粉末活性炭-超滤膜联用去除水体藻类

针对日益严重的水体藻类污染问题,分别选用粉末活性炭(PAC)、超滤(UF)及其组合工艺对富藻水体藻类物质(铜绿微囊藻)去除特性进行研究.实验结果表明,单独的粉末活性炭工艺即使在高投加量情况下(PAC投加量为120 mg/L)对藻类物质去除效果不佳;单独的超滤膜工艺虽然对藻类物质有较好的去除效果(去除率达到95％),但是...     

粉末活性炭导入超滤系统去除水中天然有机物的性能研究

通过对比研究单独超滤系统和粉末活性炭导入超滤膜系统(PAC leading-in UF)发现,投加PAC后通量下降趋势有所减缓,但并不能显著地减缓膜污染并获得高通量,说明PAC吸附的溶解性小分子有机物不是造成膜污染的主要因素,而是在膜表面形成了"次级膜".试验中发现导入系统可显著提高对天然水中腐殖酸的去除效果,去除率可达到94%.此外在导入系统投加钙盐后可明显改善膜污染,达到有效控制膜通量的下降趋势的目的.     

TiO_2动态改性膜应用于MBR的研究

采用二氧化钛(TiO_2)纳米粒子对聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜微滤膜(PVDF MF,0.1μm)和实验室自制聚砜中空纤维膜超滤膜(PSF UF,0.05μm)进行表面亲水改性,以期提高膜的抗污染能力.采用膜接触角、纯水通量、出水TOC、膜压差和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行表征了TiO_2动态膜的性能.将TiO_2纳米颗粒改性后的PVDF MF和PSF UF膜应用于膜生物反应器(MBR)处理模拟焦化废水(TOC=500 mg/L),考察了其对MBR过滤性能的影响.实验结果表明,改性后膜的水接触角明显减小,亲水性增强,TMP升高速率明显降低,模拟焦化废水,TOC的去除率平均可达95%,经返洗及次氯酸钠清洗后膜表面TiO_2层外观没有明显变化.改性后的膜组件较显著地增加了MBR的膜抗污染的优势,且具有一定的稳定性.因此,将TiO_2动态改性耐污染膜应用于MBR是可行的.     

膜法纯化液相沉淀法合成的纳米Fe2O3水合物

采用超滤膜分离技术纯化由液相沉淀法合成的纳米氧化铁水合物,考察超滤膜材质及截留分子量(MWCO)、膜分离过程操作参数对透过通量大小及稳定性的影响;并研究膜污染机制及相应的清洗方案.结果表明,纯化效果好、效率高,且污染膜易于清洗,可重复使用,膜法纯化不失为一有效的纯化新途径.     

Removal of anionic contaminants by surfactant modified powdered activated carbon (SM-PAC) combined with ultrafiltration

A variety of inorganic contaminants may form toxic oxyanions in aqueous systems which pose significant hazard to human health and the ecosystem. In order to remove the oxyanions from aqueous stream effectively, surfactant-modified powdered activated carbon (SM-PAC) combined with ultrafiltration (UF) was proposed in this study. As the cationic surfactant, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), adsorbs on the surface of PAC, the zeta potential of PAC increases to +40 mV. Oxyanions such as chromate, ferricyanide and arsenate bind on SM-PAC by electrostatic interaction, then the contaminants bound with SM-PAC can be separated by UF membrane. 0.3 mM of chromate and ferricyanide are removed completely with 4.0 g/L of SM-PAC. In case of arsenate, the removal efficiency was lower than chromate and ferricyanide. It is considered that the competition occurs among anionic pollutants on the limited binding sites of SM-PAC and lower valence of arsenate results in the lower removal efficiency. High permeate flux is maintained during filtration. The spent SM-PAC was regenerated by the concentrated Cl⁻ solutions. NaCl solution whose molar Cl⁻ concentration is 1.4 times higher than the contaminants bound on SM-PAC was optimal for the regeneration. Regenerated SM-PAC exhibited similar adsorption capacity to fresh SM-PAC. SM-PAC combined with UF can effectively remove anionic contaminants. Moreover, the simple and efficient regeneration process is proposed.     

