Setup of Driven Piles in Layered Soil

The load capacity of driven piles has been reported to sometimes increase or decrease with time after pile installation. An increase in pile capacity with time is known as setup, whereas a decrease in capacity is referred to as relaxation. In this paper, we review the current understanding of pile setup and discuss how to account for it in design. A total of forty-three dynamic tests were conducted over a period of five months on four H piles and four closed-ended pipe piles driven into layered soil. Test results show that the amount and rate of pile setup are quite different from those observed in other studies. Empirical formulas for predicting setup proposed by several researchers were compared with observations. Of the empirical formulas considered, the Svinkin (1996) lower-bound method predicted the rate of setup on these piles driven in layered soil relatively well. Additionally, some theoretical methods for prediction of evolution of static pile bearing capacity with time were tested against the dynamic pile test results. The bearing capacity from these theoretical methods was found to correspond to approximately 2 times the capacity measured at the end of initial driving by a dynamic test.     

Performance analysis of a jacked-in single pile and pile group in saturated clay ground

When a pile is installed into saturated clay ground, the “setup” effect may occur due to ground consolidation, which changes pile performance. Although this phenomenon has been observed both in the field and laboratory, its numerical simulation is still challenging. In this work, pile installation effects on the behaviors of jacked-in piles were investigated through three simulation techniques by a three-dimensional finite element analysis program, PLAXIS 3D. A constitutive model called the soft soil creep model was used to describe the soil behavior based on soil parameters obtained from laboratory tests. The behaviors of single piles were first investigated with or without the consolidation process after pile installation to evaluate the pile setup effect. Then, a pile group comprising 4 piles was analyzed using the consolidation process to verify the applicability of the three simulation techniques. The calculated results were compared with the corresponding experimental results. The calculated results using three techniques generally agreed well with the experimental results in terms of initial stiffness and pile shaft resistance. Both the measured and calculated results indicate that ground consolidation caused by pile installation significantly increases the pile bearing capacity and especially, the pile shaft resistance. Therefore, the pile setup effect can be reasonably simulated by the three proposed techniques.     

Predicting the capacity of perfobond rib shear connector using an ANN model and GSA method

Due to recent advances in the field of artificial neural networks (ANN) and the global sensitivity analysis (GSA) method, the application of these techniques in structural analysis has become feasible. A connector is an important part of a composite beam, and its shear strength can have a significant impact on structural design. In this paper, the shear performance of perfobond rib shear connectors (PRSCs) is predicted based on the back propagation (BP) ANN model, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) method and GSA method. A database was created using push-out test test and related references, where the input variables were based on different empirical formulas and the output variables were the corresponding shear strengths. The results predicted by the ANN models and empirical equations were compared, and the factors affecting shear strength were examined by the GSA method. The results show that the use of ANN model optimization by GA method has fewer errors compared to the empirical equations. Furthermore, penetrating reinforcement has the greatest sensitivity to shear performance, while the bonding force between steel plate and concrete has the least sensitivity to shear strength.     

一种带翼板预应力管桩及其性能初步研究

本文提出了一种新桩型—带翼板预应力管桩。该种桩型适用于具有深厚软土的地层条件,它的特点是桩端带有一个扩大头,桩侧按一定间隔设置翼板并在翼板间灌砂,分别用于提高桩端阻力及桩侧阻力。本文对该种桩型的施工工艺、设计方法进行了叙述,并进行了静载荷对比试验研究。初步分析研究结果表明,该种桩型能显著提高单桩承载力。     

厦门嵩屿港二期岸壁A标工程PHC管桩试桩

PHC管桩施工具有速度快,效果好,投资省的特点。本文以厦门港嵩屿港区二期工程后轨道梁Φ600PHC管桩(AB型)基础试桩为实例,探讨PHC管桩在重力式码头工程后轨道梁基础中应用的可行性。     

基于JCCAD应用探讨PHC管桩基础设计

以某油库树脂生产车间、仓库的PHC管桩基础设计为例,探讨pkpm结构软件JCCAD在管桩设计中的应用、基础建模、桩基基础设计,桩顶连接节点设计方法和注意事项。对比分析了管桩单桩竖向承载力、水平承载力和沉降量的设计结果。PHC管桩抗压承载力高、抗弯、抗水平力较差的特性,以及施工中易产生接桩、砍桩等问题,使管桩基础设计在JCCAD应用中存在诸多不足,需人工概念性补充修改设计,一般情况下单桩水平承载力起控制作用,并综合考虑场地条件的影响;及处理好桩顶与承台的连接节点是设计和施工中的关键。     

两阶段变刚度端承桩复合桩基的设计及应用

对于复合桩基中基桩为端承桩的情况,为充分发挥复合桩基中土体的承载作用,通过在端承桩顶部安装刚度调节器,形成了一种有别于常规复合桩基的新技术。本文根据承台下地基土承载力的大小,结合上部结构荷载的加载情况,将端承桩按照两阶段变刚度进行设计。文中详细介绍了基于此概念的端承桩复合桩基的设计思路,提出了端承桩变刚度的设计方法,并结合工程实例,给出了设计建议。本项研究是复合桩基技术的进一步发展,对高层建筑的基础优化具有重要价值。     

