the channel quality of subcarriers. For OFDM relay systems with diversity, both the optimal subcarrier pairing and power allocation depend on the channel quality of subcarriers and the delay QoS constraints. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme offers a superior performance over the existing schemes.     

组播OFDM系统中基于子载波成对调整的功率分配算法

 研究了在总功率的约束下,组播OFDM系统中最大化组播速率的功率分配问题. 首先引入贪婪算法求解该问题以降低复杂度,但贪婪算法只执行预设的固定次数分配后即停止,其截止条件与功率分配过程中的状态无关,无法有效地提高系统性能;进而提出了两种基于子载波成对调整的功率分配算法,在初始功率分配的基础上选择子载波对交换功率,将功率重新分配给能够使组播速率提高得最多的子载波,并只在无法进一步提高组播速率时才停止调整. 研究和仿真结果表明,所提出的两种调整算法能够有效地提高组播速率,性能接近根据凸函数优化方法求得的最优解,且显著降低了算法的复杂度.     

Resource allocation scheme in two-way multi-relay OFDM system

A joint optimization scheme for power allocation and subcarrier pairing under high SNR in two-way multi-relay OFDM system was proposed.Unlike those schemes in which relays use subcarriers separately,all the relays were allowed to forward signal on each subcarrier pair for providing much space diversity.With the constraint of total system power,the proposed scheme firstly allocated each relay power with Cauchy inequality with the assuming that the total relay power was fixed.Then the dichotomy was used to calculate the power allocation between the source node and the relay node by maximizing the equivalent channel gain for different subcarrier pairs.Lastly,the power of different subcarrier pairs was allocated by convex programming,and the subcarriers were paired by Hungarian algorithm to obtain the maximum system capacity.There was no optimal power allocation method with low complexity because of the complexity of the power allocation algorithm in two-way multi-relay networks.This algorithm greatly reduces the complexity of power allocation and simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the relay selection scheme and the relays use subcarriers separately scheme.     

Cooperative Subcarrier Allocation and Power Allocation in the Downlink of an Amplify-and-Forward OFDM Relaying System

The increasing use of relays in wireless communication systems is a driving force to explore innovative techniques that can improve the quality of service as well as enhance the coverage in wireless systems. In this article, we propose a two-step approach for subcarrier allocation and power allocation in the downlink of an OFDM-based amplify-and forward relaying system. In the first step, the total power is allocated to mobile users and relays based on the optimum power ratio derived for the single-relay system. In the second step, subcarriers are assigned to the users based on cooperative subcarrier allocation algorithms. Compared to the non-cooperative algorithm with flat power allocation, the total throughput is shown to improve by applying the two-step cooperative subcarrier allocation and power allocation algorithms.     

Adaptive Fair Subcarrier/Rate Allocation in Multirate OFDMA Networks: Radio Link Level Queuing Performance Analysis

This paper presents a semi-analytical methodology for radio link level performance analysis in a multirate "orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access" (OFDMA) network with adaptive fair rate allocation. Multirate transmission is assumed to be achieved through adaptive modulation, and fair rate allocation is based on the principle of generalized processor sharing to allocate the subcarriers adaptively among the users. The fair rate allocation problem is formulated as an optimization problem with the objective of maximizing system throughput while maintaining fairness (in terms of transmission rate) among the users. The "optimal" fair rate allocation is obtained by using the "Hungarian method." A heuristic-based approach, namely the "iterative approach," that is more implementation friendly is also presented. The throughput performance of the iterative fair rate allocation is observed to be as good as that of optimal fair rate allocation and is better than that of the static subcarrier allocation scheme. Also, the iterative fair allocation provides better fairness compared to that for each of the optimal and the static subcarrier allocation schemes. To this end, a queuing model is formulated to analyze radio link level performance measures such as packet dropping probability and packet transmission delay under the above rate allocation schemes. In this formulation, packet arrivals are modeled by the discrete Markov modulated Poisson process, which is flexible to model different types of traffic arrival patterns. The proposed framework for radio link level performance analysis of multirate OFDMA networks is validated by extensive simulations. Also, examples on the application of the proposed model for connection admission control and quality-of-service provisioning are illustrated     

基于有限反馈的协作多播高效资源分配策略

提出了协作多播网络中基于有限反馈的联合子载波和功率分配策略,在满足QoS需求的条件下使功率消耗最小化。该策略首先利用有限的反馈信息在等速率分配下将子载波分给不同的多播组,并提出“公平子载波分配”策略,达到了功率消耗和公平性的折中。然后利用提出的“协作功率迭代”策略完成有效的功率分配,该策略利用注水定理确定每个子载波的目标速率后,又通过一个功率迭代过程实现功率最佳化。仿真结果显示,新的协作策略大大降低了上行反馈开销,且所需功率和多播业务中断概率远远小于直传策略。此外,协作功率迭代策略由于有较低的计算复杂度,因此更适合于实际系统。     

