西控工程对望虞河西岸地区防洪的影响

为了评估西控工程对望虞河西岸地区造成的防洪影响,以望虞河西岸为研究区域并结合其水文特性,构建了适合于模拟平原河网地区产汇流过程的MIKE11水文水力模型并利用当地降雨、水位等实测资料进行了率定。通过模拟50年一遇设计暴雨情况下的不同工况,得到研究区域内水系各节点的水位等要素变化情况,并依此分析了西控工程对望虞河西岸地区造成的防洪影响。结果表明:西控工程运行后,研究区域内重要节点的最高水位抬升明显,部分地区有遭受洪水淹没的风险;MIKE11水文水力模型对于分析平原河网地区河流沿线闸控影响具有较高的应用价值。     

基于MIKE11 HD和NAM耦合模型在河流施工围堰对防洪安全影响分析中的应用与研究

根据河网调蓄原理构建了以上塘河流域杭州片骨干河道为基础的概化河网,结合平原河网地区水工建筑物及其凋度原则的模拟,利用MIKE11建立了杭州上塘河流域NAM模型和河网水动力学模型HD耦合模型,分析了施工围堰对区域防洪安全的影响,并在多方案计算比较的基础上,提出了具体的补偿措施。该研究方法简便实用。     

EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL FLOODING ON WATER QUALITY OF A FLOODPLAIN BACKWATER

Seasonal flooding of riverine backwaters is important in maintaining diverse aquatic habitats, but anthropogenic impacts have reduced the frequency and duration of such flooding. This study, conducted in a 2.5‐km‐long shallow floodplain severed meander backwater adjacent to the Coldwater River in Tunica County, Mississippi, USA, compared water quality during a late summer 30‐day artificial flooding period with 28‐day pre‐flood and 26‐day post‐flood periods. Flooding was simulated by pumping 0.22 to 0.35 m³ s^?1 from the river into the upstream portion of the backwater. In situ parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and fluorescent chlorophyll) were measured every 30 min at one site within the backwater. Solids (dissolved and suspended) and nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) were measured at three sites in the backwater and in the river every 3 to 5 days. Decreases in the amplitude of temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH diel cycles within the backwater were observed during flooding. Changes in patterns of solids and nutrients were also associated with flooding. Complex patterns in phosphorus and nitrogen emerged as a result of utilization by autotrophs (measured as chlorophyll) and seasonal changes. Artificial flooding in a shallow floodplain water body stabilized and improved water quality for aquatic biota and is a viable method for habitat rehabilitation in these systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantifying the hydrological effects of stream restoration in a montane meadow,northern California,USA

Stream restoration efforts, particularly within meadow systems, increasingly rely on ‘pond and plug’ type methods in which (a) alluvial materials are excavated from the floodplain, forming ponds; (b) excavated alluvial materials are used to plug incised channels and (c) smaller dimension channels are restored to the floodplain surface. A commonly stated objective of these efforts is to restore ecologically significant hydrological processes to degraded riparian systems. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate and quantify the restoration of these hydrological processes. Direct comparisons of pre‐ and post‐restoration hydrological observations are often misleading due to an inter‐annual climatic variability. To overcome this issue and accurately quantify the hydrological effects of restoration, we developed, calibrated and validated a hydrological model of a 230 ha mountain meadow along a 3.6 km restored reach of Bear Creek in the northeastern California. We then applied the model to simulate the pre‐ and post‐restoration scenarios by altering the floodplain topography and stream channel networks. Our results document three general hydrological responses to the meadow restoration effort: (1) increased groundwater levels and volume of subsurface storage; (2) increased frequency/duration of floodplain inundation and decreased magnitude of flood peaks and (3) decreased annual runoff and duration of baseflow. This study supports and quantifies the hypothesis that ‘pond and plug’ type stream restoration projects have the capacity to re‐establish hydrological processes necessary to sustain riparian systems. In addition, the results of this study can be used to improve quantitative objectives for ‘pond and plug’ type stream restoration activities in similar settings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渉河大桥平面二维水流数值模拟

以某铁路涉河大桥为例,根据实测河道水下地形资料进行网格概化,以河网一维数学模型计算成果作为控制边界条件,利用MIKE21建立了平面二维水流数学模型,对渉河大桥对桥址河段流场变化进行分析。结果表明,遭遇50年一遇洪水时,桥墩附近的水流流向发生了改变,流速明显增大,会对河道堤防和河床产生冲刷。该方法可在渉河大桥二维水流数值模拟分析中推广应用。     

