Joint carrier frequency synchronization and channel estimation for OFDM systems via the EM algorithm

A joint carrier frequency synchronization and channel estimation scheme is proposed for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system. In the proposed scheme, carrier frequency synchronization and channel estimation are performed iteratively via the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm using an OFDM preamble symbol. Moreover, we analytically investigate the effect of frequency offset error on the mean square error (MSE) performance of channel estimator. Simulation results present that the proposed scheme achieves almost ideal performance for both channel and frequency offset estimation.     

一种基于前导序列的OFDM信息调制技术

OFDM系统中的前导序列通常被设计用于接收端的定时同步和频偏估计,并不包含任何有效的比特信息。在前导序列中调制比特信息的设计方式一定程度上能够提升通信系统的频谱效率,并拓展了前导设计的功能。通过对CAZAC序列进行相位旋转和循环移位处理,提出了一种新的在前导序列设计中嵌入信息数据的方案。调制信息后的CAZAC序列仍具有恒包络特性和良好的周期自相关性,并设计了相应的时频同步算法和信息提取方法。相比已有方案,所提的前导设计方式在不影响定时同步和频偏估计性能的情况下,提高了信息承载能力。分析与仿真结果表明,对于相同长度的前导序列,所提方案在信息承载量和传输可靠性方面均优于现有方法,同时可以取得较好的定时同步与频偏估计性能。     

Joint low‐complexity equalization and CFO estimation and compensation for UWA‐OFDM communication systems

Frequency synchronization has a great importance in preserving the performance of the underwater acoustic (UWA) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation can be blind or data‐aided. In this paper, the Zadoff‐Chu (ZC) sequences are used for OFDM synchronization in UWA communications, and they are compared with different data‐aided algorithms. We propose a low‐complexity algorithm for CFO estimation based on ZC sequences. Also, a joint equalization and CFO compensation scheme for UWA‐OFDM communication systems is presented. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed CFO estimation algorithm allows estimation of the CFO accurately with a simple implementation in comparison with the traditional schemes. Also, the performance of the UWA‐OFDM system can be preserved in the presence of frequency offsets.     

Joint frame synchronization and frequency offset estimation in OFDM systems

A new joint frame synchronization and carrier frequency offset estimation scheme in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed in this paper, where both frame synchronization and carrier frequency offset estimation can be performed by using only ONE training symbol. Frame synchronization and carrier frequency offset acquisition are performed simultaneously in the proposed scheme. Reliable frame synchronization is obtained in the proposed scheme even in low SNR. The maximum carrier frequency offset acquisition range of the proposed scheme can be up to one half of the total signal bandwidth. The same training symbol can also be utilized to carrier frequency offset Fine Adjustment, which estimates the remaining carrier frequency offset after acquisition with higher accuracy. The performance comparison of the proposed Fine Adjustment algorithm and Schmidl's algorithm by using computer simulation illustrates and verify the superior performance of the proposed algorithm with regard to estimation accuracy.     

一种OFDM同步系统的DSP实现

同步是OFDM系统的关键技术之一,在介绍OFDM系统结构的基础上,围绕OFDM的同步问题,根据SC算法的原理,提出了OFDM同步的方案,并给出了帧同步、频偏同步和FFT的DSP实现方法。通过实验系统的中频对接测试,测试结果表明利用不同时间间隔的2个训练符号2的相关性,系统能够较好地实现不同频偏估计范围的同步,该测试方案为系统在无线信道中进行同步测试提供数据依据。     

Performance analysis of adaptive interleaving for OFDM systems

We proposed a novel interleaving technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), namely adaptive interleaving, which can break the bursty channel errors more effectively than traditional block interleaving. The technique rearranges the symbols according to instantaneous channel state information of the OFDM subcarriers so as to reduce or minimize the bit error rate (BER) of each OFDM frame. It is well suited to OFDM systems because the channel state information (CSI) values of the whole frame could be estimated at once when transmitted symbols are framed in the frequency dimension. Extensive simulations show that the proposed scheme can greatly improve the performance of the coded modulation systems utilizing block interleaving. Furthermore, we show that the adaptive interleaving out performs any other static interleaving schemes, even in the fast fading channel (with independent fading between symbols). We derived a semi-analytical bound for the BER of the adaptive interleaving scheme under correlated Rayleigh fading channels. Furthermore, we discussed the transmitter-receiver (interleaving pattern) synchronization problem     

Robust channel estimation for the OFDM-based WLAN systems with imperfect synchronization

As an effective technique for combating multipath fading and for high data rate transmission over wireless channels, orthogonal frequ- ency division multiplexing (OFDM) is extensively used in wireless local area network (WLAN) systems to support high-performance bandwidth- efficient multimedia services. In this paper, a robust channel estimation scheme is proposed for the OFDM-based WLAN systems with imperfect synchronization. The frame structure information, the preamble information, the pilot information are efficiently utilized in the proposed channel estimation scheme. Simulation results are used to illustrate the performance of the proposed scheme.     

