醇腈酶:生物与化学的结合点

辞腈酶是用途较广的一类酶,在植物体内抵御微生物侵袭方面起着重要作用。在化学工业,醇腈酶用于合成手性氰醇的生物催化剂。氰醇是合成β-氨基醇类,α-羟基酮类及酸类化合物的重要生物活性物质,这些化合物又是精细化工、制药和农用化学品领域的重要原料和中间体。研究人员已经利用蛋白质工程和定点突变技术来改变各种醇腈酶的活性位点和底物特异性等。许多重组醇腈酶业已在大肠杆菌,啤酒酵母和甲醇酵母中成功表达。     

耦合末端盐桥与定点突变的重组腈水合酶催化动力学

双亚基腈水合酶是催化丙烯腈水合生产丙烯酰胺的重要工业酶。通过Discovery Studio 2.5软件对C-末端盐桥耦合定点突变改造的耐热型基因重组腈水合酶NHaseM-TH-SBM(S344K-S346K-L347E-N362S-435DT436(+))进行盐桥网络分析,发现其全局盐桥总数有所下降,但双亚基界面间盐桥数量提高到7个。在重组大肠杆菌中表达了原腈水合酶NHaseM-TH(TH)、盐桥突变酶NHaseM-TH-SB(SB)和盐桥耦合定点突变的重组酶NHaseM-TH-SBM(SBM),研究了3种酶的催化反应动力学和失活动力学。结果表明,SBM的腈水合酶活性为543.9 U·mg?1,比TH提高了31.0%;其米氏方程催化速率常数Kcat比TH提高了20%。SBM的表观失活常数KD在25~42℃范围内均明显低于对照TH,在42℃时为TH的68.0%,显示了良好的热稳定性。SBM是活性和稳定性同时提高的重组腈水合酶。     

醇腈酶在不对称催化合成氰醇中的应用

醇腈酶在化学合成中催化碳碳键的形成,其产物氰醇可以转化成多种重要的手性医药和农药中间体.从天然产物中可以提取能产生R和S两种构型氰醇的醇腈酶.通过基因重组和在微生物宿主体内过量表达,实现了醇腈酶的工业化生产.对醇腈酶作为催化剂用于不对称催化氢氰酸和羰基化合物反应生成氰醇类手性化合物的工业化应用进行了介绍.     

耦合末端盐桥与定点突变的重组腈水合酶催化动力学

双亚基腈水合酶是催化丙烯腈水合生产丙烯酰胺的重要工业酶。通过Discovery Studio 2.5软件对C-末端盐桥耦合定点突变改造的耐热型基因重组腈水合酶NHase^M-TH-SB^M（S344K-S346K-L347E-N362S-435DT436（+））进行盐桥网络分析,发现其全局盐桥总数有所下降,但双亚基界面间盐桥数量提高到7个。在重组大肠杆菌中表达了原腈水合酶NHase^M-TH（TH）、盐桥突变酶NHase^M-TH-SB（SB）和盐桥耦合定点突变的重组酶NHase^M-TH-SB^M（SB^M）,研究了3种酶的催化反应动力学和失活动力学。结果表明,SB^M的腈水合酶活性为543.9 U·mg^-1,比TH提高了31.0%;其米氏方程催化速率常数K_cat比TH提高了20%。SB^M的表观失活常数K_D在25～42℃范围内均明显低于对照TH,在42℃时为TH的68.0%,显示了良好的热稳定性。SB^M是活性和稳定性同时提高的重组腈水合酶。     

微生物法生产丙烯酰胺的生物催化剂——腈水合酶研究进展

回顾了近年来国内外在微生物法生产丙烯酰胺的生物催化剂腈水合酶的结构、催化机理、光活性、热稳定性等方面的研究进展 .腈水合酶的活性部位含有螯合的金属离子作为辅助因子 ;结合金属离子的活性中心在腈水合酶的催化反应中起着重要的作用 ;其中铁型腈水合酶具有光活性 ,其活性是通过NO调节的 :在非活性腈水合酶的铁中心上连有一个内生的NO分子 ,在光的作用下 ,NO释放出来 ,使酶的活性恢复 .进一步探讨了温度对不同菌株酶活稳定性以及氨基化合物等因素对酶活性的影响 ,并对研究的发展方向提出了一些设想     

生物法生产丙烯酰胺过程中腈水合酶的抑制和失活

为改进生物法生产丙烯酰胺工艺,研究了腈水合酶催化丙烯腈水合生产丙烯酰胺过程中影响腈水合酶反应速率和酶失活的因素. 实验证明,水合过程中体系pH值的变化基本不影响酶反应速率;底物丙烯腈的浓度低于10 g/L时,酶反应速率与底物浓度成正比,大于75 g/L后,对酶有抑制作用;产物丙烯酰胺显著抑制腈水合酶的活性;菌体细胞内可能存在可以稳定腈水合酶的物质,胞内的腈水合酶在40℃下的半衰期可以达到59.9 h;丙烯酰胺与温度的协同作用是腈水合酶失活的重要原因.     