Modeling Anthropogenic Impacts and Hydrological Processes on a Wetland in China

In many rapidly urbanizing countries like China, wetlands are constantly affected by anthropogenic factors such as landscaping, additional abstractions, reduction in catchment perviousness, etc. Thus, modeling of such anthropogenic factors should be explicitly considered when simulating wetlands. In this paper, the wetland module in a distributed hydrological model, SWAT, is modified to simulate the artificial water input to the designated wetlands. Local river runoff is used as the water sources to study the wetland restoration potential and to analyze the effects on local hydrological cycle and sea outflow. The QingDianWa depression, near Tianjin city, China, is used as a case study to study the restoration impact. Results showed that after restoration, the QinDianWa depression can reduce the potential impact of flooding by an average of 61 million m³ per year, increase the annual surface runoff by about 32 million m³ in non-flood seasons, and increase groundwater recharge by 9.4 million m³. This illustrated the importance of wetland restoration on flood control, river flow increase, groundwater recharge, and flood reclamation. But with local water resources is far from meeting the demands of wetland restoration, the actual restored water surface area is only 21.5 and 40.9 km² for the designated surface areas of 60 and 150 km² respectively. Compared with nature wetlands without human disturbance, the anthropogenic effect of reduction of runoff and groundwater recharge may be attributed to large amount of human consumption of local water. However, the results showed that the aims of restoring Tianjin wetlands cannot be achieved fully by relying solely on local water resources. It is necessary to consider a combination of external sources of water and using artificial recharge from reclaimed water.     

基于栖息地模型的新安江坝下生态流量研究

通过水力学模型与物理栖息地模型的耦合建立,揭示水文水力学与河流生物生命过程的响应关系,探索水生生物最佳生境所需的生态流量,为构建系统理论提供依据。基于物理栖息地模型,运用MIKE 21二维水力学模型模拟新安江坝下江段不同流量条件下的水深、流量分布,利用PHABSIM栖息地模型作出流量-WUA关系曲线,并得出虹鳟鱼适宜生态流量为160 m3/s,该值介于tennant评价标准极好与最佳之间,分析认为该计算结果更为合理,可为虹鳟鱼的保护和新安江水库的生态调度提供参考。     

基于 MIKE21 FM 的南渡江河口段行洪能力分析

为预测并分析滨江西带状公园建设后对南渡江河口段行洪能力的影响,基于MIKE21FM水动力模块,建立了南渡江河口段平面二维水流数值模型。首先结合水文站实测洪水资料,对河口段河道、滩地糙率参数进行率定与验证。将公园模型概化为局部阻力修正和局部地形修正两种方式,然后分别模拟计算三种潮洪组合工况下河口段水面线和流场变化。计算结果表明,两种概化方式计算结果基本一致,公园建设后河道地形和糙率发生变化,导致水面线壅高和主流流速加大。阻力修正法计算的水面线壅高值稍偏大,但仍低于左右岸防洪堤设计水位,没有降低南渡江河口段防洪能力。司马坡岛附近局部出现高流速区,有必要采取相应的防冲措施。     

二维非恒定流模型在北京市延芳淀湿地洪水影响分析中的应用

为了研究拟建在北运河滩地上的延芳淀湿地对河道防洪安全的影响,控制湿地建设规模,不增加北运河50年一遇洪水出境洪峰流量,搭建了北运河MIKE 21二维非恒定流模型,模拟湿地建设前后北运河50年一遇洪水演进情况。采用2016年北运河“7.20”洪水监测数据,对模型进行了参数率定;分析了延芳淀湿地建设前后,50年一遇洪水下北运河河道及滩地槽蓄能力、河道水位、流速、流势等水力条件的时空变化。结果表明：滩地内建设延芳淀湿地降低了北运河槽蓄能力,减少了滩地消减洪峰量值,但通过调整湿地地形高程,仍能满足规划要求;湿地建设同时抬升了北运河洪水位,改变了洪水流势,对河道堤防建设有一定影响。研究成果不仅能够为延芳淀湿地的设计建设提供相关水力条件支持,也可以为北运河河道治理及防洪预案修订提供参考。     

DISCONNECTING THE FLOODPLAIN: EARTHWORKS AND THEIR ECOLOGICAL EFFECT ON A DRYLAND FLOODPLAIN IN THE MURRAY–DARLING BASIN,AUSTRALIA

