3,3,3-三氟-2,2-二甲基丙酸的合成

以自制的2,2-二甲基丙二酸单甲酯为原料,经氟代、水解和酸化反应制备出目标化合物,产率49.6％.分别考察了氟代时间、氟代温度、SF4用量对氟代反应的影响,氟代产物中CH2Cl2含量、水解时间对水解反应进程的影响.适宜的反应条件为:氟代反应时间3h,氟代反应温度80℃,n(2,2-二甲基丙二酸单甲酯)∶n(SF4) =1∶6;氟代产物中CH2Cl2含量≤0.5％;水解反应时间30 min.     

氟代苯甲醛的合成研究进展

氟代苯甲醛是制造医药、农药、香料、染料等多种精细化工产品的中间体。综述了氟代苯甲醛化学合成方法的研究进展,包括氟代甲苯氧化法、氟代甲苯的氯化水解法、氟代苯甲醇氧化法、酯或羧酸还原法、氟苯的醛基化法、氟化法等。通过对各方法优缺点的探讨,对其工业应用前景进行了展望。     

四氟化硫的制备和提纯方法

评述了四氟化硫的制备和提纯方法。四氟化硫的制备方法按氟来源可分为五种制备方法：氟气氟化法、氟化氢氟代法、有机碱氢氟酸盐氟代法、金属氟化盐氟代法和非金属氟化物氟化法。四氟化硫的提纯方法可分为汞结合法、吸收法和高温老化法。     

氟代哒嗪的研究进展

综述了氟代哒嗪的不同合成方法、近年来的新工艺、新试剂方面所取得的进展,以及氟代哒嗪在医药、农药及染料方面的应用.     

氟代烷烃的萃取精制

主要介绍氟代烷烃特别是二氟乙烷和五氟乙烷的萃取精馏,萃取剂效果的比较,萃取工艺的简介,指出氟代烷烃的萃取精制是一种较实用的提纯方法.     

甾体激素引入6a氟原子的各种方法

叙述了利用氟化氢、三氟化硼、过氯酰氟、2-氯-1,1,2-三氟三乙胺氟化溴、亲电试剂NFPy和肛氟代磺酰亚胺氟化剂向甾体激素引入6d氟原子的方法,比较了各种方法的优缺点,认为N-氟代磺酰亚胺为氟化试剂引入6“氟原子的方法N-氟代磺酰亚胺氟化试剂,具有高立体选择性,毒性小,反应相对温和、安全。     

氟硅烷"易清洁"涂层的性能与应用

简述了十三氟代辛烷基三乙氧基硅烷的结构和作用机理,详细对比了试样经十三氟代辛烷基三乙氧基硅烷(F8261)处理前后与水和矿物油的接触角、表面能,十三氟代辛烷基三乙氧基硅烷涂层的耐磨性、抗紫外和耐候性及耐化学品性,并介绍了十三氟代辛烷基三乙氧基硅烷的一些应用.     

氟代碳酸乙烯酯的合成与精制进展

综述了氟代碳酸乙烯酯的合成方法,包括直接氟代法、电化学氟化法、卤素交换法,比较了不同合成方法的优缺点,重点介绍了卤素交换法中不同氟化剂的使用。对氟代碳酸乙烯酯的前处理工序及精馏技术进行了总结,并对氟代碳酸乙烯酯的研究前景进行了展望。     

氟代苯甲醛合成新进展

氟代苯甲醛是一类重要的有机化工原料及中间体,用途十分广泛;综合论述了氟代苯甲醛的合成、影响因素及研发现状,并对当前几种新合成方法作了重点阐述.     

六氟-2-甲基异丙醇的制备与应用

介绍了六氟-2-甲基异丙醇的基本性质,叙述了它的几种制备方法,介绍了它作为溶剂的应用和制备含氟杀虫剂、新颖氟代甲基丙烯酸酯的方法.认为以六氟丙酮为原料经格氏反应制备六氟-2-甲基异丙醇具有原料易得、操作简便等特点,值得进行深入研究.     

松香基表面活性剂研究进展

松香是一类产量丰富、价格低廉的可再生林产资源,被广泛地应用于食品、农业、橡胶、油墨、涂料等领域。松香的三环二萜结构具有超强的疏水性,通过催化异构、Diels-Alder加成等手段引入亲水基团可制备高附加值、易生物降解的绿色表面活性剂。本文从阴离子、阳离子、非离子和两性离子表面活性剂4个大类对松香基表面活性剂应用的文献及专利进行综述,重点分析了羧酸盐、磺酸盐、硫酸盐和磷酸盐4种阴离子型表面活性剂和季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂,多元醇型和聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂,以及甜菜碱型和氧化胺型两性离子表面活性剂。剖析松香基表面活性剂产业化开发的新技术及新产品概况,提出松香基表面活性剂替代传统表面活性剂的潜在应用领域。同时,对松香基表面活性剂的研究发展与产业化发展进行了评价与展望。     