Membrane filtration of chlorination and extraction stage bleach plant effluent in Indian paper Industry

The present study was carried out for the treatment of effluent from the chlorination and extraction stages of a bleach plant at an Indian pulp and paper mill. The effluents were taken from an integrated paper mill employing OCE_OPHH sequence for the bleaching of hardwood pulp. Effluent was treated via ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO). Thin film composite spiral-wound modules, having cross flow membranes composed of polysulfone and polyamide, were used in the study. Three initial inlet pressures were used for the UF and NF; 6.8, 10.3, and 13.7 bar. For RO initial inlet pressures of 10.3 bar, 13.7 bar and 17.2 bar, were taken in different trials. The retentate from each experiment was recycled back to the feed and retreated until the inlet pressure increased to the maximum cut-of pressure for each membrane. The UF permeate was fed to the NF, which was subsequently fed to the RO. Variations in the trans-membrane pressure and permeate flux were assessed. The removal of pollutants and fouling indices were obtained for each membrane at each initial inlet pressure.     

A coagulation-powdered activated carbon-ultrafiltration--multiple barrier approach for removing toxins from two Australian cyanobacterial blooms

Cyanobacteria are a major problem for the world wide water industry as they can produce metabolites toxic to humans in addition to taste and odour compounds that make drinking water aesthetically displeasing. Removal of cyanobacterial toxins from drinking water is important to avoid serious illness in consumers. This objective can be confidently achieved through the application of the multiple barrier approach to drinking water quality and safety. In this study the use of a multiple barrier approach incorporating coagulation, powdered activated carbon (PAC) and ultrafiltration (UF) was investigated for the removal of intracellular and extracellular cyanobacterial toxins from two naturally occurring blooms in South Australia. Also investigated was the impact of these treatments on the UF flux. In this multibarrier approach, coagulation was used to remove the cells and thus the intracellular toxin while PAC was used for extracellular toxin adsorption and finally the UF was used for floc, PAC and cell removal. Cyanobacterial cells were completely removed using the UF membrane alone and when used in conjunction with coagulation. Extracellular toxins were removed to varying degrees by PAC addition. UF flux deteriorated dramatically during a trial with a very high cell concentration; however, the flux was improved by coagulation and PAC addition.     

混凝-粉末活性炭吸附-超滤工艺去除砂滤池反洗水溶解性有机物

通过混凝-粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附-浸没式超滤膜(UF)组合工艺去除砂滤池反洗水(FBWW)中溶解性有机物(DOM),以降低后续回用过程中消毒副产物(DBPs)生成量。试验对3种混凝药剂——聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、三氯化铁(FeCl3)、聚合氯化铝(PACl)处理FBWW的效果进行了比较,探讨其对UV254和水溶性有机物(DOC)的去除效果。结果表明,PFS对有机物去除效果优于PACl和FeCl3;PFS与粉末活性炭混合投加可增加有机物去除率,粉末活性炭为20mg/L,PFS为8mg/L时出水浊度为0.85NTU,UV254和DOC去除率分别为43%和31%;采用混凝-PAC吸附-超滤膜(UF)处理FBWW对UV254和DOC去除率分别达到51%和41%,出水浊度为0.19NTU,UV254为0.031cm-1,DOC为2.76mg/L.此工艺可有效降低反冲洗水中DOM含量,达到重新利用净水厂废水的目标.     

超滤膜净化水库水试验研究

用中空纤维超滤膜处理哈尔滨附近B水库水,以替代混凝、沉淀、砂滤的传统自来水生产方法,研究生产饮用水的新工艺.研究了原水温度、浊度、操作压力和混凝剂的加入量对膜通量的影响.研究发现超滤膜通量与膜进水浊度的对数成反比,跨膜压力增大、适当加入混凝剂,膜通量增加.超滤出水和传统工艺的出水进行了比较,超滤膜出水浊度小于0.2 NTU,明显好于传统工艺的出水浊度.对超滤处理后的出水水质进行了全分析,超滤对铁、铝、锰、色度、好氧量、总有机碳等均有较好的处理效果,完全满足饮用水水质的标准.     