Fast Synchronization and Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems

A joint synchronization and channel estimation scheme is proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. In the proposed scheme, the integer frequency offset, fine timing offset and channel estimation are estimated based on the characteristics of the chirp signals. The main contributions of the paper are: the more robust ability to find the actual first path instead of the strongest path on the assumption of repeated chirp waveforms in the timing synchronization approach, and the lower computational complexity with high performance in the channel estimation approach. Moreover, we analyze the performance of the proposed method and check it via Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve good performance for both synchronization and channel estimation in frequency selective channels.     

一种OFDM时频捕获与频率跟踪方案

基于各种OFDM同步算法,针对PN序列算法存在的不足,提出了一种新的时频同步算法。该算法利用2个训练序列进行时频捕获,同时给出了一种频率跟踪方案。通过仿真验证了新算法性能,并与PN序列算法进行比较,频率估计精度得到了提高。对于给出的频率跟踪方案,理论分析和仿真结果都表明该方案具备实用性。     

Residual Synchronization Error Elimination in OFDM Baseband Receivers

It is well known that an OFDM receiver is vulnerable to synchronization errors. Despite fine estimations used in the initial acquisition, there are still residual synchronization errors. Though these errors are very small, they severely degrade the bit error rate (BER) performance. In this paper, we propose a residual error elimination scheme for the digital OFDM baseband receiver aiming to improve the overall BER performance. Three improvements on existing schemes are made: a pilot‐aided recursive algorithm for joint estimation of the residual carrier frequency and sampling time offsets; a delay‐based timing error correction technique, which smoothly adjusts the incoming data stream without resampling disturbance; and a decision‐directed channel gain update algorithm based on recursive least‐squares criterion, which offers faster convergence and smaller error than the least‐mean‐squares algorithms. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme works well in the multipath channel, and its performance is close to that of an OFDM system with perfect synchronization parameters.     

无人机信道下OFDM系统同步研究及仿真

正交频分复用（OFDM）技术由于其高效的频谱利用率和良好的抗多径和频率选择性衰落性能,成为无人机通信链路数据传输技术的一种可能的解决方案。针对无人机数据链系统技术指标要求,给出了OFDM系统参数设计和同步需求分析,提出了有效的OFDM同步技术方案,并在实用的无人机信道下对系统同步性能进行了仿真和分析。仿真结果表明,所提技术方案具有较好的同步性能和误码率性能,能够满足OFDM无人机数据链系统性能要求。     

基于格雷互补序列的OFDM无线激光通信定时同步

正交频分复用(OFDM)是一种能够有效对抗频率选择性衰落的通信技术。因此,结 合了OFDM技术的无线激光通信技术成为对抗大气湍流影响的一种重要技术。但是OFDM技术 容易受到符号定时同步偏移的影响,导致信号的快速傅里叶变换窗口失准而严重降低通信 性能。针对基于OFDM的无线激光通信系统的定时同步问题,提出了一种新的定时同步 方案。该方案的训练符号由格雷互补序列组成,利用格雷互补序列的自相关特性,将接收 到的训练序列与本地序列做相关运算,实现精确稳定的定时同步。结合大气湍流模型,通 过实验与仿真的方式验证了本文提出的方案相比于基于伪随机序列和恒包络自相关序列的 方案有更好的定时同步性能。尤其是在0-4 dB的低信噪比时,本方 案的定时同步偏移均方 差小于1个采样点,这也使得本方案在大气弱湍流信道下,相较于对比方案有2-4 dB的性能提升。     

An efficient synchronization signal structure for OFDM-based cellular systems

OFDM has been a widely accepted technology in high rate and multimedia data service systems such as long term evolution (LTE) in the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP). In this paper, we investigate a synchronization signal structure and corresponding cell search algorithm in the LTE system where two, primary and secondary synchronization signals are employed. We focus on the secondary synchronization signal which possesses two layered scrambling sequences in addition to basic sequences. These scrambling sequences minimize performance degradation in cell search, but incur a high complexity to a mobile station receiver. In this paper, we propose a new secondary synchronization signal structure which does not require additional scrambling sequences while maintaining almost the same performance as the current LTE scheme. We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme under various channel environments by examining the impacts of multipath fading, frequency offset, and vehicular speed. We also compare the complexity of the proposed scheme with the LTE scheme.     

