Bolted joints of pultruded sandwich composite laminates

This paper describes the tensile behavior of bolted joints of pultruded sandwich composite laminates. The pultruded sandwich laminates have a skin-core-skin structure. Joint strength of longitudinal specimens was independent of specimen width (w), whereas it increased with w in the case of transverse specimens. The joining efficiency of pultruded sandwich laminates was greater in the longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction. The core layer of longitudinal specimens failed by a combination of bearing and shear-out modes, independent of w. The failure mode of skin layers changed from net-tension to bearing mode with increasing w. In transverse specimens, the failure mode of core and skin layers changed from net-tension to bearing with increasing w. Finite element numerical analysis was carried out to predict the failure mode and joint strength. The numerical results were in good correlation with the experimental results.     

钢管混凝土梁柱加强环螺栓节点受力性能优化研究

为研究具有不同构造形式的加强环螺栓连接节点的力学性能,基于圆钢管混凝土柱-钢梁外加强环螺栓连接节点单调加载试验结果,采用合适的混凝土与钢材本构模型,通过ABAQUS建立该类节点的三维精细化有限元分析模型;对比分析试验和模型的受力特征和破坏形式,验证了数值模型的可靠性;与加强环焊接刚接节点对比,通过对不同构造措施下的加强环螺栓连接节点进行数值模拟,分析结果表明：加强环上采用4排螺栓并加设腹板加劲肋和环板加劲肋的加强环螺栓连接节点可达到全焊加强环刚接节点的初始刚度和抗弯承载力。     

陶瓷棒填充点阵金属夹层结构的制备及抗侵彻实验

为提高轻量化复合装甲的抗侵彻能力,提出了内部填充陶瓷棒并由混杂短切玻璃纤维的环氧树脂封装的点阵金属夹层防护结构。首先,通过弹道冲击实验研究了陶瓷棒填充点阵金属夹层防护结构的抗弹丸侵彻能力;然后,结合失效模式和吸能效率,综合分析了该夹层防护结构的抗侵彻机制。结果表明:陶瓷棒填充点阵金属夹层防护结构的主要失效模式包括点阵金属结构和混杂填充材料的拉伸断裂、陶瓷棒的破裂、面板和背板的局部剪切破坏以及背板的总体弯曲变形。在球形弹丸侵彻过程中,由于点阵金属结构的塑性大变形和剪切扩孔、陶瓷棒和环氧树脂的断裂破坏以及面板的宏观弯曲变形,防护结构的抗侵彻能力得到大幅提高。研究结果可为新型轻质复合装甲的防护设计提供一定参考。      

复合材料拉挤方管型材螺栓节点承载力试验

复合材料型材是采用工业化拉挤工艺生产的截面形状一致、性能稳定的连续构件（如：方形、工字形、槽形等）,其节点连接技术是难点。重点开展了复合材料型材节点螺栓机械连接的试验研究与理论分析,研究了螺栓节点孔径、端距、壁厚等参数对复合材料型材节点极限承载力的影响规律,提出了拉挤复合材料型材螺栓孔的金属垫圈孔壁增强技术,进而拟合了拉挤型材螺栓节点连接的设计公式。研究结果表明：复合材料方管拉挤型材在螺栓连接局部挤压的破坏模式下,其极限承载力与孔径和板厚的乘积（d·t）呈线性关系,接头处的破坏形式和连接接头端距与孔径的比值相关。在挤压破坏模式下,当接头板件壁厚一定时,极限承载力的增量随着孔径的增大而减小。螺栓孔采用金属垫圈增强技术,可以大幅度提高节点承载能力（提高63%）。     

TC4金字塔点阵结构的激光焊接及其平压性能

基于用高温节点下压法成形的TC4钛合金芯体,用面芯激光焊接制备了钛合金金字塔点阵结构。用响应曲面法优化激光焊接参数,实现了点阵结构面芯连接,分析焊接节点的微观组织并进行了点阵结构平压实验。结果表明：激光功率对焊接效果有显著的影响。点阵结构面芯激光焊接的优化工艺参数为：上面板的焊接功率为1.4 kW,下面板的焊接功率为1.2 kW,离焦量为30 mm,停留时间为1 s。在激光焊接热影响区发生了马氏体转变,分布着大量的针状马氏体;熔焊区的组织为粗大β相+针状α相。在焊接节点处,从熔焊区到母材的显微硬度随着马氏体相的减少而降低。根据平压实验结果分析了金字塔点阵结构变形和破坏的规律,桁架杆失效断裂发生在热影响区。用激光焊接制备的TC4钛合金点阵结构,其平压强度为3.09 MPa,平压模量为153.25 MPa。     

