聚(氨酯-酰亚胺)泡沫材料的研究

采用一步发泡法制备了聚(氨酯-酰亚胺)泡沫,用扫描电子显微镜分析了泡沫的泡孔结构,并对泡沫的吸隔声性能、力学和阻燃性能进行了研究。结果表明,研制的泡沫具有比较均匀的泡孔结构,在125~8000Hz范围内的平均隔声量可达25.5dB(泡沫厚度为22mm),拉伸断裂强度可达2006.4kPa,氧指数可达30以上。     

阻尼性半硬质聚氨酯泡沫的制备与性能

半硬质聚氨酯泡沫(SRPUF)因为其较高的压缩硬度、较低的弹性以及较好的吸能效果,常用作吸能减震材料。文中采用一步法模塑成型工艺,以混合聚醚多元醇和改性二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)为原料,全水发泡合成了半硬质聚氨酯泡沫,研究了泡沫稳定剂含量对泡孔结构的影响,异氰酸酯(NCO)指数、微量乙二醇(EG)扩链剂对其阻尼性能的影响。结果表明,泡沫稳定剂含量增加,泡孔越小越均匀;NCO指数提高聚氨酯泡沫的阻尼性能降低;微量乙二醇扩链也可以提高聚氨酯泡沫的阻尼性能;当NCO指数为0.8,5‰乙二醇扩链时,可以制备阻尼性能和热性能较好的半硬质聚氨酯泡沫。     

可膨胀石墨阻燃半硬泡聚氨酯材料的性能

聚氨酯半硬质泡沫(SPUF)性能优异,应用广泛,但它属于易燃材料,且燃烧时极易产生烟毒,进而会对环境造成不利的影响。文中选用可膨胀石墨(EG)以及硅烷偶联剂KH791改性EG对全水发泡聚氨酯半硬泡进行阻燃,利用热重分析和残炭形貌对聚氨酯泡沫的热降解行为进行了研究,对比了EG改性前后对全水发泡聚氨酯半硬泡阻燃性能、热稳定性、力学性能和泡孔形貌的影响。结果表明,当EG的质量分数为20%时制得的可膨胀石墨阻燃聚氨酯泡沫氧指数可达29.4%,达到了UL94HB防火测试中HF-1级水平测试的要求;KH791改性EG后,阻燃效果略微降低,但是改性EG对于泡沫的泡孔形貌影响较小,能够提高全水发泡聚氨酯半硬泡的密度和压缩强度。     

磁性聚氨酯泡沫的微观形貌及低频吸声性能

针对传统聚氨酯泡沫吸收低频噪声效果较差的问题,采用一步全水发泡法制备添加磁性颗粒（羰基铁粉（CIP））的聚氨酯泡沫。搭建磁性聚氨酯泡沫（MPF）的吸声实验平台,从宏观和微观的角度研究聚醚多元醇与异氰酸酯的配比及CIP对MPF吸声性能的影响。通过SEM观测MPF的微观形貌,采用统计学方法对泡孔尺寸进行分析,并利用阻抗管和传递函数法对64~1 600 Hz范围内MPF的吸声性能进行测试。实验结果表明,CIP的加入,使MPF平均孔径减小,孔径对数分布标准差增加,开孔率和低频吸声性能得到提高,特别是低于500 Hz部分;当聚醚多元醇与异氰酸酯比例为100：60、CIP含量为5wt%时,MPF的低频吸声性能最优,其64~500 Hz范围内的平均吸声系数达到0.22。     

环氧树脂E-44改性聚氨酯软泡的粘附性能研究

采用预聚体法制备了环氧树脂(EP)改性聚氨酯(PU)预聚体,使用DMP-30作为发泡反应催化剂制得改性聚氨酯软泡材料。研究了改性方法以及环氧含量对聚氨酯软泡材料粘附性能的影响。采用红外光谱分析了环氧树脂改性聚氨酯预聚体的反应过程,并对改性后聚氨酯软泡材料的粘附性能进行了测定和分析。结果表明:环氧树脂接枝改性的聚氨酯软泡材料比物理混合改性具有更好的粘附性能,且都在环氧含量为50%时粘附强度最大;相比与未改性的聚氨酯软泡材料,接枝改性后初粘强度和最大粘附强度分别提高了11倍和8.5倍。     