预应力混凝土管桩桩身受压承载力的成桩工艺系数研究

预应力混凝土管桩的竖向承载力由土对桩的支撑阻力和桩身受压承载力确定.桩身的受压承载力是制约单桩竖向承载力设计取值的重要指标.目前国内相关技术标准与规程中有关预应力管桩桩身受压承载力设计值的计算公式较多,没有形成统一的计算公式,有的计算结果并不能真实反应管桩的实际承载能力.本文通过桩身混凝土芯样强度试验数据的分析,考虑了...     

桥梁桩基础有限元模型构建思路与应用

为了实现利用通用有限元程序建立桩基础有限元模型进行内力计算的目的,本文以桥梁基础规范的计算理论为指导,介绍了桩基础模型构建的思路。首先根据弹性地基梁理论,提出了用梁单元模拟基桩,把土对基桩的作用用一系列水平土弹簧和两个竖向土弹簧来模拟,并推导了土弹簧刚度的计算公式及公式中有关参数的取值方法。提出多排桩承台与桩顶连接方式的模拟,一定要能正确反应承台底面中心和桩顶的变位关系式。最后,通过一个双排桩实例来介绍这种建模方法的应用,并将模型计算结果与手算结果进行比较,发现两者误差较小,范围不超过1%,从而验证了桩基础的有限元模型构建思路是正确的。     

动态应变测试技术在桩基承载力和完整性检测中的应用

对检测桩基承载力和完整性的高、低应变动测原理进行分析,并结合工程实例对两种动测方法同静载试验进行了比较和相互验证,其检测结果基本一致,同时指出了它们的缺陷和不足,为其他类似工程的设计和应用提供了参考。     

One-dimensional wave equation analyses for pile responses subjected to seismic horizontal ground motions

This paper presents a numerical one-dimensional wave equation analysis technique for piles and pile groups subjected to seismic horizontal ground motions in liquefiable zones. The so-called Earthquake Wave Equation Analysis for Piles (EQWEAP) procedure is introduced for piles subjected to horizontal earthquake excitations. Disregarding the effects of kinematic soil–pile interaction, the seismic responses of piles can be obtained by approximating the free-field ground response analysis, the ultimate earth pressure model, and the ground displacement profiles. The nonlinearities of the concrete piles were modeled using the approximate tri-linear moment–curvature relationships. A case study and application concerns were presented. Although the analysis is in one dimension, it is found to be effective and able to provide a rapid estimation in foundation design when seismic pile behaviors are of interest. The advantages of this analysis are the time efficiency of the seismic design of pile foundations and the relative simplicity of the analysis. In addition, it suggests alternative modeling for the dynamic analysis adopting the commonly known static models and/or methods.     

预应力混凝土管桩静压法施工经验探讨

对预应力混凝土管桩静压法施工的质量控制进行总结和探讨,阐述了管桩的选择及应用条件、施工程序及优缺点、质量控制的重点与难点、常见问题预防与处理等.     

Integration of construction control and pile setup into load and resistance factor design of piles

Regionally developed Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) recommendations for bridge pile designs are enhanced by integrating the construction control capability of dynamic analysis methods and the recently developed pile setup quantification method in the calibration process. Using a high quality, electronic Pile LOad Test (PILOT) database and 10 recently completed full-scale pile tests, resistance factors were developed using a reliability theory for a locally calibrated static analysis method and two dynamic analysis methods: the Wave Equation Analysis Program (WEAP) and the CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program (CAPWAP). Pile design efficiency was improved by minimizing the discrepancy between design and field pile resistances through a proposed probability-based construction control method. The efficiency of bridge foundations was further increased by incorporating the economic advantages of pile setup into the LRFD recommendations. Compared with recommendations made by Paikowsky et al. (2004), Canadian Engineering Society (2006) and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (2003), regionally-calibrated resistance factors were improved.     

新型混合配筋预应力混凝土管桩抗弯性能试验研究

提出"新型混合配筋预应力混凝土管桩"的概念,即在预应力混凝土管桩中加入一定数量的非预应力钢筋,形成水平承载混凝土复合截面,以提高预应力管桩的抗弯承载力和延性。通过对5种配有非预应力钢筋的新型混合配筋预应力混凝土管桩(每种形式制作2根)与2根普通预应力混凝土管桩的对比试验,结果表明配置非预应力钢筋后的新型管桩具有好的抗弯性能。最后,基于GB 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计规范》和试验结果,提出新型管桩的抗裂弯矩计算公式;推导了新型管桩抗弯承载力设计计算理论公式;计算结果与试验结果符合良好。     

