高速离心泵口环密封流体激振力特性研究

在离心泵等旋转机械中口环通常作为一种减小泄露流量的部件,但随着口环间隙的减小和转子转速的增加,其动力学特性对高速离心泵的稳定运行影响不容忽视。基于数值模拟的方法计算研究了高速离心泵在工作状态下口环处产生的流体力,并讨论了减小口环处不稳定流体激振力的方法。通过整体建模高速离心泵流场域,计算了处于具体的进出口边界条件下的口环中转子在不同涡动半径、涡动比和口环密封尺寸下所受流体激振力。结果表明:单蜗壳式高速离心泵口环密封处产生的流体力占据了叶轮总体径向力的大部分,泵转子涡动时口环密封处产生频率等于轴频的交变力频率;口环密封激振力与转子涡动半径和涡动比有密切的关系;口环密封尺寸对口环流体激振力的影响显著,在相同口环间隙与长度比下,口环轴向长度的变化对口环所受流体力的影响比口环间隙大,同时,对口环密封性能影响小。     

岩滩水电站4号机组转子动平衡试验分析

针对岩滩水电站4号发电机组一直存在的上导摆度和上机架水平振动超规范允许值问题,对该机组进行了变转速和变励磁工况下的振摆检测,采用渐进式动平衡综合分析处理方法,分析计算转子不平衡质量的数值和方位,据此在转子支架上安装配重块,成功解决了转子动不平衡引起的上导摆度和上机架振动幅值大的问题,使得该机组振摆幅值符合标准规范要求。     

电机泥泵轴系系统扭振设计计算

文章基于研究轴系扭转振动设计电机泥泵轴系系统,介绍了计算轴系自由振动固有频率的传递矩阵法和计算强迫振动的动力放大系数法,并且深入研究分析机组强迫振动中的激振力.用FLUNET软件模拟计算泥泵叶轮的激振力.比较发现电机转子的激振力远远小于泥泵叶轮的激振力,因此,机组中泥泵的激振力起主导作用.通过设计轴系数据,比较轴系应力...     

涡轮泵环形密封激振特性的数值计算

液体火箭发动机涡轮泵转子／流体密封系统稳定性研究的关键是密封激振流场和转子动力系数的计算。应用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对转动坐标系下的三维环形密封流场进行了准稳态数值模拟,在此基础上进行了转子动力系数的计算。计算结果和试验数据以及bulk-flow理论计算进行了比较。证明了带旋流修正k-ε湍流模型适用于密封流体激振的研究。     

泰州大桥中塔沉井振动数值模拟

利用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对泰州大桥中塔沉井进行数值分析,研究了不同流速条件下水流力引起的振动周期及振幅.研究表明,由于流体在沉井后侧发生交替的涡泄,引发了纵向的定常力和振荡力,以及垂直来流方向上的激振力,这两者的倍频关系决定了摆振的形态.在3.5×107≤Re8.1×107时,升力周期出现较大变化,在此范围内施工,需加强锚缆力,防止沉井摆振.     

高分辨率TVD-FVM方法求解二维圆柱受迫振动问题

该文基于RANS方程,结合SST k-ω湍流模型,用单元速度向量转化法基础上的TVD格式对不可压缩流进行有限体积求解。研究雷诺数10 000,无量纲振幅0.3-0.5,无量纲频率0.70-1.40的圆柱受迫振动问题,结果表明:升力系数随无量纲频率变化规律与他人实验及数值结果拟合良好,成功捕捉到升力系数相位跳跃现象;对激振力系数、涡力系数、漩涡脱落形态及漩涡脱落频率进行深入分析,从能量角度验证转变(transition)现象。通过分析受迫振动激振力系数随无量纲频率变化规律,划分出激振区的无量纲频率范围,以利于半经验模型的快速VIV分析。对涡力及其相位进行分析,发现在转变后,涡力系数的数值大于升力系数,说明在振动频率较大时,惯性力较大,尽管惯性力不影响能量系数变化,但会加大涡力系数。     

双向激振对饱和软黏土应力应变循环刚度软化的影响

地震荷载作用将引起土体孔隙水压力上升，从而使土体的刚度、强度发生软化现象。循环软化是地震荷载作用下土体发生破坏的主要原因。本文利用双向动三轴试验系统，通过双向激振循环荷载试验对地震荷载的作用进行了模拟。并对双向激振循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土每一次循环内刚度软化现象进行了初步的探讨。分析了循环次数、循环偏应力比、径向循环应力比、初始剪应力等因素对双向激振循环作用下软黏土刚度变化规律的影响。研究结果表明：双向激振下，当循环偏应力比小于临界循环偏应力比时，饱和软黏土存在临界屈服应变，当应变幅值小于该值时，割线剪切模量逐渐增加不发生软化现象；只有在应变幅值大于该值的情况下才发生软化。循环偏应力比的增加、径向循环应力的提高都将加快刚度软化。双向激振下，随着初始剪应力的增加，刚度有所提高。并在试验的基础上建立了双向循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的刚度软化模型。以该软化模型作为Masing准则的放大系数对双向激振下土体的应力－应变关系进行了描述，得到了与实测较吻合的结果，同时也验证了本文软化模型的准确性。     

圆柱及其组合体水动力与涡激振动计算

本文对圆柱及其组合体在海洋中运动所受定常阻力、振动附加阻力、波激力和涡激力等给出了经验公式,特别对于组合体涡激共振情况,给出了振幅估算方法。根据文中公式和计算方法,对一水下装置进行了自由振动、涡激振动和各种流体作用力与结构应力的计算,发现该装置可能在1．5m／s的低速发生强烈的涡激振动,导致装置疲劳损坏或不能正常使用,而高速下流体阻力和波浪力则是结构破坏的主要原因。     

敲击对海洋立管涡激振动抑制作用的试验研究

该文主要通过试验研究敲击对涡激振动的抑制作用。试验中,管道模型放置在水槽中,管外流速从0.245 m/s到0.60 m/s,相应的约化速度=3～8,在管道涡激振动时先后施加横向及顺流向的敲击击振。研究表明:在非锁振状态下,敲击振动对VIV的抑制作用很小,在一定程度上可能会加剧涡激振动;在锁振状态下,敲击振动能够明显地抑制横向涡激振动及顺流向涡激振动。     

高负荷螺旋桨水动力性能试验研究

以某大型集装箱船高负荷螺旋桨为研究对象,分别采用大侧斜、反弯扭叶片和毂帽鳍等技术进行螺旋桨优化设计,以改善螺旋桨的空泡和水动力性能.设计了5型螺旋桨,分别在空泡水筒进行了模拟伴流场中的空泡和激振力试验,并在拖曳水池进行了敞水试验.试验结果表明,采用大侧斜可有效减小螺旋桨诱导船艉激振力;反弯扭叶片螺旋桨空泡性能较好,有较低的螺旋桨诱导船艉激振力水平;桨毂帽鳍可改善毂涡空泡,模型试验状态下可提高推进效率2%左右.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.