Cross-Layer Design for OFDMA Wireless Systems With Heterogeneous Delay Requirements

This paper proposes a cross-layer scheduling scheme for OFDMA wireless systems with heterogeneous delay requirements. We shall focus on the cross-layer design which takes into account both queueing theory and information theory in modeling the system dynamics. We propose a delay-sensitive cross-layer design, which determines the optimal subcarrier allocation and power allocation policies to maximize the total system throughput, subject to the individual user's delay constraint and total base station transmit power constraint. The delay-sensitive power allocation was found to be multilevel water-filling in which urgent users have higher water-filling levels. The delay-sensitive subcarrier allocation strategy has linear complexity with respect to number of users and number of subcarriers. Simulation results show that substantial throughput gain is obtained while satisfying the delay constraints when the delay-sensitive jointly optimal power and subcarrier allocation policy is adopted.     

An uplink resource allocation scheme for OFDMA‐based cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio makes it possible for an unlicensed user to access a spectrum unoccupied by licensed users. In cognitive radio networks, extra constraints on interference temperature need to be introduced into radio resource allocation. In this paper, the uplink radio resource allocation is investigated for OFDMA‐based cognitive radio networks. In consideration of the characteristics of cognitive radio and OFDMA, an improved water‐filling power allocation scheme is proposed under the interference temperature constraints for optimal performance. Based on the improved water‐filling power allocation, a simple subcarrier allocation algorithm for uplink is proposed. The subcarrier allocation rules are obtained by theoretical deduction. In the uplink subcarrier allocation algorithm, the subcarriers are allocated to the users with the best channel quality initially and then adjusted to improve the system performance. A cursory water‐filling level estimation method is used to decrease the complexity of the algorithm. Asymptotic performance analysis gives a lower bound of the stability of the water‐filling level estimation. The complexity and performance of the proposed radio resource allocation scheme are investigated by theoretical analysis and numerical results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Resource Allocation Scheme with Fractional Frequency Reuse in Multi-cell OFDMA Systems

In this paper, a resource allocation scheme is proposed for multi-cell OFDMA systems in downlink under the fractional frequency reuse environments. The objective considers balancing between the maximization of the system throughput and the satisfaction of the user’s data rate requirement. Due to the severe co-channel interference for cellular networks with full frequency reuse, a dynamic fractional frequency reuse scheme is adopted in the cellular network which divides all subcarriers in each cell into two groups: a super group and a regular group. The dynamic fractional frequency reuse scheme can guarantee the intra-cell orthogonality and reduce the inter-cell interference. Therefore, the procedure of the proposed resource allocation scheme includes two main parts: frequency partition and subcarrier allocation. First, each subcarrier is assigned to either the super group or the regular group based on designed functions in all cells. Second, we allocate subcarriers to users by utilizing the designed functions. The designed functions are developed based on the proportional fairness scheduling, the logarithm transformation, and the Lagrangian technique. The designed function is coupled with the instantaneous data rate, the average data rate, and the data rate requirement. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides a higher system throughput and improves the outage probability compared with existing schemes.     

Transmit power adaptation for multiuser OFDM systems

In this paper, we develop a transmit power adaptation method that maximizes the total data rate of multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in a downlink transmission. We generally formulate the data rate maximization problem by allowing that a subcarrier could be shared by multiple users. The transmit power adaptation scheme is derived by solving the maximization problem via two steps: subcarrier assignment for users and power allocation for subcarriers. We have found that the data rate of a multiuser OFDM system is maximized when each subcarrier is assigned to only one user with the best channel gain for that subcarrier and the transmit power is distributed over the subcarriers by the water-filling policy. In order to reduce the computational complexity in calculating water-filling level in the proposed transmit power adaptation method, we also propose a simple method where users with the best channel gain for each subcarrier are selected and then the transmit power is equally distributed among the subcarriers. Results show that the total data rate for the proposed transmit power adaptation methods significantly increases with the number of users owing to the multiuser diversity effects and is greater than that for the conventional frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)-like transmit power adaptation schemes. Furthermore, we have found that the total data rate of the multiuser OFDM system with the proposed transmit power adaptation methods becomes even higher than the capacity of the AWGN channel when the number of users is large enough.     

Proportional-fairness resource allocation for uplink OFDM-based cognitive radio systems

This paper has proposed a proportional-fairness resource allocation algorithm, including both subcarrier assignment algorithm and power allocation algorithm, for uplink orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based cognitive radio (CR) systems. First, to get a better performance in the proposed system model, the influence factor (a,b,c) was introduced to realize the assignment of the subcarriers. Second, the transmit power of the secondary users (SUs) was allocated to the corresponding subcarriers in order to maximize the uplink capacity of the SUs subject to both power and interference constraints. With the appropriate influence factor in the subcarrier assignment, the loss of transmitted data rate arising from the fairness was minimized. Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm can achieve a perfect fairness among the SUs while maximizing the system capacity simultaneously, and is of a low computation complexity.     