生物质热解制生物油及其提质研究现状

生物质能源作为可再生能源的重要组成部分,其综合高效利用在能源替代与补充、保护生态环境等方面具有重要的战略意义。生物油是生物质通过热裂解技术获得的液体产物,具有能量密度较高、环境友好、可再生及可直接输送等优点,可替代传统化石燃料推广使用,解决日益严重的能源紧缺与环境污染等问题。生物质热解制油技术的开发与利用,已成为新世纪可持续能源研究领域的重要课题之一。总结了近年来生物质热解制油技术的主要研究进展,重点关注热解反应器、催化热解技术与生物油的提质利用方面的研究,介绍了碱金属、氧化物和分子筛3种生物质热解催化剂,以及乳化、催化加氢、催化裂解、催化酯化和重整制氢5种生物质提质方法,最后对生物质热解技术的现状及发展趋势进行了总结和概括。     

木质纤维生物质半纤维素分子模拟应用研究进展

木质纤维生物质资源是重要的可再生生物质资源,主要包含纤维素、半纤维素和木质素。半纤维素含量仅次于纤维素,是一种丰富、可再生的植物资源,其可水解制备重要化学品以及改性制备多功能材料。本文综述了生物质半纤维素分子模拟应用研究进展,从半纤维素大分子形态及其与纤维素结合方式的分子模拟研究和半纤维素制备化学品及材料的分子模拟研究2个方面进行阐述,从模拟结果可以看出半纤维素在细胞壁中与纤维素和木质素的相互作用及其本身的大分子形态对木质纤维生物质三大素的提取利用具有显著影响。分子模拟有利于理解过程机理,对反应效率的提高具有重要理论指导意义。最后对分子模拟在半纤维素研究的发展应用进行了展望,指出目前半纤维素分子模拟的空白领域,主要包括半纤维素液化生产生物油、木糖异构化生产木酮糖、半纤维素与木质素之间的结合方式以及其他的半纤维素基材料等,这些有待进一步的探索与研究。     

Melatonin and Microglia

Melatonin interacts in multiple ways with microglia, both directly and, via routes of crosstalk with astrocytes and neurons, indirectly. These effects of melatonin are of relevance in terms of antioxidative protection, not only concerning free-radical detoxification, but also in prevention of processes that cause, promote, or propagate oxidative stress and neurodegeneration, such as overexcitation, toxicological insults, viral and bacterial infections, and sterile inflammation of different grades. The immunological interplay in the CNS, with microglia playing a central role, is of high complexity and includes signaling toward endothelial cells and other leukocytes by cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide, and eikosanoids. Melatonin interferes with these processes in multiple signaling routes and steps. In addition to canonical signal transduction by MT₁ and MT₂ melatonin receptors, secondary and tertiary signaling is of relevance and has to be considered, e.g., via the upregulation of sirtuins and the modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory microRNAs. Many details concerning the modulation of macrophage functionality by melatonin are obviously also applicable to microglial cells. Of particular interest is the polarization toward M2 subtypes instead of M1, i.e., in favor of being anti-inflammatory at the expense of proinflammatory activities, which is well-documented in macrophages but also applies to microglia.     

Trace element affinities in two high-Ge coals from China

The Lincang (Yunnan Province, Southwest China) and Wulantuga (Inner Mongolia, Northeast China) coal deposits are known because of the high-Ge content. These coals have also a high concentration of a number of other elements. To determine the mode of occurrence of the enriched elements in both coals, six density fractions from <1.43 to >2.8 g/cm³ were obtained from two representative samples using heavy-liquids. A number of peculiar geochemical patterns characterize these high-Ge coals. Thus, the results of the chemical analysis of these density fractions showed that both coals (very distant and of a different geological age) are highly enriched (compared with the usual worldwide coal concentration ranges) in Ge, As, Sb, W, Be, and Tl. This may be due to similar geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids influencing the Earth Crust in these regions of China. Moreover, Wulantuga coal (Early Cretaceous subbituminous coal) is also enriched in Ca, Mg, and Na, and Lincang coal (Neogene subbituminous coal) in K, Rb, Nb, Mo, Sn, Cs, and U. A group of elements consisting of Ge, W, B, Nb, and Sb mostly occur with an organic affinity in both coals. Additionally, Be, U, and Mo (and partially Mn and Zn) in Lincang, and Na and Mg in Wulantuga occur also with a major organic affinity. Both coals have sulfide-arsenide mineral assemblages (Fe, S, As, Sn, and Pb, and in addition to Tl, Ta, and Cs in the Lincang coal). The occurrence of Al, P, Li, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, and Zr in both coals, and Ba in Lincang, are associated with the mineral assemblage of silico-aluminates and minor heavy minerals. Furthermore, P, Na, Li, Sc, Ti, Ga, Rb, Zr, Cr, Ba, Th, and LREE (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Gd) in Lincang are associated with mineral assemblages of phosphates and minor heavy minerals. The two later mineral assemblages are derived from the occurrence of detrital minerals. Finally, the two coal samples have also the sulfate mineral assemblage (Ca and Sr) that probably occur as a consequence of a diagenetic oxidation and alteration of the coal seams. The enrichment of Ge in coal occurred when the organic matter was still reactive to trap Ge, but several features indicate that the enrichment was diagenetic.     