省标《先张法预应力混凝土管桩基础技术规程》DBJ13-86-2007学习札记

偏心受压时,桩身结构承载力是否“可另外再提高20%”？当地下水或土对混凝土或混凝土中钢筋有弱腐蚀时,采用PHC管桩,规定壁厚“不应小于125mm＂是否合理？本文就省地方标准《先张法预应力混凝土管桩基础技术规程》这2项规定提出疑问。     

Load–settlement modeling of axially loaded steel driven piles using CPT-based recurrent neural networks

The design of pile foundations requires good estimations of the pile load-carrying capacity and the settlement. Designs for bearing capacity and settlement have been traditionally carried out separately. However, soil resistance and settlement are influenced by each other, and thus, the design of pile foundations should consider the bearing capacity and the settlement together. This requires that the full load–settlement response of the piles be accurately predicted. However, it is well known that the actual load–settlement response of pile foundations can only be obtained through load tests carried out in-situ, which are expensive and time-consuming. In this technical note, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) were used to develop a prediction model that can resemble the load–settlement response of steel driven piles subjected to axial loading. The developed RNN model was calibrated and validated using several in-situ full-scale pile load tests, as well as cone penetration test (CPT) data. The results indicate that the developed RNN model has the ability to reliably predict the load–settlement response of axially loaded steel driven piles, and thus, can be used by geotechnical engineers for routine design practice.     

φ600PHC管桩沉桩技术

介绍大直径PHC管桩的沉桩技术，以及沉桩过程中的有关注意事项和问题处理。     

钢管混凝土复合桩横轴向承载特性离心模型试验研究

作为水域环境中桥梁桩基施工围堰结构,钢护筒得到越来越广泛的应用,钢护筒与钢筋混凝土桩形成钢管混凝土复合桩,其横轴向承载特性与普通钢筋混凝土桩存在巨大差异。针对水域环境中钢管混凝土复合桩的特点,选取钢管埋深和钢管挤土区土体模量两种研究变量,通过离心模型试验的方法研究了钢管混凝土复合桩的横轴向承载特性,得到了钢管混凝土复合桩的桩侧土抗力曲线、H-y曲线及桩身弯矩曲线。试验结果表明：钢管埋深在12cm范围内增大时,能明显提高钢管混凝土复合桩横轴向极限承载力,超过12cm后继续增大钢管埋深,钢管混凝土复合桩横轴向极限承载力仍继续增大,但增幅已不明显;钢管挤土区土体模量的增大能提高钢管混凝土复合桩横轴向极限承载力,但增幅度较小。研究成果将为钢管混凝土复合桩的设计与施工提供理论依据与技术保障。     

Analysis and design of axially loaded piles in rock

Despite significant advancements in in situ test techniques, construction practices, understanding of rock joint and rock mass behaviours, and numerical analysis methods, the design of bored concrete cast-insitu piles in rock is still largely based on the assessment of bearing capacity. However, for many of the rock conditions encountered, the bearing capacity of piles is a nebulous concept and a figment of the designer's imagination. Even if it can be reasonably quantified, it has little, if any, significance to the performance of a pile in rock. The load carrying capacity of even low strength rock(in most situations) is far in excess of the strength of the structure(for example, a building column) transmitting the load.Unsatisfactory performance of a pile in rock is usually a displacement issue and is a function of rock mass stiffness rather than rock mass strength. In addition, poor pile performance is much more likely to result from poor construction practices than excessive displacement of the rock mass. Exceptions occur for footings that are undermined, or where unfavourable structure in the rock allows movement towards a free surface to occur. Standards, codes of practices, reference books and other sources of design information should focus foundation design in rock on displacement rather than strength performance.Ground investigations should measure rock mass stiffness and defect properties, as well as intact rock strength. This paper summarises the fundamental concepts relating to performance of piles in rock and provides a basis for displacement focused design of piles in rock. It also presents comments relating to how piles are modelled in widely used commercial finite element software for soil-structure interaction analysis, within the context of the back-analysis of a pile load test, and proposes recommendations for pile analysis and design.     

A method for estimation of ground layered systems for the control of steel pipe pile group driving

A new method for the estimation of ground layered systems, which is to suggest the dynamic design method of steel pipe pile groups, is proposed, in a probabilistic manner. The distinctive features of the method are as follows: (1) The method is safer and easier than other methods, as it needs only a general soil boring investigation prior to, and measurement of blow count data during, the pile driving. (2) Not only is the pile bearing capacity estimated, but the accuracy of the estimation can be evaluated. (3) Attention is given to the regulation of sedimentation layers from the geological point of view. (4) It can make a higher accurate estimation than a current design method. Real ground layered systems are estimated by the method, and it becomes clear that the variation of pile bearing capacities, and of the uncertainty of these, cannot be ignored even within one site. A chart, to use the arrangement of the variations, is also provided. Its applicability is examined by real pile driving data, and it becomes clear, that the effect of the magnitude of bearing capacity, and also the accuracy of the estimation to the design alteration, is well presented in the chart.