硅橡胶泡沫泡孔结构与压缩应力松弛性能的相关性研究

研究了氧化锌晶须对硅橡胶泡沫泡孔疏密程度以及其对材料力学性能的影响,研究了泡沫密度和混合泡孔结构对材料的压缩应力松弛性能的影响.结果表明:随氧化锌晶须用量的增加,泡孔疏密程度在增大,硅橡胶泡沫材料拉伸强度和扯断伸长率也在变大.在硅泡沫密度0.56~0.58g/cm3范围内,材料的压缩应力松弛性能最佳.在相对密度不变的情况下,具有混合泡孔结构的硅橡胶泡沫材料的压缩应力松弛性能更好.同时,对压缩应力松弛性能的历程进行了探索.     

氨基改性碳纳米管的制备及对聚氨酯泡沫材料的影响

在碳纳米管表面引入大量氨基后,将其加入水为发泡剂的聚氨酯发泡体系,研究了碳纳米管对聚氨酯泡沫泡孔结构和力学性能的影响。实验结果表明,氨基表面改性碳纳米管的引入有助于提高聚氨酯泡沫孔壁结构的完整性,并且泡孔分布更加均匀。随着体系中碳纳米管含量的增加,泡沫孔径尺寸先减小后增大,当填充量为0.75%时,泡沫材料具有最小平均孔径(0.23mm)。扫描电子显微镜观察发现该条件下泡孔分布均匀,结构最为完整。同时,材料的力学性能也表现出相同的规律,当碳纳米管含量为0.75%时,材料具有最大压缩强度和压缩模量,分别为0.14 MPa和2.09 MPa,与纯聚氨酯的泡沫材料相比分别提高了100%和161%。     

端异氰酸根聚氨酯预聚体增韧改性酚醛泡沫塑料性能研究

以聚丙二醇(PPG2000)和二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)为原料合成了异氰酸根封端的聚氨酯预聚体(PUP),分别以合成的预聚体和市售的聚氨酯预聚体为增韧剂改性酚醛泡沫,研究了PUP用量及异氰酸根含量对酚醛泡沫力学性能、热稳定性能、导热性能及阻燃等性能的影响,并对改性前后的酚醛泡沫进行了电子显微镜扫描泡孔结构和红外光谱分析。结果表明,聚氨酯预聚体用量为5%(wt,质量分数,下同),异氰酸根含量为4.1%时,酚醛泡沫的韧性和保温性能最好,其中相对弯曲强度和相对压缩强度分别为5.11kPa·m~3/kg和3.33kPa·m~3/kg,分别比纯泡沫提高了86.5%和43.5%;改性泡沫导热系数为0.057W/m·K,比纯泡沫导热系数(0.064W/m·K)低;增韧的酚醛泡沫热稳定性能略有降低,但下降幅度不大;此外,聚氨酯增韧后的酚醛泡沫阻燃性能均大于34%,具有优良的阻燃性能,且酚醛泡沫闭孔率高、泡空分布均匀。     

零ODP发泡剂聚氨酯泡沫工业进展

零ＯＤＰ发泡剂聚氨酯泡沫工业进展刘益军编译聚氨酯泡沫（ＰＵ）的发泡剂向低臭氧消耗潜值（ＯＤＰ）的氢氯氟烃（ＨＣＦＣ）转化还不到１０年时间，现在又开始向零ＯＤＰ的发泡剂发展。在ＰＵ硬泡及聚异氰脲酸酯（ＰＩＲ）泡沫生产中废除ＨＣＦＣ１４１ｂ的期限是２０...     

改性绢云母/丁腈橡胶-聚氯乙烯发泡复合材料的制备与隔声性能

以丁腈橡胶(NBR)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)为基体材料,以硅烷偶联剂KH550表面改性的绢云母作为填料,采用模压发泡法制备了改性绢云母/NBR-PVC发泡复合材料。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、荧光显微镜、万能材料试验机和声学阻抗管探究了表面改性作用和改性绢云母含量对泡孔结构、力学性能和隔声性能等的影响。研究结果表明,硅烷偶联剂KH550通过Si-O-Si键链接实现了绢云母的表面改性。表面改性作用使得材料的泡孔均匀性、力学性能和隔声性能都有所提升,当改性绢云母的质量分数为18.99%时,发泡复合材料的隔声性能达到最佳,刚度控制区和质量控制区的平均隔声量分别达到了27.37 dB和23.76 dB。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...