三维六向编织复合材料单剪搭接连接结构在拉伸载荷下的力学性能

通过试验测试与数值模拟相结合的方法对三维六向编织复合材料的螺栓连接性能进行了研究。首先,通过拉伸试验对不同侧向约束螺接方式连接件的连接强度进行了测试。测试结果表明:单搭连接结构的二次弯曲现象明显,连接强度与侧向约束有一定的关系,使用垫片可有效提高连接强度,螺栓拧紧力矩增加对连接强度影响不大;连接结构的破坏模式包括挤压破坏和拉伸破坏,在孔径较小时其主导破坏模式是挤压破坏。随后,基于测试中发现的破坏模式,建立了基于点应力准则的分析模型,并使用升温法实现螺栓拧紧力矩的施加。通过数值结果与试验结果的比较验证了分析模型的可靠性。最后,利用得到验证的分析模型,分析了单搭连接的二次弯曲现象,获得了侧向约束面积、螺栓拧紧力矩及连接平板厚度对单搭单螺栓连接结构力学性能的影响规律。分析结果表明:当侧向约束应力增加时,连接强度表现为先增加后降低的规律。     

A novel predictive model for mechanical behavior of single-lap GFRP composite bolted joint under static and dynamic loading

Mechanical connection of composite is critical due to its complicated meso-structure and failure mode, which has become a bottleneck on reliability of composite material and structure. Although many researches on composite bolted joints have been carried out, the theory and experiment on mechanical behavior of such a joint structure under dynamic loading were rarely reported. Here, we propose a novel predictive model for quasi-static and dynamic stiffness of composite bolted joint by introducing the strain rate dependent elastic modulus into the mass spring model. Combined with the composite laminate theory and Tsai-Hill theory, the present model was capable of predicting the strain rate dependent stiffness and strength of the composite bolted joint. Quasi-static and impact loading experiments were carried out by Zwick universal hydraulic testing machine and split Hopkinson tension bar, respectively. The stiffness and strength predicted by our model showed good accordance with the experiment data with errors below 12% under quasi-static loading and below 30% under impact loading. The results indicated that under impact loading, stiffness and strength of the composite bolted joint were significantly higher than their quasi-static counterparts, while the failure mode of the joint structure trended towards localization which was mainly bearing failure. Among various lay-up ratios studied, the optimal lay-up ratio for quasi-static and dynamic stiffness was 0:±45:90 = 3:1:1.     

V型折叠式夹层板横向压皱吸能特性研究

金属夹层板具有优越的力学性能,良好的吸能特性可用于船舶耐撞、抗爆防护结构设计。以V型折叠式夹芯结构为研究对象,通过试验分析夹芯层结构变形模式、压皱力历程曲线等,得到了夹芯层结构横向压皱力学性能,采用有限元软件Abaqus对其在横向受压时的力学行为进行数值仿真分析,分析结构压皱动态渐进屈曲过程、变形模式、吸能效率、平均压皱强度等。对比分析表明,V型夹芯层结构在横向压皱载荷下发生屈曲、褶皱变形模式,变形模式决定了压皱力学行为及其性能,其中单元变形模式I的吸能效率较高。采用合理的模型化技术得到的有限元计算结果与试验结果两者吻合较好,验证了有限元数值仿真的计算精度。     

Mechanical property and failure mechanism of 3D Carbon–Carbon braided composites bolted joints under unidirectional tensile loading

In this paper, the mechanical property and failure mechanism of Carbon–Carbon braided composites (C–Cs) bolted joints structure subjected to unidirectional tensile load were studied by the experimental method and numerical analysis. The braided C–Cs bolted joints with the single-bolt single-lap (SBS) and double-bolt single-lap (DBS) were tested. The dominant failure modes for both C–Cs SBS and DBS joint configurations were bearing failure and net-tension. Additionally, the finite element method (FEM) was utilized to study the mechanical property and failure mechanism of the joints. The FEM results have a good agreement with the test values. Parametrics studies were implemented by finite element (FE) analysis to classify the effects of geometric parameters including the joint width (W), edge distance (e) and the bolt pitch (p) on the SBS and DBS joint configurations. It can be found that present numerical model can be used to predict the experimental mechanical behaviors and failure modes of bolted C–Cs joints with different geometric parameters and joint configurations.     

