Non-steady-state aerosol filtration in nanostructured fibrous media

The filtration of aerosol particles using composites of nano- and microsized fibrous structures is a promising method for the effective separation of nanoparticles from gases. A multi-scale physical system describing the flow pattern and particle deposition at a non-steady-state condition requires an advanced method of modelling. The combination of lattice Boltzmann and Brownian dynamics was used for analysis of the particle deposition pattern in a fibrous system. The dendritic structures of deposits for neutral and charged fibres and particles are present. The efficiency of deposition, deposit morphology, porosity and fractal dimension were calculated for a selected operational condition of the process.     

玄武岩纤维生态环境复合滤材过滤性能的研究

讨论了玄武岩纤维复合过滤性能和微孔尺寸,打浆度、玄武岩纤维含量等因素的相互关系.结果表明,滤材的平均孔径与其含量能呈很好的相关性.通过扫描电镜观察,提出了复合滤材的结构模型.不同打浆度和玄武岩纤维含量下,孔径与过滤速度的关系研究表明,最小、最大和平均孔径与过滤速度的变化趋势是一致的.复合滤材的过滤速率随孔径的降低而变小,孔径降低到一定的程度后,过滤速率降低缓慢.同时分析了颗粒在介质上的滞留方式导致过滤性能下降的原因.复合过滤材料的热性能研究表明,过滤性能的破坏主要是由木纤维的热老化造成的.     

Modeling filtration performance of elliptical fibers with random distributions

The fibrous media with elliptical cross sections may improve the filtration performance, however, current researches mainly focus on the capture mechanisms of a single elliptical fiber, and the fibrous media with randomly distributed fibers are rarely involved. In this work, a 2D numerical model was developed to predict the pressure drop and particle penetration for the fibrous filter composed of randomly distributed elliptical fibers. The results show that a big solid volume fraction of filter increases the effective collision area, and enhances the capture at a low face velocity. The particle penetrations through the fibers with the diameter of 5 μm are conspicuously weaker than those with the diameter of 10 μm, especially at big solid volume fractions and high face velocities. The blunt elliptical fibers restrain the penetration more effectively than the circle ones when the solid volume fraction is high. Though the blunt fibers lead to a large drag force, the increased pressure drop cannot improve the filtration performance at low solid volume fractions. In most cases, the slim elliptical fibers can enhance the filtration performance. A bigger aspect ratio of elliptical fibers leads to a low quality factor, showing the capture efficiency increases with the penalty of a high pressure drop.     

连续三叶形碳化硅纤维的性能研究

利用先驱体转化法制备三叶形 SiC纤维,并对纤维性能、电磁参数及其环氧基复合材料的力学性能等进行研究。结果表明三叶形 SiC纤维的异形度、当量直径有一定的分布;三叶形 SiC纤维增强复合材料的弯曲强度为 400MPa,弯曲模量为 30GPa,拉伸强度为425MPa,拉伸模量为 66GPa;电磁参数研究表明在x波段具有较好的频响特性;反射率测试表明,厚度为1.55mm时,在Ku 波段具有较好的吸波效果,反射衰减最大达-26dB。     

A semi-analytical model for simulating fluid transport in multi-layered fibrous sheets made up of solid and porous fibers

Direct simulation of fluid transport in fibrous media consisting of swelling (i.e., fluid-absorbing) and non-swelling (i.e., solid) fibers is a challenge. In this work, we have developed a semi-analytical modeling approach that can be used to predict the fluid absorption and release characteristics of multi-layered composite fabrics made up of swelling and non-swelling fibrous sheets. The simulations presented here are based on a numerical solution of Richards’ equation. Two different fibrous sheets composed of non-swelling (PET) and swelling (Rayon) fibers with different Solid Volume Fractions (SVFs) and thicknesses were arbitrarily chosen in this study for demonstration purposes. The sheets’ capillary pressure and relative permeability are obtained via a combination of numerical simulations and experiment. In particular, the capillary pressure expression for non-swelling media is obtained from the analytical expressions that we previously developed via 3-D microscale simulations, while the capillary pressure for swelling media is obtained via height rise experiments. The relative permeability expressions for both swelling and non-swelling media are obtained from the analytical expressions previously developed via 3-D microscale simulations, which are also in agreement with experimental correlations from the literature. On the macroscale, simulation results are reported for fluid transport in bi-layered composite fabrics, and comparison is made between the performances of these fabrics in terms of the order in which the layers are stacked on top of one another. A higher rate of absorption was observed when the layer in contact with the fluid is that comprised of swelling fibers. A similar study was conducted for motion-induced fluid release from the composite fabrics when partially-saturated with a fluid. It was shown that less fluid release is expected when the swelling sheet is placed in contact with the surface.     