重组降血压肽在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

目的获得具有高活性的重组降血压多肽。方法人工合成高活性降血压肽单体,经酶切位点串联,克隆至表达载体,并转化宿主菌BL21进行诱导表达。结果经酶切、PCR和测序均证明,串联的基因ACEIP已成功克隆至pGEX-4T-2表达载体中,融合蛋白GST-ACEIP的表达水平达24·6%,表达产物的融合蛋白和多肽含量分别为1·1g/L和0·14g/L,其抑制活性达85%。结论已成功制备出高活性的重组降血压多肽,为进一步开发降血压药物奠定基础。     

翻译调控肿瘤蛋白的原核表达及纯化

目的原核表达并纯化翻译调控肿瘤蛋白(Translationally controlled tumor protein,TCTP)。方法以人乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7总RNA为模板,PCR扩增TCTP基因,克隆至原核表达载体pET-28a(+)中,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达。His Trap FF层析柱纯化重组蛋白后,进行Western blot鉴定。结果克隆的目的基因序列正确,未发生碱基突变;重组表达质粒经双酶切鉴定构建正确;表达的重组蛋白相对分子质量约为20 000,主要以包涵体形式表达;纯化后纯度为80%,可与兔抗人TCTP多克隆抗体特异性结合。结论已成功在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达并纯化了TCTP,为进一步研究其在肿瘤等疾病发生、发展及治疗中的作用奠定了基础。     

重组金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B的原核表达、纯化及其免疫原性

目的 对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B(staphylococcal enterotoxin B,SEB)基因定点突变体进行克隆、表达及纯化,并检测其免疫原性,为研制马抗SEB免疫球蛋白F(ab′)2制品奠定基础。方法 对SEB基因序列进行定点突变和修饰以及偏性密码子优化后,构建重组表达质粒pET-22b-SEB,转化E. coli BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达重组SEB蛋白,经离子交换层析纯化后,HPLC法检测重组SEB蛋白抗原纯度。Western blot法检测重组SEB蛋白抗原免疫活性;将不同浓度重组SEB蛋白抗原腹腔注射BALB/c小鼠,进行致病力、抗体效价、中和抗体活性检测。结果 质粒pET-22b-SEB经双酶切及测序鉴定证明构建正确。纯化的重组SEB蛋白相对分子质量约28 300,纯度大于90%,与天然SEB具有一致的免疫活性,且具有良好的安全性;免疫小鼠抗体效价达1∶81 920,可有效诱导小鼠产生中和抗体。结论 成功对SEB进行了定点突变减毒,经克隆、表达及纯化获得高纯度的重组SEB蛋白抗原,具有良好的免疫原性。     

人溶菌酶-木聚糖酶融合基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

目的在毕赤酵母中表达人溶菌酶(Human lysozyme,hLY)-木聚糖酶(Xylanases,XynⅡ)融合基因。方法通过PCR技术将hLY基因与XynⅡ基因连接,中间插入肠激酶识别位点序列;将其克隆至载体pPIC9K上,构建重组表达质粒pPIC9K-XynⅡ-EKsite-hLY,经SacⅠ线性化后,电转化毕赤酵母GS115,通过G418抗性筛选得到高拷贝转化子,PCR鉴定为阳性的克隆用甲醇进行诱导;表达的融合蛋白经Sephadex G-75凝胶柱层析纯化后,用肠激酶酶切,分别采用改良舒加法和DNS法测定hLY和XynⅡ的活性。结果获得的融合基因序列与理论序列完全一致;重组表达质粒构建正确;融合蛋白的hLY和XynⅡ活性分别为170和158 U/ml,经肠激酶酶切后,hLY的活性为520 U/ml,XynⅡ的活性达244 U/ml。结论已在毕赤酵母中成功表达了XynⅡ-EKsite-hLY融合基因,经肠激酶酶切后的目的蛋白活性均有较大提高。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。