双向荷载作用下空间夹心节点受力性能试验研究

节点核心区采用同梁等强的低强度混凝土浇筑的夹心节点和采用同柱等强的高强度混凝土浇筑的传统节点相比,施工简单且易保证质量,但是我国规范对其规定过于简单,没有明确的验算方法。通过三组不同混凝土强度等级差的空间夹心节点和传统节点对比试件的双向低周往复性能试验研究,对比分析了二者破坏形式、延性、耗能、变形和承载力等方面的差异,结果表明:中低剪压比夹心节点的整体抗震性能稍弱于传统节点,但相差不明显;中低轴压比、剪压比条件下,当柱与梁混凝土强度等级之比小于1.5时,节点区可直接采用与梁相同强度等级的混凝土浇筑,当柱与梁混凝土强度等级之比大于1.5时,其破坏形式可转变为节点核心区剪切破坏,需采取相应的加强措施。最后在此基础上,给出了与试验结果吻合较好的夹心节点抗剪承载力计算公式。     

Failure behaviour of honeycomb sandwich corner joints and inserts

In nearly all sandwich constructions certain types of joints have to be used for assembly, but little is known about their failure behaviour. This paper deals with the investigation of the mechanical behaviour of three different corner joints as a right-angled connection of two sandwich panels and of two different potted inserts as a localised load introduction in Nomex^® honeycomb sandwich structures with glass fibre-reinforced composite skins. For this purpose, experimental test series were conducted including shear tests and bending tests of the corner joints and pull-out as well as shear-out tests of the threaded inserts. The failure mechanisms and sequences are described for each load case and the influence of the different designs and of the loading rate is discussed. Based on these characteristics, finite element simulation models were developed in LS-DYNA, which are able to represent the respective failure behaviours.     

螺栓连接对基础非均匀沉降输电塔的影响研究

对传统结构分析软件分析输电塔在基础非均匀沉降工况下已经破坏,而现实中仍在正常运行的情况。首先,通过试验研究了输电塔中有代表性的螺栓连接接头特性,把试验得到的螺栓连接接头的位移-载荷关系曲线引入到输电塔的有限元模拟中,并且考虑了连接偏心的影响。其次,通过对输电塔的位移、应变和倾角的测量,给出了输电塔在基础非均匀沉降时的受力-变形特性。最后,基于ANSYS开发了滑移梁模型和偏心滑移杆模型,改进了现有的螺栓滑移引入方法,并将数值分析结果与试验结果进行了对比。研究结果表明:螺栓滑移在塔腿中产生附加内力,引起结构内力的重新分布,并且在相同载荷作用下增加了输电塔的变形量;考虑螺栓连接影响的有限元模型分析结果更加接近真实测量值;滑移梁单元模型不仅能够更好地反映输电塔的受力变形特性,而且能够降低现有的螺栓滑移引入方法的工作量。     

含孔复合材料点阵夹层结构数值计算方法及其影响因素

针对含孔复合材料点阵夹层结构在面内压缩载荷作用下的失效模式及其影响因素问题,通过实验对含孔复合材料点阵夹层结构失效模式进行了研究;基于3D Hashin准则和Chang-Chang刚度退化准则建立了含孔复合材料点阵夹层结构有限元渐进损伤失效分析模型,并将计算结果与实验结果进行了对比;基于有限元分析方法探讨了开孔形状、开孔率以及开孔位置对其极限承载力的影响。结果表明:当点阵夹层结构面板厚度较大时,含孔复合材料点阵夹层结构的主要失效模式为面板圧溃;通过对比有限元计算结果和实验结果,极限承载力的最大误差约为12%,失效位置与实验结果一致;当点阵夹层结构的对称面与载荷方向平行且孔的中心在对称面上时,面内压缩强度与开孔位置无关,主要受到开孔形状和开孔率的影响;当点阵夹层结构对称面与载荷方向垂直且孔的中心在对称面上时,边距大于一个胞元,面内压缩强度基本不变,边距小于一个胞元,面内压缩强度下降。     

内置角钢改进夹心节点抗震性能研究与抗剪承载力计算

梁柱采用不同强度混凝土的节点核心区通常采用同柱等强的高强度混凝土浇筑（传统节点）,而采用同梁等强的低强度混凝土浇筑（夹心节点）可简化施工过程,但同时降低了节点的抗震性能。为研究内置角钢改进夹心节点的可行性,通过一个空间夹心节点和一个内置角钢空间夹心节点试件进行双向等幅低周往复试验研究,对比分析了破坏模式、延性、耗能、刚度、应变和抗剪承载力等方面的差异。结果表明:采取改进和不采取改进措施节点破坏模式均以梁端屈服后的节点破坏为主,但采取改进措施的试件延性和抗剪承载力明显提高,耗能能力、刚度退化和变形能力有一定改善,表明改进措施改善了节点的抗震性能。最后在此基础上,给出了与该文和其他文献试验结果吻合较好的采取或者不采取改进措施夹心节点抗剪承载力计算公式。     

