不同施肥处理对棕壤几个肥力指标的影响

23年定位试验结果表明:土壤有机碳、全氮和碱解氮、生物氮量以:高量有机肥区>低量有机肥区>化肥区>对照。土壤C/N基本维持在11~16之间。单施化肥处理土壤微生物碳量降低,Kos值高于其它施化肥处理,有机无机肥配合施用,结合态腐殖质含量明显下降,松结态/重组腐殖质的比值和松/紧比值也有所降低。有机无机配施各处理土壤微生物碳量,以及土壤松结态、稳结态、紧结态腐殖质的含量显著升高,提高松结态/重组腐殖质和松/紧的比值;不同用量的施有机肥处理土壤微生物碳量与对照相比差异不显著,Kos值下降,其他指标均升高。     

不同状态有机物料对土壤腐殖质及作物产量的影响

施用有机物料培肥土壤 ,可以提高重组有机质的含量 ,改善重组有机质中的腐殖质结合形态 ,还可以提高有机无机复合量 ,表现为有机质含量、松结合态腐殖质含量、HA/FA比值均提高 ,并且提高作物的产量     

长期定位试验条件下红壤性水稻土有机质的变化

通过22年长期定位试验,研究了红壤性水稻土有机质的含量及其结合形态在3种稻作制、3种有机肥施用水平及2种地下水位深度条件下的长期演变规律,结果表明:红壤旱土改水田后,土壤有机质含量逐渐增加,各处理平均增长15.2gkg-1,增长率达98.9%。不同稻作制间,以稻—稻—冬泡处理土壤有机质增长幅度最大,21年共增加了18.0gkg-1,增长率达116.9%;稻—稻—冬绿处理次之,共分别增长15.8gkg-1和102.6%;稻—稻—冬油处理最低,仅分别增长11.9g kg-1和77.3%。不同有机肥施用水平间,以高量有机肥处理土壤有机质增长最快,21年共增加了17.9gkg-1,增长率为116.2%;常量有机肥处理次之,共分别增加16.1gkg-1和104.5%;化肥处理最低,共分别增加11.8gkg-1和76.6%。不同地下水位深度对土壤有机质积累的影响不显著。土壤腐殖质结合形态以紧结态为主,占腐殖质总量的50～70%,松结态腐殖质次之,占20～40%,稳结态腐殖质最少,仅5～11%。冬种处理土壤腐殖质的松/紧比大于冬泡处理。施用有机肥料能提高土壤腐殖质的松/紧比。     

不同肥力棕黄土(耕作棕壤)几项有机质指标的研究

黄土性母质上发育的棕壤(棕黄土)的肥力高低,主要决定于有机质含量。我们对高肥力棕黄土的有机质含量,腐殖质组分指标,影响土壤有机质消长的土壤氮素矿化率,各种有机物料及主要作物根茬的腐解残留率进行了研究,为提高和维持土壤有机质水平提供依据。主要研究结果是:(1)高肥力棕黄土有机质平均含量0～20厘米为1.58%,20～40厘米为1 .18%。腐殖质组分中,胡敏酸碳/富里酸械平均。0～20厘米为0.52,20～40厘米为0.41。(2)棕黄土氮素年矿化率盆钵法测定结果是高肥力的为2 .56～3 .78%,中低肥力为2.35～2.63%。中肥力田间试验为2.05%,较盆钵法低。(3)不同有机物料的腐解残留率,盆钵及砂滤管法测定结果:秸秆及牛马粪为32～45%,猪粪变化较大,为16～30%,绿肥不到20%。用砂滤管测定根茬腐解残留率玉米、高粱、大豆及谷子分别为30%、26%、33%和41%。     

施肥对土壤肥力某些重要性质的影响

在沈阳东陵耕作棕壤上进行了连续大量施用有机物料的试验.3～5年的试验结果表明:1.有效地提高了士壤有机质、全N、腐殖酸总联及胡敏酸碳和富里酸钙的含量,各物料的三年累积残留率为22～37％;2.猪、牛、马粪及草木樨能提高紧结态有机质在重组有机质中的比例,玉米秸秆则提高松结态有机质的比例;3.能较大幅度提高土壤的几种主要酶类的活性;4.改变土壤微团聚体粒级组成。试验还表明,一次大量施用玉米秸秆,其培肥土壤的各种效应可延续到第四年。     