Analytical measurements of atmospheric urban aerosol

Understanding the complex nature of atmospheric urban aerosol mandates the utilization of analytical technology. In this feature article, we provide a glimpse of several analytical techniques that are most commonly used for urban atmospheric aerosol measurements, with an emphasis on particle mass spectrometry methods.     

Permeability optimization and performance evaluation of hot aerosol filters made using foam incorporated alumina suspension

Porous ceramic samples were prepared from aqueous foam incorporated alumina suspension for application as hot aerosol filtering membrane. The procedure for establishment of membrane features required to maintain a desired flow condition was theoretically described and experimental work was designed to prepare ceramic membranes to meet the predicted criteria. Two best membranes, thus prepared, were selected for permeability tests up to 700 degrees C and their total and fractional collection efficiencies were experimentally evaluated. Reasonably good performance was achieved at room temperature, while at 700 degrees C, increased permeability was obtained with significant reduction in collection efficiency, which was explained by a combination of thermal expansion of the structure and changes in the gas properties.     

基于变分渐近法预测饱和多孔介质流固耦合性能的细观力学模型

饱和岩土类多孔材料内固、液相不同属性产生的各向异性和多孔微结构的不均匀性使得材料的细观力学特性计算变得十分复杂。为准确预测岩土类材料的有效弹性性能和细观应力-应变场,基于Biot多孔弹性介质理论,建立可描述岩土类多孔材料固液相运动的能量泛函和相应的多孔弹性本构关系;利用细、宏观尺度比作为小参数将能量变分泛函渐近扩展为系列近似泛函;以场变量波动函数为未知量,通过解决近似泛函的最小化问题(驻值问题)得到波动函数的解析解,从而建立逼近物理和工程真实性的细观力学模型,并通过有限元技术得以数值实现。多孔介质材料细观力学特性算例表明:与经典均匀化理论(将液体类比为具有较高泊松比的固体材料)相比,基于变分渐近均匀化细观模型预测的多孔介质材料细观力学特性更精确,尤其是能准确重构多孔微结构内局部应力-应变场分布,为损伤破坏、局部断裂分析奠定了坚实基础。      

Analytical expressions for optimum alignment modes of highly segmented mirrors

The major sources causing deterioration of optical quality in extremely large optical telescopes are misadjustments of the mirrors, deformations of monolithic mirrors and misalignments of segments in segmented mirrors. For active optics corrections, all three errors, which can partially compensate each other, are measured simultaneously. It is therefore of interest to understand the similarities and differences between the three corresponding types of modes which describe these errors. The first two types are best represented by Zernike polynomials and elastic modes respectively, both of them being continuous and smooth functions. The segment misalignment modes, which are derived by singular value decomposition, are by their nature not smooth and in general discontinuous. However, for mirrors with a large number of segments, the lowest modes become effectively both smooth and continuous. This paper derives analytical expressions for these modes, using differential operators and their adjoints, for the limit case of infinitesimally small segments. For segmented mirrors with approximately 1000 segments, it is shown that these modes agree well with the corresponding lowest singular value decomposition modes. Furthermore, the analytical expressions reveal the nature of the segment misalignment modes and allow for a detailed comparison with the elastic modes of monolithic mirrors. Some mathematical features emerge as identical in the two cases.     

Z-scan analytical expressions for weak thick nonlocal nonlinear media

Analytical expressions for the on-axis normalized transmittance and total transmittance z-scan of thick nonlocal nonlinear media illuminated by a Gaussian beam are obtained in this paper. The corresponding thin media transmittance expressions and the distributed lens method are used together with the assumption that the nonlocal media exhibits weak nonlinear absorption and refraction in order to obtain the formulas. The obtained expressions enable the consideration of different degrees of nonlocality and the reproduction of the results reported for local media.     

Characteristics of porous media used for modeling of filtration combustion

Models that can be used in calculating the transport parameters of a porous medium are considered. Despite their simplicity, the models qualitatively and quantitatively characterize popular classes of porous media and are not given in the literature in the context in question, as far as the authors know. Certain aspects of determination and evaluation of the parameters of radiative transfer in a porous medium are discussed. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 434–441, May–June, 2008.     