Adaptive subcarrier allocation and bit loading for voice/data transmission in multiuser OFDM systems

A new algorithm of adaptive subcarrier allocation and bit loading (A‐SABL) is proposed for simultaneous voice and data transmission in multiuser OFDM systems. The algorithm takes advantage of the frequency diversity and the voice/data transmission requirements to dynamically assign the number of subcarriers and bits/per symbol on each subcarrier for each user in a single cell. Due to the strict delay requirement of voice service, the subcarriers with low channel gains are assigned for voice transmission with a small number of bits per symbol to guarantee its required bit‐error‐rate (BER) and transmission rate. Based on the remaining subcarriers with high channel gains and the transmission power, the throughput of data transmission is then maximized by loading as many bits as possible on each subcarrier to achieve the required transmission bit rate and BER. Theoretical analysis and simulation on the proposed algorithm show that a better performance is obtained than previously reported schemes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Resource Allocation with Limited Feedback and Joint Coding Scheme for Wireless Multi-antenna Multicast System

In conventional multicast scheme (CMS), the total throughput of multicast group is constrained by the user with the worst channel quality. In order to overcome this problem of limited throughput, we introduce a resource allocation algorithm by exploiting layered coding combined with erasure correction coding for multicast services in the downlink of OFDMA-based multi-antenna system. To reduce the feedback overhead of uplink, we design a novel transmission scheme with limited feedback. Then, we formulate the joint subcarrier and power allocation problem for the data of base layer and enhancement layers, which is shown to be NP hard. Hence, in order to reduce the computational complexity, we propose a three-phase suboptimal algorithm. The algorithm is designed to maximize the system throughput while at the same time guarantee the quality of services (QoS) requirements of all multicast groups. It is composed of precoding scheme, proportional fairness subcarrier allocation algorithm and modified water-filling power allocation algorithm with QoS guarantees (MWF-Q). To further decrease the complexity of MWF-Q, a power allocation algorithm with increased fixed power allocation algorithm with QoS guarantees is introduced. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms based on limited feedback scheme significantly outperform CMS and any other existing algorithm with full feedback. Moreover, the proposed scheme can efficiently reduce 50 % of the full feedback overhead.     

Adaptive spread-spectrum multicarrier multiple-access over wirelines

In this paper, we investigate the dynamic resource allocation adapted to spread-spectrum multicarrier multiple-access (SS-MC-MA) systems in a multiuser power line communication (PLC) context. The developed adaptive system is valid for uplink, downlink, as well as for indoor and outdoor communications. The studied SS-MC-MA system is based on classical multicarrier modulation like digital multitone (DMT), combined with a spread-spectrum (SS) component used to multiplex several information symbols of a given user over the same subcarriers. The multiple-access task is carried out using a frequency-division multiple-access (FDMA) approach so that each user is assigned one or more subcarrier sets. The number of subcarriers in each set is given by the spreading code length as in classical SS-MC-MA systems usually studied in the wireless context. We derive herein a new loading algorithm that dynamically handles the system configuration in order to maximize the data throughput. The algorithm consists in an adaptive subcarrier, code, bit, and energy assignment algorithm. Power-spectral density constraint due to spectral mask specifications is considered, as well as finite-order modulations. In that case, it is shown that SS-MC-MA combined with the proposed loading algorithm achieves higher throughput than DMT in a multiuser PLC context. Because of the finite granularity of the modulations, some residual energy is indeed wasted on each subcarrier of the DMT spectrum. The combining of a spreading component with DMT allows to merge these amounts of energy so that one or more additional bits can be transmitted in each subcarrier subset leading to significant throughput gain. Simulations have been run over measured PLC channel responses and highlight that the proposed system is all the more interesting than the signal-to-noise ratio is low.     

Multicast resource allocation with min-rate requirements in OFDM systems

This article addresses the multicast resource allocation problem with min-rate requirement constraints in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Due to the prohibitively high complexity for nonlinear and combinatorial optimization, the original problem is relaxed and reformulated to form a standard optimization problem. By theoretical derivation according to the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions, two propositions are presented as the necessary criteria for optimality. Furthermore, a two-step resource allocation scheme, including subcarrier assignment and power allocation, is proposed on a basis of the propositions for practical implementation. With the min-rate based multicast group order, subcarriers are assigned in a greedy fashion to maximize the capacity. When subcarrier assignment is determined, the proposed power allocation can achieve the optimal performance for the min-rate constrained capacity maximization with an acceptable complexity. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme approximates to optimal resource allocation obtained by exhaustive search with a negligible capacity gap, and considerably outperforms equal power distribution. Meanwhile, multicast is remarkably beneficial to resource utilization in OFDM systems.