不同基肥对日光温室土壤肥力、番茄产量和品质的影响

针对北京郊区日光温室中基肥施用状况,设计了长期施用秸秆有机肥、膨化鸡粪和缓释肥3个处理,对日光温室土壤肥力及番茄品质的影响进行测定。结果表明:秸秆有机肥处理土壤速效养分含量较高,土壤有机质含量在3个处理中表现最高,为32.0g.kg-1;长期施用膨化鸡粪土壤酸化快,土壤养分含量处于中等;缓释肥作为基肥施用,可加速土壤速效养分积累,但土壤有机质含量较低;从番茄果实品质结果看,秸秆有机肥处理果实中Vc、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸及糖酸比值分别为13.60μg.g-1、54.4mg.g-1、37.6mg.g-1、62.22μg.g-1、9.68,都显著高于其他两个处理。缓释肥处理的果实各种营养品质都不如有机肥处理果实含量高。实验还分析了土壤养分含量与番茄果实品质、产量的相关性,结果表明:土壤有机质、速效钾、全氮含量与果实中多项营养品质指标和产量呈极显著正相关。     

华北平原小麦-玉米两熟作物区土壤培肥途径研究

研究了华北平原冬小麦、夏玉米轮作制度下不同施肥方式对土壤培肥的作用,进行了不同的秸秆、有机肥和无机化学肥料之间平衡配施的田间试验,结果表明,平衡施肥同时施用秸秆或有机肥后当年能显著增加土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾含量。在较高肥力地块中"化肥平衡施肥 秸秆还田"的处理,土壤有机质比"不施肥、不还田"的对照增加最多,增加1.9gkg-1,增加率达8.9%;"平衡施肥 秸秆 快速腐解菌"的处理,土壤速效钾含量最高,为202.50gkg-1,比对照增加28.6%;在较低肥力地块中以"化肥平衡施肥 有机肥"土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾增量最多,分别增加1.5gkg-1、6.9mgkg-1和32.5mgkg-1,增加率分别达11.7%、39.8%和36.1%。     

长期施肥对褐土有机无机复合性状演变及其与肥力关系的影响

通过8年长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥方式对褐土有机无机复合状况及腐殖质结合形态的影响。结果表明,长期不施肥使土壤有机碳、重组有机碳、原土复合量、松结态和紧结态有机碳含量明显下降,松/紧值降低,原土复合度上升;长期单施常量NPK化肥有同样的趋势;长期单施增量NPK化肥可大体保持土壤肥力水平不下降,但成本较高;采用有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥,可明显提高土壤有机碳、重组有机碳含量和原土复合量以及土壤松、稳、紧各级结合态有机碳含量,增加松结态占重组有机碳比率,提高松/紧值,增强土壤调控能力。土壤有机无机复合状况及腐殖质结合形态是评价褐土培肥效果和标志土壤肥力演变的重要指标。     

施肥对黑土农田土壤全碳、微生物量碳及土壤酶活性的影响

通过对吉林省德惠市中层黑土农田6年定位施肥试验研究表明,施有机肥、秸秆还田 有机肥、秸秆还田 化肥和半量有机肥 化肥处理较单施化肥、未施肥和休闲裸地处理提高了土壤全碳、全氮含量,降低了土壤碳氮比。对玉米播前、抽穗期和收获期土壤微生物量碳测定表明,抽穗期土壤微生物量碳最高,处理间差异显著,且不同采样时期的土壤微生物量碳与土壤全碳含量之间呈高度正相关。对土壤酶活性研究表明,施有机肥较单施化肥、未施肥和休闲裸地处理显著地提高了土壤脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性;单施化肥处理对土壤转化酶和过氧化氢酶具有一定的抑制作用;而有机肥、秸秆和化肥之间的配合施用处理的土壤酶活性表现不一致。相关分析显示土壤微生物量碳与土壤酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关。该研究结果表明,长期向中层黑土农田增施有机物,不仅提高了土壤全碳和土壤微生物量碳的含量,而且也提高土壤酶活性,有利于提高土壤养分转化效率,可使黑土质量向健康方向发展。     