Globally, dams and water extractions are well‐recognised disruptors of flow regimes in floodplain wetlands, but little is known of the hydrological and ecological impacts of floodplain earthworks constructed for irrigation, flood mitigation and erosion control. We mapped the distribution of earthworks with high‐resolution SPOT (Système Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre) imagery in an internationally recognised Ramsar wetland, the Macquarie Marshes of the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. There were 339 km levees, 1648 km channels, 54 off‐river storages and 664 tanks (0.5–5 m high), detected within the 4793 km² floodplain study area. Earthworks reduced localised flooding compared with undeveloped sites. The most pronounced disconnection of the original floodplain (73.0%) occurred where earthworks were most concentrated compared with areas with few earthworks (53.2%). We investigated relationships between hydrological connectivity and mortality of the perennial flood‐dependent river red gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis at 55 floodplain sites (225 × 150 m). Over half of the river red gums were dead at 21.8% of the sites. Earthworks blocked surface flows to flood‐dependent vegetation and drowned vegetation in artificially inundated off‐river storages. Mortality was due to impacts of earthworks and potentially exacerbated by effects of river regulation, water extraction and climate. River red gums were healthiest in narrow river corridors where earthworks confined flows and flows could recede freely. Rehabilitation of flood‐dependent ecosystems should focus on reinstating lateral connectivity and protecting environmental flows. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河闸泄流特性及对应洪水淹没范围模拟试验研究

为验证数值模拟与物理模型试验在河流水动力、河闸泄流特性及洪水淹没模拟方面的适用性,以盘锦市辽河口段双台子河感潮河段为研究对象进行了物理模型试验,随后基于MIKE系列软件(MIKE11/21/FLOOD)构建了河流水动力及洪水淹没数值模型,并与物理模形试验相互对比验证。结果表明:数值模型与物理模型模拟结果相近,两者在实际应用中各具特点与优势。     

基于MIKE SHE模型率定在地下水分析研究中的应用

分布式水文模型是通过水循环的动力学机制来描述和模拟流域水文过程的数学模型。MIKE SHE作为一种分布式水文模型被越来越多地运用到流域规划、水资源管理、水资源评价等方面。要成功地建立起一个MIKE SHE模型除需要有充分的基础资料收集和前期准备工作外,后期的模型率定也是至关重要的一环。本文就渗透系数和给水度在MIKE SHE模型率定阶段的作用进行了分析。     

MANAGING THE FLOOD PULSE FOR OPTIMAL FISHERIES PRODUCTION IN THE ATCHAFALAYA RIVER BASIN,LOUISIANA (USA)

The Atchafalaya River Basin in south‐central Louisiana (USA) comprises the largest contiguous river–floodplain swamp in North America and functions as a distributary for the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. We assessed the impact of the annual flood pulse on fisheries production at a basin‐wide scale. We modelled flood duration (days/year Butte LaRose gauge height >3.6 m) and magnitude (mean daily gauge height) against long term (1987–2009) fishery‐independent and fishery‐dependent data on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), crappie (Pomoxis spp.), blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), buffalofish (Ictiobus spp.), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) and crayfish (Procambarus spp.). When the Atchafalaya River at Butte LaRose is at flood stage (≥ 3.6 m gauge height) for approximately 121–157 days/year, then annual relative abundances of largemouth bass, crappie, blue catfish and buffalofish are optimized during the fall (October–December). In contrast to the tenets of the flood pulse concept, gizzard shad abundance was optimized during low flow years, when flood duration is ≤10 days/year. Annual proportion of age‐1 largemouth bass was associated positively with flow magnitude during the previous year, whereas proportions of age‐2 largemouth bass and crappie were associated positively with flood magnitude 2 years prior to the fish sample. Results for commercial production metrics were ambiguous. Crayfish catches were associated positively with flood magnitude and duration, whereas gizzard shad landings peaked at a relatively small flood magnitude level and were not related to flood duration. Blue catfish and buffalofish annual landings were not influenced by the annual flood pulse. The annual flood pulse can be managed to optimize the availability of recreational (largemouth bass and crappie) and some commercial fisheries resources (blue catfish and crayfish). We estimate that a minimum discharge of 8807 m³ s^?1 is required at the river's source for approximately 4–5 months during the winter–spring months to optimize fisheries production. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of Moderate and Extreme Flow Regulation on Populus Growth along the Green and Yampa Rivers,Colorado and Utah