Enhanced performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor with powdered activated carbon addition for municipal secondary effluent treatment

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of PAC-MBR process treating municipal secondary effluent. Two laboratory-scale submerged MBRs (SMBR) with and without PAC addition were continuously operated in parallel for secondary effluent treatment. Approximately 63%TOC, 95% NH₄⁺-N and 98% turbidity in secondary effluent were removed by the PAC-MBR process. Most organics in the secondary effluent were found to be low molecular weight (MW) substances, which could be retained in the reactor and then removed to some extent by using PAC-MBR process. Parallel experiments showed that the addition of PAC significantly increased organic removal and responsible for the largest fraction of organic removal. Membrane fouling analysis showed the enhanced membrane performance in terms of sustainable operational time and filtration resistances by PAC addition. Based on these results, the PAC-MBR process was considered as an attractive option for the reduction of pollutants in secondary effluent.     

黄浦江原水膜分离特性研究

分别采用不同截留分子量,不同材质的有机高分子聚合物超滤膜直接分离黄浦江原水。研究结果表明,超滤膜分离原水的效果在一定的截留分子量（或孔径）范围内差别不大;由于原水中的溶解性有机物浓度较低对亲水性较好的有机高分子聚合物超滤膜的原水膜过程长期污染的影响较小,而高价正离子是原子超滤膜过程长期污染的主要因素,不同膜材质的污染情况也有不同;原水膜过程去除水中溶解性有机物存在很大的局限性,必须与其他技术组合才     

操作压力和溶液组成对蛋白质在超滤过程中的膜污染的影响

研究了操作压力和溶液组成(溶质浓度、pH值和水质硬度)对牛血清蛋白在超滤过程中发生的膜污染的影响,同时使用扫描电子显微镜观察了实验所用的超滤膜的结构.研究发现,在膜过滤的过程中,存在着极限膜通量,增大操作压力和进水中蛋白质浓度只能加速膜污染的速度,但不能增强最后的膜污染程度;增大溶液的pH值,以及减小水质硬度,都能够减轻蛋白质在超滤过程中的膜污染程度.     

压力式中空超滤膜组件集成与运行分析

以中空纤维超滤膜为出发点,深入分析超滤膜材料的微观和宏观性能、集成膜组件的影响因素。详细阐述了超滤组件的操作和运行方式,并简单介绍了超滤组件膜污染形成机理及清洗的方法,以翔实的数据全面展示了超滤膜集成组件及其工业化应用情况。     

Recovery of process water from spent emulsions generated in copper cable factory

Treatment of waste emulsions generated in the cable factory from copper wire drawing was investigated using the integrated membrane processes: ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF). The application of UF tubular membranes (MWCO 100 kDa) resulted in 98% retention of oil and lubricants, whereas the degree of passage of copper ions (the major component of effluents from cable factory) was 99%. The average permeate flux amounted to 45 l/m(2) h for the transmembrane pressure of 3.5 bar during the UF pretreatment of waste emulsions. The Silt Density Index (SDI) values of UF permeates were appropriate for the application of spiral wound membranes in the NF process. The complete removal of oil and lubricants was achieved in NF process and the content of TOC was reduced by more than 90%. The rejection of copper ions in the NF process was 90% and 98% for NF270 and NF90 membranes (FILMTEC), respectively. The quality of NF permeates allows a direct reuse of treated water for the preparation of fresh emulsion.     