不同施肥与栽培条件下土壤有机质演变规律

在棕壤上（耕淀简育湿润淋溶土）连续８年长期定位试验，研究了裸地和覆膜条件下不同施肥处理时土壤有机质含量和品质的变化规律，结果表明：在本试验施肥水平条件下，有机肥和化肥单独施用和配合施用均可提高土壤有机质含量，覆膜各处理有机质含量增加程度均高于相应裸地各处理，无论覆膜与否，各施肥处理均提高土壤中易氧化有机质含量，提高易／总，降低Ｋａ，增加复合体有机质的含量、原土复含量和追加复合量、松结态腐殖质含量和松结态腐殖质中易氧化有机质和括性腐殖质含量，但覆膜后，各处理的增加程度均超过相应的裸地各处理。     

Radar response of periodic vegetation canopies

Vector radiative transfer theory is used to model the scattered intensity from a layer of randomly oriented particles over a periodic rough surface. To account for the periodic nature of row-structured vegetation, the number density of particles within the layer is assumed to be varying periodically in the horizontal direction. Using Fourier series expansions and orthogonality properties, the radiative transfer equation is solved for the transformation matrix relating the incident and scattered intensities, from which the backscattering coefficient of the layer can be computed for any incidence direction and polarization configuration. The experimental component of this investigation consisted of radar observations at 1–5,4–75, and 9–5 GHz made by a truck-mounted system for a field of corn under three conditions: (a) full, which means that the corn plants were in their natural state, (b) defoliated, which was accomplished by stripping off the leaves and removing them, thereby leaving behind only bare vertical stalks, and (c) bare soil, which corresponds to the soil surface after having removed the stalks. The soil surface is modelled as a composite consisting of a deterministic periodic component and a random roughness component. A two-scale polarimetric scattering model is formulated and used to compare with the experimental observations. Excellent agreement between theory and measurements is realized as a function of both incidence and azimuth angles at all three microwave frequencies. The canopy model was then applied to the corn canopy under the two other conditions: stalks alone and full canopy. The model results were compared with radar backscatter measurements made for each of three look directions, including perpendicular and parallel to the row direction and at 45° relative to the row direction. For the stalk canopy, it was observed that the quasi-periodic arrangement of the stalks within the row enhances the backscatter at L-band when looking perpendicular to the row direction, which is attributed to a coherent-scattering effect associated with the stalks. A heuristic approach is used to model the quasi-periodic structure of the stalks by deriving a coherency factor which multiplies the first-order radiative solution for randomly located stalks. A similar coherency factor was also introduced for the leaves of the full canopy. The modified model was found to provide good agreement with experimental observations at L-band for all polarizations and at all look directions.     

Scatterometry of a drop impact on a salt water surface

Experiments of scatterometry at 135 and 36GHz, W polarization have been conducted in the new Rain-Sea Interaction Facility at NASA Wallops. Radar backscatterings of rain drop impacts on a sail water surface have been measured with an incidence angle of 30° for various dropsizes at terminal fall velocity. Results for 2-8 mm drops are presented. Surface features were imaged by an ultra high speed digital camera synchronized with the radar data acquisition. Backscattered powers from crowns, craters, stalks and ringwaves were measured. These measurements confirm that for the scatterometric configuration under consideration, ringwaves are the dominant scattering contribution and that stalks scattering is much smaller but not negligible.     

Enabling technologies build bridge to 21st century

The sophisticated healthcare institutions of the future will be computer-driven integrated clinical creatures. But which technologies are key to overall information access? Futurist Tim Zinn stalks tomorrow's "best of breed" I/S technologies.     

植物茎秆可视化研究

植物茎杆的可视化模拟对认知植物骨架结构及提高植株真实感具有重要意义。为模拟作物茎秆的外部形态,提出基于球B样条的植物茎杆模拟方法。首先利用数字化仪或三维扫描仪获取作物的真三维数据,然后根据不同作物的特点灵活选用样条基函数计算得到中轴线,并根据中轴线确定轮廓线,最后根据枝干的弯曲情况确定各点轮廓线的法向。文中利用不同表达形式的球B样条实现了辣椒、黄瓜、玉米三种作物的茎秆可视化模拟,并在玉米的模型中将球B样条推广到了任意轮廓外形的作物形态研究。实验表明,该方法得到的模型能够比较真实地反映作物茎杆的弯曲程度及诸多细节,适用于多种作物,具有一定的应用前景。     

Size optimization of a cantilever beam under deformation-dependent loads with application to wheat stalks