River regulation induces immediate and chronic changes to floodplain ecosystems. We analysed both short‐term and prolonged effects of river regulation on the growth patterns of the keystone riparian tree species Fremont cottonwood (Populus deltoides ssp. wislizenii) at three upper Colorado River Basin rivers having different magnitudes of flow regulation. We compared cottonwood basal area increment on (i) the regulated Upper Green River below Flaming Gorge Dam; (ii) the adjacent free‐flowing Yampa River; and (iii) the partially regulated Lower Green River below their confluence. Our goal was to identify the hydrologic and climatic variables most influential to tree growth under different flow regimes. A dendrochronological analysis of 182 trees revealed a long‐term (37 years) trend of declining growth during the post‐dam period on the Upper Green, but trees on the partially regulated Lower Green maintained growth rates similar to those on the reference Yampa River. Mean annual, mean growing season, and peak annual discharges were the multicollinear flow variables most correlated to growth during both pre‐dam and post‐dam periods at all sites. Annual precipitation was also highly correlated with tree growth, but precipitation occurring during the growing season was poorly correlated with tree growth, even under full river regulation conditions. This indicates that cottonwoods rely primarily on groundwater recharged by river flows. Our results illustrate the complex and prolonged effects of flow regulation on floodplain forests, and suggest that flow regulation designed to simulate specific aspects of flow regimes, particularly peak flows, may promote the persistence of these ecosystems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Resilience of riparian vegetation after restoration measures on River Inn

River restoration is widely applied, although its effects are poorly understood, and degraded habitats might be difficult to improve. Moreover, there is a lack of monitoring as well as few systematic comparisons of restoration methods. This study presents results of a 4‐year monitoring on River Inn (southern Germany) investigating restoration by gravel or sand addition or embankment removal. The results were compared with reference sites that represent the pre‐restoration conditions. At the landscape scale, we analysed vegetation types based on aerial photographs, whereas at a smaller scale, we undertook vegetation surveys and evaluated species composition, growth, and life form, as well as the proportion of the target vegetation. After 4 years, the data indicated a “negative resilience” of the vegetation back to the state prior to restoration. The structural analysis revealed an extensive spread of reed at expense of bare soil. Thus, the species composition largely regressed to the pre‐restoration conditions, and neither annuals nor other pioneer species showed a long‐term benefit of river restoration. There were differences among the three restoration treatments after 2 years, but no longer after 4 years. However, the river restoration had three positive outcomes: (a) There was a temporary benefit for pioneer vegetation that most likely replenished the seed bank of the respective species, (b) the valuable reed communities showed resilience, and (c) the measures allowed some practical learning as expected for adaptive restoration.     

Multi‐annual contemporary flood event overbank sedimentation within the vegetated lower Orinoco floodplain,Venezuela

Multi‐annual contemporary flood event overbank sedimentation rates were quantified on the World's third largest river in terms of discharge, the tropical lower Orinoco. We discuss the role of variables at the basin and reach scales that contributed to the complexity of spatio‐temporal overbank sediment deposition patterns. Monitored in situ plots were characterized by distance to the main channel, hydroperiod, different geomorphological units, and vegetation cover. Flood event sedimentation rates showed a high spatial variability ranging from the absence of sediment deposition up to 225.46 kg m^‐2 yr^‐1. Banks and levees received relatively high amounts of sediment (39.6 kg m^‐2 yr^‐1), whereas observed mean sedimentation rates on the more distant floodplain and backswamps tended to be lower (17.7 kg m^‐2 yr^‐1). Significant differences in sedimentation rates were observed in two major vegetation types: dense herbaceous and shrubby vegetation (42.2 kg m^‐2 yr^‐1) and floodplain forest (12.7 kg m^‐2 yr^‐1). However, overbank sedimentation patterns also reflected imbricated hydrosedimentary and biogeomorphological vegetation feedbacks that co‐construct fluvial landforms. The incidence of an El Niño–Southern Oscillation–La Niña episode during the study period on sediment availability and floodplain sedimentation suggests that within whitewater rivers, where suspended sediment concentrations are naturally high, hydrological connectivity seems to be more important for floodplain sedimentation than variations in suspended sediment concentrations. These results may provide a good basis for future biogeomorphological investigation projects using complementary methodologies, in order to better anticipate global change and fluctuations in the occurrence, strength or duration of El Niño–La Niña episodes in the tropical zone and their consequences for flood discharge and sediment dynamics during channel–floodplain exchanges.     

Responses of consumers and food resources to a high magnitude,unpredicted flood in the upper Mississippi River basin