废加氢催化剂的回收现状与研究进展

废加氢催化剂因含难降解有机物和Mo、W、Ni、Co、V等战略金属,是危险废弃物和重要的二次资源,资源化利用具有显著的经济、社会和环境效益。本文介绍了加氢催化剂概况,综述了废加氢催化剂的回收现状,包括酸浸出、碱浸出、焙烧-浸出、火法富集。文章指出,回收前需采用溶剂洗涤法、机械法或焙烧法进行有机物脱除。酸法浸出酸浓度较高,对设备腐蚀性大;碱法浸出对Ni和Co的回收率低,采用碱法、酸法两步浸出可实现多金属高效回收;但湿法回收存在废水量大、污染严重等问题。焙烧-浸出是目前主流回收方法,已产业化应用,但存在回收流程长、后续浸出废水量大等问题。针对现有技术废水量大、污染严重等问题,本文提出了碳热还原富集回收有价金属、尾渣用于绿色建材的方法。     

我国橡胶防老剂和促进剂的进出口情况

介绍近年来我国橡胶防老剂和促进剂进出口情况。2013年,我国防老剂和促进剂进口量分别为19046.61 t和14984.44 t,同比分别增长16.12%和11.64%;进口金额分别为6202.02万美元和7391.97万美元,同比分别增长14.76%和1.39%;出口量分别为29070.40 t和89942.59 t,同比分别增长62.68%和45.72%;出口金额分别为6794.43万美元和27885.34万美元,同比分别增长60.45%和50.17%。我国进口防老剂主要来自中国大陆(以国货复进口形式进口)、美国、韩国以及中国台湾省等,进口促进剂主要来自中国台湾省、美国、韩国、日本以及德国等,防老剂主要出口日本、泰国、印度尼西亚和韩国等,促进剂主要出口美国、韩国、巴西、泰国和日本等。     

Selected Quality Attributes of Dried Foods

Major quality parameters associated with dried food products are the color, visual appeal, shape of product, flavor, microbial load, retention of nutrients, porosity bulk density, texture, rehydration properties, water activity and chemical stability, preservatives, and freedom from pests, insects and other contaminants, as well as freedom from taints and off-odors. These parameters need to comply with the specifications of customers and regulations of different importing countries and often can adversely affect the acceptability of dried products. Therefore, quality of dried food products depends on many factors, such as raw materials, processing environment, packaging, microbial stability, use of additives, and temperature of storage. This review highlights selected quality attributes of dried food products and discusses ways of optimizing them.     

Soil nutrient depletion by agricultural production in Southern Mali

The degree of soil mining by agricultural production in Southern Mali is assessed by calculating nutrient balances: differences between the amount of plant nutrients exported from the cultivated fields, and those added to the fields. Export processes include extraction by crops, losses due to leaching, to erosion, and to volatilization and denitrification. Inputs include applications of fertilizer and manure, restitution of crop residues, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition of nutrients in rain and dust, and enrichment by weathering of soil minerals. Nutrient balances are calculated for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Both pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given.The resulting figures indicate, even when the most optimistic estimates are used, large deficits for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. For the region as a whole, the calculated deficits are -25 kg N/ha,-20 kg K/ha, and -5 kg Mg/ha. Further, acidification is to be expected, in particular in areas where cotton is grown. The deficits are caused by traditional cereal crops, but also by cotton and especially by groundnut. The latter two crops are fertilized, but insufficiently. It is important to note, that the negative figures are not automatic recommendations for application of a specific amount of additional fertilizer. For phosphorus and calcium the balance of the region as a whole appears to be about in equilibrium, but locally large variations may occur.Erosion and denitrification are important causes of nutrient loss, accounting respectively for 17 and 22% of total nitrogen exports. Atmospheric deposition and weathering of minerals in the soil are still important nutrient inputs that contribute as much as nutrients as organic and mineral fertilizer combined. Nutrient depletion is very large in comparison to the amount of fertilizer applied. Drastic options, such as doubling the application of fertilizer or manure, or halving erosion losses, even if feasible, would still not be enough to make up for the calculated deficits.The annual value of withdrawn nutrients, if related to prices of fertilizers, varies between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA/ha (40-60 US $/ha). Since the estimated average gross margin from farming in this area is 34,000 FCFA/ha (123 US $/ha), soil mining appears to provide an amount equal to 40% of farmers' total income from agricultural activities.