In this paper, we consider the optimization of the cross-section profile of a cantilever beam under deformation-dependent loads. Such loads are encountered in plants and trees, cereal crop plants such as wheat and corn in particular. The wind loads acting on the grain-bearing spike of a wheat stalk vary with the orientation of the spike as the stalk bends; this bending and the ensuing change in orientation depend on the deformation of the plant under the same load. The uprooting of the wheat stalks under wind loads is an unresolved problem in genetically modified dwarf wheat stalks. Although it was thought that the dwarf varieties would acquire increased resistance to uprooting, it was found that the dwarf wheat plants selectively decreased the Young’s modulus in order to be compliant. The motivation of this study is to investigate why wheat plants prefer compliant stems. We analyze this by seeking an optimal shape of the wheat plant’s stem, which is modeled as a cantilever beam, by taking the large deflection of the stem into account with the help of co-rotational finite element beam modeling. The criteria considered here include minimum moment at the fixed ground support, adequate stiffness and strength, and the volume of material. The result reported here is an example of flexibility, rather than stiffness, leading to increased strength. This work was presented at the 7th World Congress on Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization (WCSMO-7), May 21–25, 2007, Seoul, Korea.     

Boolean representation of bounded BCK-algebras

We define the Boolean center and the Boolean skeleton of a bounded BCK-algebra, and we use the Boolean skeleton to obtain a representation of bounded BCK-algebras, called (weak) Pierce -representation, as (weak) Boolean products of bounded BCK-algebras. We analyze the cases in which the stalks in these representations are directly indecomposable, finitely subdirectly irreducible or simple algebras. We give some examples of algebras and relative subvarieties of bounded BCK-algebras to illustrate the results.     

Vegetation canopy reflectance

Possible cause-effect relationships in producing vegetation canopy reflectance are discussed. Hemispherical reflectance and even bidirectional reflectance measurements are shown to be inadequate to predict or understand vegetation canopy reflectance in many situations. Among the additional important parameters necessary for prediction and understanding of vegetation canopy reflectance are leaf hemispherical transmittance, leaf area and orientation, characteristics of other components of the vegetation canopy (stalks, trunks, limbs), soil reflectance, solar zenith angle, look angle, and azimuth angle. The effects of these parameters on vegetation canopy bidirectional spectral reflectance are described.     

数据缺失条件下基于启发式构元的多元回归分析方法

传统的多元回归分析方法可以对缺失数据进行预测填补,但它在构造回归方程时存在自变量形式较为固定、单一等不足。为此,提出一种基于启发式构元的多元回归分析方法,通过贪婪算法找出现有变量的优化组合形式,选取若干新构变量进行回归分析,从而得到更好的拟合优度。通过对案例中小麦茎秆机械强度缺失数据信息进行仿真计算和评估,证实了方法的有效性。算例结果表明该方法运用在缺失数据预测中拥有较好的精准性。     

生物质能发电厂综合自动控制技术探讨

生物质能是一种重要的可再生能源,目前主要可开发利用的资源为农作物所产生的废弃物——秸秆。相比燃煤发电,秸秆发电的污染排放很小,又可循环利用,是一种清洁的可再生能源。生物质能发电综合自动化控制的主要难点是燃料热值的不稳定性造成的锅炉燃烧难以经济、稳定地控制,以及由秸秆收、运、贮等环节存在的问题导致输料系统难以安全、连续运行。本文以单县生物质能发电厂为例,介绍了生物质能发电厂综合自动化的系统结构、控制策略,并对调试和运行中所暴露的问题及其改进方案进行了初步探讨。     

Scatterometric signatures of multivariate drop impacts on fresh and salt water surfaces

Microwave signatures of the ocean surface are affected by wind and rain. To support the development of theoretical models for remote sensing applications, radar scatterometry experiments at 13.5 and 36GHz with VV polarization were conducted at the Rain-Sea Interaction Facility at NASA Wallops. Backscatterings from rain drop impacts on fresh and salt water surfaces were measured with an incidence angle of 30 for eight different drop sizes. Results are also presented for terminal and non-terminal fall velocities. Surface features were imaged by an ultrahigh-speed digitalcamera synchronized with radar data acquisition and their geometrical characteristics were determined. Backscattered powers from crowns, craters, stalks and ring-waves were measured and compared. These measurements confirm that for slant radar configurations, ring-waves are the dominant scattering contribution, even though stalk scattering is not negligible.