复合材料夹层结构平接胶结节点抗弯性能试验研究

试验研究钢型材插入式泡桐木夹层结构平接胶结节点的抗弯性能,包括荷载-变形特性、应变发展规律和破坏模式。平接胶结节点采用工字钢型材,型材翼缘取3种不同内斜角,考察内斜角对平接胶结节点强度的影响规律。试验研究表明:平接胶结节点能够满足建筑结构变形限值所对应的承载力要求,该平接胶结节点形式可以应用于泡桐木芯材夹层结构;连接工字钢型材的翼缘内斜角对连接强度影响不明显。分析了胶结节点的变形特性、破坏机理和强度影响因素。研究成果可供复合材料夹层板结构的钢型材胶结节点设计应用参考。     

飞机典型薄壁复合材料夹层结构整体屈曲

为了研究飞机机身无筋无框复合材料典型薄壁夹层结构在型号上应用的可行性,本文采用解析方法、有限元方法和试验方法对蜂窝夹层复合材料结构的面内压缩和剪切整体屈曲开展系统研究。基于经典层合板理论和工程解析方法推导蜂窝夹层复合材料的压缩和剪切屈曲载荷随试验件尺寸的变化规律。依据某型飞机机身典型结构分别设计压缩和剪切试验件尺寸大小、边界条件和加载方式。利用有限元商用软件ABAQUS对试验设计建立虚拟试验分析,对比验证解析方法和有限元方法的一致性。最后通过真实试验方法确定解析方法和有限元方法的有效性,并验证典型薄壁夹层结构的承载能力和破坏模式。结果显示,压缩试验结果失效模式与理论预测一致,故3种方法得到的结构整体失稳载荷相近,验证了理论方法的有效性;剪切试验结果发生局部破坏,故试验结果偏低,但有限元方法与解析方法所得结果一致,解析方法相对保守。     

钢板夹泡沫铝组合板抗爆性能研究

鉴于泡沫铝材料优异的吸能特性和夹层结构在强度、刚度上的优势,提出了分层结构为钢板-泡沫铝芯层-钢板的抗爆组合板。对厚度为10 cm、7 cm和5 cm的组合板进行了5组不同装药量的爆炸试验,考察了各板在不同装药量爆炸条件下的变形及破坏情况,并对变形破坏过程进行了理论分析。研究表明:组合板承受爆炸冲击荷载时,通过局部压缩变形和整体弯曲变形吸收能量。钢板相同时,适当增大泡沫铝芯层厚度,增强面板与芯层间连接,可提高该组合板的抗爆性能,防止组合板发生剥离,减小其承受爆炸冲击荷载时产生的变形。     

改进V-型复合材料褶皱夹芯结构的制备及压缩性能

以改进V-型褶皱夹芯结构为研究对象,采用模压成型法制备出改进的V-型复合材料褶皱芯子,结合二次粘接工艺将复合材料层合板与褶皱芯子进行复合得到一种新型复合材料褶皱夹芯结构。利用数值模拟与试验相结合的方法,重点考察了该结构在平压载荷作用下的力学响应及其破坏机制。通过引进纤维压溃模型,对该结构的损伤演化过程进行了描述,数值模拟与试验获得的压缩应力-应变曲线吻合较好。实验研究发现,相对密度的变化不仅对该结构的力学性能产生影响,而且将直接导致该结构的破坏模式发生转变。     

接头局部增强的复合材料层合板螺栓连接试验与数值模拟

采用真空辅助成型工艺（VARI）制备了四种局部增强的复合材料层合板螺栓连接试件，通过试验及数值模拟对其力学性能进行了研究。数值研究中将复合材料层合板连接件的拉伸作为一个准静态问题，运用ABAQUS的显示分析算法及所编写用户材料子程序VUMAT对连接件进行了三维渐进失效模拟，同时在有限元模型中采用内聚力单元模拟了层合板与所设增强层的界面分层失效。数值计算结果与试验结果取得了较好的一致，验证了本文中数值方法的有效性。研究结果表明，不同的局部增强方案对复合材料螺栓连接性能的影响较大，设置[0/90/0/90]_S铺层的内置纤维增强层能显著提高层合板的螺栓连接性能。     

Performance of bolted joints in Discontinuous Ceramic Cored Sandwich Structures – Static experimental testing

Thick section composites that consist of discontinuous ceramic tile arrays as a core represent a unique class of sandwich structures. They have been developed to provide a balance of structural, impact, and penetration resistance at minimum weight. Bolted joints are often used to fasten the Discontinuous Ceramic Cored Sandwich Structures (DCCSS) to other structures. Extensive experimental testing has been completed in order to better understand the performance of bolted joints in DCCSS. In this study, pin-loaded specimens are subjected to static in-plane tensile loading to establish the sequence and severity of failure modes and ultimate joint capacity. Static testing was completed on various geometric ratios such as edge distance effects, as well as the influence of tile gaps that exist in the discontinuous tile array. The results from this study establish guidelines for design of bolted joints in DCCSS.