The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers experienced flooding in 1993 that fell outside the annual predictable flood period of spring and early summer. Flooding began in late June, peaked in late July (25 232 m³/s on the upper Mississippi and 21 240 m³/s on the Missouri) and remained at or near flood stage into October 1993. This study was performed to determine if disturbance by an unpredicted flood event would alter trophic dynamics of river–floodplain systems by creating shifts in the composition of organic matter available to consumers. The Ohio River, which did not flood during the same period, was examined for comparison. Stable isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen from samples collected in 1993 and 1994 were used to characterize potential food sources and determine linkages between food sources and invertebrate and fish consumers. Pairwise contrasts, performed separately for each river, indicated there were few interannual differences in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of organic matter sources and consumers. Between sample period (flood year versus normal water year) trends in both flooded rivers were similar to between‐year trends observed for the Ohio River. Trophic structure of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers was similar in both years, with fine and ultra‐fine transported organic matter and dissolved organic matter representing the major sources of organic matter. Overlapping isotopic signatures in the Missouri River made tracking of sources through the consumers difficult, but similarities in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N between years indicated trophic structure did not change in response to the flood. The results suggest that consumers continued to rely on sources of organic matter that would be used in the absence of the unpredicted 1993 flood. It is proposed that trophic structure did not change in response to flooding in the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers because both rivers exhibited the same trends observed in the Ohio River. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Regulation leads to increases in riparian vegetation,but not direct allochthonous inputs,along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon,Arizona

Dams and associated river regulation have led to the expansion of riparian vegetation, especially nonnative species, along downstream ecosystems. Nonnative saltcedar is one of the dominant riparian plants along virtually every major river system in the arid western United States, but allochthonous inputs have never been quantified along a segment of a large river that is dominated by saltcedar. We developed a novel method for estimating direct allochthonous inputs along the 387 km‐long reach of the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam that utilized a GIS vegetation map developed from aerial photographs, empirical and literature‐derived litter production data for the dominant vegetation types, and virtual shorelines of annual peak discharge (566 m³ s^?1 stage elevation). Using this method, we estimate that direct allochthonous inputs from riparian vegetation for the entire reach studied total 186 metric tons year^?1, which represents mean inputs of 470 gAFDM m^?1 year^?1 of shoreline or 5.17 gAFDM m^?2 year^?1 of river surface. These values are comparable to allochthonous inputs for other large rivers and systems that also have sparse riparian vegetation. Nonnative saltcedar represents a significant component of annual allochthonous inputs (36% of total direct inputs) in the Colorado River. We also estimated direct allochthonous inputs for 46.8 km of the Colorado River prior to closure of Glen Canyon Dam using a vegetation map that was developed from historical photographs. Regulation has led to significant increases in riparian vegetation (270–319% increase in cover, depending on stage elevation), but annual allochthonous inputs appear unaffected by regulation because of the lower flood peaks on the post‐dam river. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于流域洪水危险分析的社工坑整治方案

为优化位于广州市白云新机场配套综合开发区范围内的社工坑整治方案,采用MIKEFLOOD耦合一维MIKE11和二维MIKE21水动力模型对铁山河流域进行洪水危险分析,模拟流域遭遇不同重现期洪水时的淹没状况。洪水危险分析结果表明,当遭遇20年一遇设计洪水时,社工坑流域淹没面积达4.03 km2,最大淹没水深达0. 93 m,淹没区域主要位于开发强度较大的中下游地区,而干流铁山河下游段尚有一定行洪能力;提出新建两条支涌将社工坑中下游洪水引入铁山河下游的整治方案。     

Valley floor landscape change following almost 100 years of flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river

Critical to restoring the nature conservation value of many river corridors is an understanding of how alluvial landscapes will respond to cessation of river management and land use practices that have previously degraded the environment. This paper analyses changes in valley floor landforms and vegetation patch dynamics, in relation to fluvial disturbance, over a period of almost 100 years following flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river, namely the River Tummel, Scotland. Such rivers were once typical of many draining upland areas of northern maritime Europe. Prior to abandonment the valley floor landscape was agriculturally dominated and the river for the most part was single thread confined between flood embankments. The pattern of landform change and vegetation patch development over time following a decision in 1903 not to maintain embankments was tracked by geomorphic and land cover mapping utilizing successive sets of aerial photography for the period 1946 to 1994. A historical context for these changes was also feasible because the channel planform in 1900 and earlier channel planform changes dating back to 1753 were known due to the availability of old maps and earlier geomorphic studies. The land cover mapping was validated by comparison of results produced from the interpretation work on the 1994 aerial photographs with the field‐based UK National Vegetation Classification protocol. The findings of the study illustrate that bordering the River Tummel fluvial landforms and vegetation patch mosaics, presumably resembling those that occurred before valley floor land use intensification, evolved in less than 50 years after flood embankment abandonment with a resultant increase in habitat diversity. The change relates primarily to flood‐induced channel planform change and moderate levels of fluvial disturbance. The general significance of this change to plant species diversity on the valley floor of the River Tummel and elsewhere is discussed as is possible implications of the upstream impoundment and scenarios for climatically induced changes in flood frequency and magnitude. The overall outcome is the strong possibility that simple changes in river management and land use practices could result in re‐establishment of the nature conservation value of similar river corridors in Europe over the medium term without active restoration efforts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.