Analytical methodology for predicting fatigue life distribution of fuselage splices

Methodologies to predict fatigue life distribution of fuselage splices, measured as the number of cycles to visible cracks, were developed in this work. Modeling procedures using three dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis were developed to obtain the stress state at the rivet hole. Contact surfaces, which include friction effects, were used to simulate the rivet to hole and skin to skin interactions. The squeezing force (SF) resulting from the riveting process and the coefficient of friction (CF) used for the contact surfaces were taken as random variables. Analytical expressions for local stress as a function of the squeezing force and coefficient of friction were developed using a response surface technique along with limited FE analyses. Based on the calculated local stresses, a strain-life approach was employed to predict fretting fatigue crack nucleation at the rivet hole. A Monte Carlo simulation was developed, which integrated the two random variables into the models, to determine the fatigue life distribution to visible cracks. Results from the simulation showed that the predicted fatigue life distribution correlated very well with the existing test data. Further sensitivity studies indicated that the squeezing force has a stronger influence on the life distribution than the coefficient of friction.     

Analytical model for predicting brittle failures of bolted timber joints

A theoretical model is presented to calculate the stress distribution around a pin-loaded hole in a timber joint and to predict brittle failure modes in bolted connections. The analytical solution uses the stress functions expressed in terms of complex parameters, and it can be considered an application of Lekhnitskii’s theory on stress distributions in anisotropic plates. The influence of the end distance and material properties on development of failure due to the splitting and shear-plug is shown for a dowel-type timber joint. Laboratory experiments on timber joints with 15.9-mm and 9.5-mm bolts loaded parallel to grain have shown good agreement with the model predictions.     

Analytical method for predicting freezing times of rectangular blocks of foodstuffs

For irregular geometries, the distance from the surface to the thermal centre is not uniform. This makes the calculation of freezing time impossible. The difficulty can be overcome by defining a ‘mean conducting path’ D_m/2, which can then be used to calculate Biot numbers. D_m/2 is considered to be the mean length of heat conducting paths from the surface of the body to the thermal centre. For rectangular blocks, experimental data suggest that D_m is proportional to the geometric mean of the two shorter sides. An equation for calculating the effective Biot number is presented, which incorporates one empirical coefficient. For squat-shaped bodies a good estimate of D_m can be obtained by averaging the shortest and longest dimensions. Pham's freezing time prediction method applied to brick-shaped blocks yields about the same accuracy as for the basic shapes (infinite slabs, infinite cylinders and spheres), and is more accurate than previous methods, including finite-different methods.     

Analytical expressions for the wave-front aberration coefficients of a tilted plane-parallel plate

An expression is given for the aberration imparted by a tilted plane-parallel plate to a converging or diverging pencil of rays. Analytical expressions for the wave-front aberration coefficients up to the sixth order are derived. These expressions, among others, are of importance when reading an optical disk through its substrate or when using a plane-parallel plate as a beam splitter. Differences with previous expressions from the literature are noted.     

Analytical investigation of stratified isotropic media

A rigorous analytical approach for investigating a stratified medium with an arbitrary finite number of homogeneous isotropic layers in a period is developed. The approach is based on the translation matrix method. It is well known that the translation matrix for a period must be found as the product of the layer matrices. It is proved that this matrix can be represented as a finite sum of trigonometric matrices, and thus the dispersion relation of a stratified medium is written in an analytical form. All final expressions are obtained in terms of the constitutive parameters. To this author's knowledge, this is the first time that the new sign function that allows us to develop the presented analytical results has been described. The condition of the existence of a wave with an arbitrary period divisible by a structure period is found in analytical form. It is proved that changing the layer arrangement within the period does not affect the structure of the transmission and absorption bands.     

A system of heat-mass-transfer equations for vapor filtration in dispersed media

A system of heat-mass-transfer equations describing filtration of a vapor in dispersed media is presented. The cases of local thermal equilibrium and temperature difference between the filtering agent and medium particles are considered.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 705–710, April, 1981.     

Modelling of filtration processes of fibrous filter media

This work presents a stochastic approach, based on Monte Carlo method, to simulate liquid filtration processes through non-woven fibrous materials. The real filter material is represented as a multilayer medium with a network of multiply connected pores. To describe the deposition and resuspension of particles on and from the filter medium, the following four mechanisms were considered: particle capture by sieving, patricle capture by fibers; particle capture by blocked pores; and particle re-entrainment. The particle capture by fibers and blocked pores, and particle re-entrainment depend on the balance between the adhesion and removal forces. The adhesion forces for particles of diameter smaller than 20 μm were determined through the concept of London-Van Der Waals forces. For particles of diameter greater than 20 μm, gravitational forces were considered. Three-dimensional random flow was assumed to stimulate the particles motion through the multilayer medium. The pressure drop across the filter medium was calculated as the sum of the pressure drop across the clean filter plus the pressure drop due to the deposited particles.A FORTRAN Program was developed to implement the filtration process model. For a wide range of typical filtration conditions, the calculated filter efficiencies predicted the experimental results with a percent difference between 0.5 and 19.3 depending on the particle size. The filter material capacities were predicted with an average discrepancy of 23.0%