Purification of oily wastewater by ultrafiltration

Investigations have been carried out for purification of oily wastewater by a combination of ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis processes. A tubular ultrafiltration system using cellulosic and non-cellulosic membranes was tested with typical oily wastewater collected from harbour and simulated emulsion without any pretreatment. Both membrane types produced a permeate with an oil content generally less than 10 mg/dm³. Rejection of chemical oxygen demand (COD) is 80% for ultrafiltration treatment. The permeate is generally of acceptable quality for direct sewer discharge. For further treatment of UF permeate, reverse osmosis was applied with tubular B1 PCI modules using cellulose acetate membranes. The rejection of COD after ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis treatment increased up to 98.5% and total dissolved solids (TDS) to 95.7%. Reverse osmosis treatment will permit reuse of the treated water as process water.     

超滤法处理宾馆洗浴废水及超滤装置化的研制开发

超过滤膜分离技术是一种新兴的物理分离方法，它可以有效地截留一定分子量大小的污染物，使小分子量的溶质和水透过，介绍了超过在水回用领域的应用，结果表明，出水水质优良，性能稳定。另外，该技术具有占地面积小，耗能少，运行费用低等优点。同时还对该技术作了简要的技术经济分析。     

超滤膜的一种新用途—制备聚合氯化铝絮凝剂

在分析了提高聚合氯化铝絮凝剂（PAC）中有效成Alb含量的方法的基础上,用理论和实验证明用中空纤维超滤膜法制备PAC的可行性,并设计了制备装置。利用这套装置向AlCl3中投加NaOH能生产总铝浓度在0．14－1．2mol/L,碱化度不低于2．3,Alb含量75．6％以上的PAC;当碱液改为Na2CO3时,制得的PAC总铝浓度在0．26－0．48mol/L,Alb含量大于79．6％。     

超滤膜渗透通量法评价水质的研究

提出了一种通过超滤膜水的渗透通量或渗透体积评价水质污染状态的新方法．从我国不同地区取来18种水质,包括井水、河水、海水、湖水,并用固定超滤膜的超滤实验装置进行了测试,水渗透体积和水通量随时间的变化可以表征水样中污染物的含量,以此描述水质的差别．由串联阻力模型推导出的修正污染指数（MFI）数学关系并结合渗透体积和水通量的实验数据拟合出18种不同水质的MFI．结果表明,水渗透体积随时间、渗透通量随时间及操作压力的变化与MFI值是一致的．并且从膜污染的理论上解释了超滤膜的实验结果．     

用集成膜过程对含油废水进行资源化回收利用处理

采用电渗析与超滤、微滤相结合的集成膜过程对含油废水进行了资源化回收利用处理,并对该工艺中电渗析脱盐过程的各项运行参数与分离效果之间的关系进行了讨论.在此基础上,为进一步改善出水水质,还对不同材料的超滤、微滤膜去除废水CODCr的效果作了相应的实验比较.     

Detecting variation in ultrafiltrated milk permeates — Infrared spectroscopy signatures and external factor orthogonalization

Ultrafiltration (UF) of milk in the dairy industry generates significant quantities of UF permeate as a by-product. In the past decade UF permeate has been utilized as a mixing ingredient in the standardization of milk. Due to the role of permeate as an ingredient, it is important that the variation in composition is known and controlled in order to ensure uniform quality of the standardized milk. In this investigation we evaluate if the composition of permeate from the ultrafiltration of milk varies between different ultrafiltration plants as assessed by infrared spectroscopy. A total of 40 permeate samples from six production sites at different geographical locations were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Principal component analysis of the infrared spectra showed that it was possible to classify the plant manufacturer of permeates with great accuracy. Loading spectra revealed that total solids (mainly lactose) and protein were the main sources of compositional variation between the different sites. Through an orthogonalization procedure of the infrared spectra the spectral variation due to total solid and protein content was removed. Neither the unsupervised principal component analysis nor the supervised extended canonical variate analysis could classify the permeate plant origin after orthogonalization of the infrared spectra. The result shows that, besides total solids and protein variation, permeate from the six ultrafiltration sources does not contain plant specific composition in their infrared signature. The study demonstrates how multiple external factors can be removed from the spectral data by orthogonalization.