电力线通信中OFDM同步改进算法研究

正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)是一种能够有效对抗电力线通信中的频率选择性衰落、多径和窄带干扰的技术,而OFDM技术对同步偏差十分敏感,微小的同步偏差也会影响OFDM系统的性能.针对电力线通信中OFDM系统的同步问题,给出一种基于恒包络零自相关(CAZAC)序列的时频同步的方法.MATLAB仿真表明,所提算法在减少运算量的基础上能很好地完成符号同步和频偏同步,明显改善电力线中OFDM的同步性能.     

A time-frequency decision-feedback loop for carrier frequency offset tracking in OFDM systems

Acquisition and tracking are two crucial stages necessary to the carrier frequency synchronization in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In this letter, by employing the rotation property of OFDM data subcarriers, a simple time-frequency decision-feedback loop without the use of pilot subcarriers is proposed for the fine carrier frequency offset (CFO) tracking. Specifically, with proper loop parameters, a residual CFO less than 10% of the subcarrier spacing may be well tracked for quarternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation in the presence of noise, while for systems using QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM modulation schemes, the bit-error rate (BER) performance very close to that of an offset-free system may be achieved in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and frequency selective fading channels. Moreover, a hardware implementation in a practical OFDM system is fulfilled which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Preamble and embedded synchronization for RF carrier frequency-hopped OFDM

In this work, we apply RF carrier frequency hopping to orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (FH-OFDM). Achievable hop rate and bandwidth efficiency are determined based on signal acquisition/synchronization and data demodulation performance in the presence of unknown time-frequency offsets, and channel gain/phase perturbations. We compare performance using two different data-aided synchronization approaches. The first method sends synchronization information in a preamble before the OFDM payload symbol, whereas the second method embeds the synchronization information directly into the OFDM symbol stream. In the embedded technique, superposition of the synchronization information causes interference onto the OFDM data information. Thus, the sync information must be removed before satisfactory bit-error rate (BER) performance can be achieved. Consequently, embedded interference cancellation (EIC) is utilized which requires accurate estimation of the synchronization offsets and channel perturbations. Using coherent quadrature phase-shift keying-OFDM modulation, performance comparisons are presented using the COST207 multipath fading channel model. Fading channel BER performance results indicate that the embedded technique incurs only a slight signal-to-noise ratio penalty (less than 1 dB) compared with the preamble method. However, the embedded method offers the potential for improved hop rate and bandwidth efficiency because no dedicated slot is required for a synchronization field.     

一种可靠的OFDM系统时间和频率同步方案

在无线信道中,由于多径和频偏的存在,影响了OFDM系统中同步的准确性.结合中国移动多媒体广播(CMMB)信道帧结构、调制及其信道,提出了一种适用于多径衰落信道、高频偏的OFDM系统时间和载波频率同步方案,能准确地完成帧同步和频偏估计.     

OFDM Carrier Synchronization Based on Time-Domain Channel Estimates

Carrier frequency synchronization is critical to the quality of signal reception in OFDM systems. This paper presents an approximate maximum-likelihood (ML) carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation scheme based on time-domain channel estimates which retain the CFO information in the form of phase rotation. The proposed ML CFO estimate is investigated under static as well as time-varying fading channels. Statistical properties of the estimator are examined and Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is derived. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations show that the proposed CFO estimator renders excellent performance with lower computational complexity. The proposed CFO estimate also has an advantage of allowing for more flexible pilot patterns     

Decision-directed fine synchronization in OFDM systems

A new decision-directed (DD) synchronization scheme is proposed for joint estimation of carrier frequency offset (CFO) and sampling clock frequency offset (SFO) in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. By exploiting the hard decisions, we report accurate estimators of residual CFO and small SFO. The performance analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed novel DD scheme achieves much better performance than the conventional pilot-based schemes in both additive white Gaussian noise and frequency-selective channels.     

复杂多径信道下的OFDM抗干扰同步算法

时间、频率同步是OFDM系统的关键技术之一。针对存在干扰的复杂多径信道场景,本文提出了在一个OFDM符号内利用两个重复的CAZAC序列进行时间频率同步的新方法。该方法通过在频域生成训练序列并进行时域加窗,减小干扰的影响;通过设置相对门限值和多个相关峰联合判决,提高定时同步性能;利用相关值进行频偏估计,减小干扰对频率同步的影响。仿真表明,该方法能够有效地提高系统的同步精度与抗干扰能力,适用于存在干扰的复杂多径信道环境。